Football Goes East Football is now a significant social and economic force in the world’s largest economies: China, Japan and South Korea Football Goes East provides unique insights into the cultural, economic, political and social factors shaping its development in the Far East The contributors in this study add both to the theoretical debate and to our empirical knowledge about the social and cultural dimensions of sport in the Far East, with essays including discussion of: • • • • • • Modernisation, social change and national identity Women’s football and gender traditions Public and private finance and investment in football The development of professional football Football and the media Football fans, ‘hooliganism’ and the soccer supporter culture Authors from China, Japan, Korea, Europe and the US outline differences and similarities at the heart of the multi-faceted phenomenon of global football in distinctive local cultures Considering the impact of globalisation on sport, Football Goes East delivers a critical assessment of the changing tensions between the social, political and economic determinants of sport and leisure cultures in the Far East Wolfram Manzenreiter is Assistant Professor at the Institute of East Asian Studies, Vienna University, Austria John Horne is Senior Lecturer in Sociology of Sport and Leisure at the University of Edinburgh, UK Football Goes East Business, culture and the people’s game in China, Japan and South Korea Edited by Wolfram Manzenreiter and John Horne First published 2004 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2004 Edited by Wolfram Manzenreiter and John Horne All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Every effort has been made to ensure that the advice and information in this book is true and accurate at the time of going to press However, neither the publisher nor the authors can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made In the case of drug administration, any medical procedure or the use of technical equipment mentioned within this book, you are strongly advised to consult the manufacturer’s guidelines British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-61921-8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-33816-2 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–31897–1 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–31898–X (pbk) Contents v Contents List of illustrations List of contributors Preface Football, culture, globalisation: why professional football has been going East vii ix xii JOHN HO RNE AND WOLF RAM MANZENREITER PART I The business of football in East Asian nation-states Strategies for locating professional sports leagues: a comparison between France and Korea 19 21 L O Ï C R AV E N E L A N D C H R I S T O P H E D U R A N D The making of a professional football league: the design of the J.League system 38 HIROSE ICHIR[ Football in the People’s Republic of China 54 ROBIN JONES PART II Players and supporters of the East Asian game 67 69 Japanese football players and the sport talent migration business TAKAHASHI YOSHIO AND JOHN HORNE Football ‘hooligans’ and football supporters’ culture in China TAN HUA 87 vi Contents School sport, physical education and the development of football culture in Japan 102 SUGIMOTO ATSUO Government involvement in football in Korea 117 CHUNG HONGIK PART III Football, representation and identity in East Asia after 2002 Football and the South Korean imagination: South Korea and the 2002 World Cup tournaments 131 133 YOON SUNG CHOI 10 Football, fashion and fandom: sociological reflections on the 2002 World Cup and collective memories in Korea 148 WHANG SOON-HEE 11 The banality of football: ‘race’, nativity, and how Japanese football critics failed to digest the planetary spectacle 165 O G A S AWA R A H I R O K I 12 Football, nationalism and celebrity culture: reflections on the impact of different discourses on Japanese identity since the 2002 World Cup 180 S H I M I Z U S AT O S H I PART IV Football in East Asia beyond the nation-state 195 13 Her place in the ‘House of Football’: globalisation, cultural sexism and women’s football in East Asian societies 197 WOLFRAM MANZENREITER 14 An international comparison of the motivations and experiences of volunteers at the 2002 World Cup 222 N O G AWA H A R U O 15 Globalisation and football in East Asia 243 P AU L C L O S E A N D D AV I D A S K E W Index 257 List of illustrations vii Illustrations Figures 5.1 Annual numbers of Japanese football players moving abroad, 1975–2003 8.1 Analytic framework of government involvement in football 8.2 Composition of government expenditure on sport 8.3 Composition of KFA’s expenditure for 1999 14.1a JAWOC volunteers 14.1b KOWOC volunteers 74 117 127 128 234 234 Maps 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 The first championships in France Dispersing the clubs in France Clubs and urban hierarchy in France The beginning of the K-League (1983–90) Delocalisation in the Korean League Korean clubs and the urban hierarchy The K-League and the World Cup stadiums 27 27 28 30 30 32 33 Plates 10.1 10.2 10.3 14.1 14.2 14.3 Street supporters’ face painting and national-flag fashion Korean supporters in a state of extreme excitement A part of the sports tourism experience JAWOC volunteers getting ready for work Security stewards waiting for the crowds Briefing of international volunteers 149 152 153 230 231 231 Tables 0.1 Currency values compared with the euro, January 1993 to December 2003 xv viii List of illustrations 2.1 2.2 2.3 5.1 6.1 10.1 13.1 13.2 13.3 14.1 14.2a 14.2b 14.3a 14.3b 14.4a 14.4b Football’s place in French and Korean society League structure in France and Korea Sources of football finance in France and Korea Japanese football players ‘moving with the ball’, 1975–2003 Chinese families owning television sets in the 1980s Estimated numbers of street supporters in Korea National variations of football player output in East Asia and other selected areas National variations of football player output in East Asia and Singapore World ranking of men’s and women’s national teams in 2003 Basic profile of World Cup 2002 volunteers in Korea and Japan Motives of JAWOC volunteers by volunteer type Motives of KOWOC volunteers by volunteer type Merits of World Cup volunteering in Japan by volunteer type Merits of World Cup volunteering in Korea by volunteer type Causes of volunteer dissatisfaction with JAWOC by volunteer type Causes of volunteer dissatisfaction with KOWOC by volunteer type 25 25 26 72 88 151 200 201 202 228 236 236 237 237 239 239 List of contributors ix Contributors David Askew is Associate Professor of Law at the Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Japan He also works at Monash University, Australia, where he does more or less what he likes He is currently working on several projects, including human rights in the Asia Pacific and jurisprudence His latest publication is D Askew ed., Buried Bodies, Looted Treasure, and Government Propaganda: Footprints in History, Nanjing, 1937–38 Yoon S Choi is currently a graduate student at New York University Her research interests and areas of work include globalisation, performance in the public sphere, East Asian popular culture (cinema, music, television), and contemporary Korean society and culture For her next project, she will be examining the South Korean hip-hop movement and its links to the Korean-American community Chung Hongik is Professor in the Graduate School of Public Administration at Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea He received his PhD and MA in sociology from the University of Minnesota and his BA from Seoul National University Dr Chung, author of many articles and monographs, is the founder and first president of the Korean Cultural Policy Association Paul Close is a Professor in Asia Pacific Studies at Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Japan where he established the APU’s East Asia Regional Studies (EARS) centre His research interests include regionalisation in the Asia Pacific and Europe, and (with David Askew) investigating The Global Political Economy of Asia Pacific and Human Rights for a book to be published by Ashgate Publishing in 2004 His latest book is The Legacy of Supranationalism (2000) Christophe Durand is a lecturer in the School of Sports Sciences at the University of Rouen (CETAPS, UPRES JE 2318) He has a PhD in management and the majority of his research is directed toward the regulation of professional sports in Europe and America He is also in charge of the DESS program (a one-year post-Master’s diploma) in marketing and management in professional sports Hirose Ichir* is a graduate from the University of Tokyo Law Department and currently senior fellow with the Research Institute of Economy, Trade and 254 Paul Close and David Askew Conclusion We have argued that the cultural globalisation represented by football’s growing popularity in East Asia has not been met with the same resistance in Japan and South Korea that other forms of globalisation have faced, and that this was because of the sentimental terminology used to promote football In South Korea especially, the reversal of the schemata of a dominating Japan and a dominated Korea has helped to popularise the sport The rhetoric of football and globalisation in Japan and South Korea has not been a language of resistance, but of acceptance Indeed, the World Cup was marked, and partially marred, by a running battle between the two countries over which had been more successful in the globalising stakes Moreover, the experience of the World Cup in East Asia brings into serious doubt the view, whether explicitly stated or implicitly held, of an active global centre (or Occident) and a passive periphery (or Orient) Not least, we have argued that the World Cup has probably contributed to an improvement in the bilateral relationship between the co-hosts, if only marginally In this chapter we have tried to throw some light on the 2002 FIFA World Cup by focusing on both the Japan–South Korea relationship and the globalisation processes within which the extravaganza was embedded In turn, dialectically, the World Cup can tell us much about this relationship and these processes, and in particular about the global diffusion of football as a cultural phenomenon which, while originating in the West, is subject to glocalisation and playback Football as a cultural form has been one of the most widely accepted, least resisted, aspects of the Western cultural account, which riding on the back of Western hegemony is pervading all corners of the planet (Manzenreiter 2002: 6) In part, this may be due to the game’s intrinsic appeal If so, however, this quality has for now been lost on most of those living in the Americas to the north of the Rio Grande North American culture has mediated and modified the world game, with its origins in Europe via South America, so as to parade a relatively feminised version around the global arena This case while unique is, none the less, indicative of a more general tendency whereby place after place has adopted the cultural form, amended the cultural content in accordance with local tastes and customs, and then projected – or played – back the syntheses onto the global-level processes involved The latter, consequently, are being constantly reinvented without the sport’s popular, near universal appeal being lost If anything, its following is being further strengthened In a sense, the globalisation of football as a cultural phenomenon can be understood in terms of how it has been throughout its history a sport of the people, by the people and for the people Its evolution is the product of mainly popular, bottom-up and democratic involvement, often of a highly passionate and sometimes of an explosively fanatical kind Herein perhaps lies football’s near-global appeal and, moreover, its lessons with regard to the future of globalisation inclusively speaking Having begun in Europe (and more precisely in England) and having been subsequently re-cast the South American way, is it – we dare ask – East Asia’s turn to have its say as to what the future of football, the emerging global game, will be like? Globalisation and football in East Asia 255 Acknowledgements Our thanks to Emiko and Rie for being such good supporters References Aera (2001) ‘Sekai ni idomu J riij# – habatake! [gon sedai sakk#’ [J.Leaguers challenging the world: stretch your wings, soccer’s golden generation], September Aera (2002a) ‘Hazama de mitsuketa “jibun” zainichi sansei tachi no 2002 nen’ [‘Self’ found in a gap: 2002 for third-generation zainichi], 14 January Aera (2002b) ‘Chon kaich* ni sakk# W-hai no oikaze – Kankoku dait*ry*sen wa haran no yokan’ [Association President Chung assisted by the tail-winds of the World Cup: rough weather expected for the Korean presidential election], 23 September Ahn, Min-Seok (2002) ‘The political economy of the World Cup in South Korea’, in J Horne and W Manzenreiter (eds), Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup, London and New York: Routledge, 162–73 Asahi Shinbun (2002a) ‘“Nikkan kankei wa k*tai” ga ky+z*’ [The number of people who think ‘Japan–Korea relations are deteriorating’ has increased rapidly], February Asahi Shinbun (2002b) ‘Nikkan, sakk# W-hai de shinkinkan’ [Japan–Korea relations closer as a result of the World Cup], July Asahi Shinbun (2002c) ‘“Nikkan ry*k*” saik* no 58%’ [A high 58% say ‘Japan–Korea relations good’], 22 December Asahi Shinbun (2003) ‘“Nikkan kankei, yoi h*k*” wari’ [60 per cent believe ‘Japan– Korea relations are on the right track’], 30 May Axford, B (1995) The Global System: Economy, Politics and Culture, Cambridge: Polity Press Baylis, J and Smith, S (eds) (2001) The Globalisation of World Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press Berger, P and Huntington, S.P (2002) Many Globalisations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World, Oxford: Oxford University Press Butler, O (2002) ‘Getting the games: Japan, South Korea and the co-hosted World Cup’, in J Horne and W Manzenreiter (eds) Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup, London and New York: Routledge, 43–55 Close, P (2000) The Legacy of Supranationalism, London: Macmillan Close, P and Ohki-Close, E (1999) Supranationalism in the New World Order: Global Processes Reviewed, London: Macmillan and Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Foster-Carter, A (2002) ‘South Korea and Japan: high time these neighbors put future before past’, CSIS PacNet Newsletter, June (http://www.csis.org/pacfor/pac0222A htm) Horne, J (2002) ‘Professional soccer in Japan’, in Joy Hendry and Massimo Raveri (eds.), Japan at Play: The Ludic and Logic of Power, London and New York: Routledge, 199– 213 Horne, J and Manzenreiter, W (eds) (2002) Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup, London and New York: Routledge Korean Herald (2003) ‘Karaoke contest hopes to mingle Korea, Japan’, 29 June Kim, S (ed.) (2000) East Asia and Globalization, New York: Rowman and Littlefield Lee Jong-Young (2002) ‘The development of football in Korea’, in J Horne and W Manzenreiter (eds), Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup, London and New York: Routledge, 73–88 256 Paul Close and David Askew Liu, Fu-Kuo and Regnier, P (eds) (2002) Regionalism in East Asia, London: Routledge Curzon Manzenreiter, W (2002) ‘Sports in Asia and sport studies in Asian studies’, IIAS Newsletter, 28: Manzenreiter, W and Horne, J (2002) ‘Global governance in world sport and the 2002 World Cup Korea/Japan’, in J Horne and W Manzenreiter (eds) Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup, London and New York: Routledge, 1–25 McCormack, G (2002) ‘Things more important than football? Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup’, in J Horne and W Manzenreiter (eds) Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup, London and New York: Routledge, 29–42 McLauchlan, A (2001) ‘Korea/Japan or Japan/Korea: the saga of co-hosting the 2002 soccer World Cup’, Journal of Historical Sociology, 14, 4: 481–507 Nogawa Haruo and Mamiya Toshio (2002) ‘Building mega-events: critical reflections on the 2002 World Cup infrastructure’, in J Horne and W Manzenreiter (eds) Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup, London and New York: Routledge, 177–94 Ohmae, K (1990) The Borderless World, New York: HarperCollins Ohmae, K (1995) The End of the Nation State, New York: HarperCollins Robertson, R (1992) Globalisation, London: Sage Said, E (1978) Orientalism, New York: Pantheon Scholte, J.A (2001) ‘The globalisation of world politics’, in J Baylis and S Smith (eds) The Globalisation of World Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 13–32 Sudgen, J and Tomlinson, A (2003) Badfellas FIFA Families at War Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Tsuda Takeyuki (2003) Strangers in the Ethnic Homeland: Japanese Brazilian Return Migration in Transnational Perspective, New York: Columbia University Press Wall, D (2002) ‘An alphabet soup of FTAs in East Asia’, Japan Times, November Yamashita Takayuki and Saka Natsuko (2002) ‘Another kick-off: the 2002 World Cup and soccer voluntary groups as a new social movement’, in J Horne and W Manzenreiter (eds) Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup, London and New York: Routledge, 147–61 Yoshimatsu Hidetaka (2003) Japan and East Asia in Transition: Trade Policy, Crisis and Evolution, and Regionalism, Basingstoke: Palgrave Index 257 Index Abe Toshiyuki 80 AC Chievo Verona 180 adaptation 134, 137, 142, 163, 176, 245 Adidas 11, 50, 64, 166, 168, 185, 230 advertising 9, 12, 26, 39, 44, 48–50, 61, 79, 122, 143, 151, 186 Ahn Jung-hwan 177, 216 All Japan Boys’ Football Meet 111 All Japan High School Football Tournament 111, 114 All Japan High School Sport Association 212 All Japan National Cup see Emperor’s Cup amateur football 26–8, 34, 39, 53, 64–5, 70–1, 83, 122, 127, 217 amateur sport 84, 119, see also Japan Amateur Sports Association, Korean Amateur Sport Association American football 50; see also NFL American sport model 23–4, 31 America’s Ekiden 44 Anelka, Nicholas 170 Anshan 94 Anshan Football Fans Association 89 anti-government protests 118 Anyang 30–2, 72, 216 Anyang LG Cheetahs 29, 31, 35, 72 Ardiles, Ossie 79 Arimoto, Takeshi 175–6, 182 Armani, Giorgio 10, army 34, 54, 122, 125, 218 Arrighi, Giovanni Arsenal London 79, 170, 184 Asahi Shinbun 187, 209 Asamoah, Gerald 176 Asia Sport Development (ASD) 186 Asian Cups 123 Asian Football Confederation 2, 216 Asian Games 62, 88, 203–4, 206, 229 Asian Women Championship 205–6 Asian Youth Cup 123 athleticism 105, 169, 175, 177, 182 ‘axis of evil’ 4, 189 Ayala, Robert 174 Bairner, Allen 6, Bangkok 186 Barthez, Fabien 174 baseball 25, 31, 38, 43, 46, 50, 55, 84, 103–7, 112, 115, 119–20, 122, 186, 215, 248–9; see also high school baseball, K*shien, Major League baseball Basic Sports Promotion Plan 114 Bayi Jianlibao (People’s Liberation Army Women Football Team) 208 ‘Beckham-Boom’ 215 Beckham, David 10–12, 171, 177, 180–7 Beckham, Victoria 181, 184–6 Before Babel Brigade 139 Beijing 56, 62, 64, 88–95, 203–4, 206, 208, 249 Beijing BTV Sangao 91 Beijing Chenjian 208 Beijing Guo’an 90 Beijing stadium event 91 Beijing Television see China Central Television Bell, Daniel 109 belonging 165–7, 169–70, 172–3, 188 Bernstein, Alina 214 biological determinism 170 ‘Black Whistle’ 63, 91, 97, 99 Blatter, Sepp 11, 216 Blumer, Herbert 160 258 Index body 94–5, 102–3, 105–8, 110, 121, 154, 156, 160, 162, 165–6, 170, 172, 174–5, 178, 182, 187, 198, 209, 213–15, 217 body culture 14, 103, 148, 150, 154, 162, 185; body practices 202–3; bodystyling industry 210; capitalist exploitation of the body 165; Maoist body culture 209–10; symbolic body 187 Bosman Judgement 78, 83 ‘bottom-up’ development 245, 254 boundary marking 188 Bourdieu, Pierre xii, 1–2, 4–6, 8, 10–11, 14, 103, 155, 198, 217 branding 186 Brazil 61, 72–4, 78, 82, 95, 172, 174, 178, 181, 200 ‘Bright Smile, Bright Korea’ 140 broadcast revenues 201, 214 Brownell, Susan 56, 209–10 Bucheon SK 29, 31–2, 35 ‘budofication’ 107 Bundesliga 40, 45–6, 73, 95 Busan see Pusan Busan Daewoo see Busan I.cons Busan I.cons 30–2, 216 Bush, George 189 C.League 75, 83 CAF Canada xv, 11, 201, 209 capital 4–6, 8–9, 48, 64, 79, 210, 249; cultural capital 5, 198; economic capital 5–6, 198, 217; global capital 165–6; Japanese capital 84–5; physical capital 187, 217; social capital 5; symbolic capital 5–6; see also football business capital punishment 93 capital sponsorship 249 capitalism 11, 15, 182, 211, 217, 244, 246, 249; capitalist development 6; capitalist exploitation of the body 165; capitalist industrial activity 7; capitalist interest 84, 182, 211–12; capitalist mode of production 6; capitalist modernisation 7–8, 11; capitalist order of economy 14–15; democratic-capitalist Japan 212; global capitalism 15, 244, 246; market capitalism 249; post-authoritarian capitalist Korea 212 Captain Tsubasa 73 Cashmore, Ellis 11, 185–6 Castrol 11, 181 ‘catch-up’ development 246, 248 caucasian 12, 167, 187 celebrity 185–6, 216, 232; see also culture ‘Centennial Vision’ see hyakunen k*s* Central Propaganda Ministry 92 centre–periphery 3, 246 Cerezo Osaka 180 chaebol 24, 26, 29–30, 35 Changchun 62, 204 Chase, Gerry 176 chauvinism 91, 165 Chengdu 60, 72, 90, 93–4, 97 Chengdu Football Fans Association 89, 94, 96–7 China Central Television (CCTV) 88, 95 Chinese Football Association (CFA) 13, 56–7, 61–2, 65, 89–90, 92, 97 Chinese Women’s Football Foundation 207 Chivas Whiskey 88 Chonbuk Hyundai Motors F.C 30 Chongqing 93–4, Chongqing Football Fans Association 89 Chung Mong-Joon 127–8, 244 Chunnam Dragons 30, 216 Ch+shingura 112–13 citizen sport see sport for all civil society 54, 59, 142, 203 ‘Clean Toilet, Clean Korea’ 141–2 coaching 61, 65, 171 collective imaginary 181, 183, 192, 202 collective memory 148, 156–7, 162, 217 college football 122–3, 203, 205, 213 colonial rule 15, 118, 123, 158 commercialisation 65, 79, 97, 182–3, 186, 189, 192, 198, 217 commodification 7, 9, 13 commodity 2–3, 185, 201, 215, 235 company owners of football team 41 company sports 39, 45, 61 company teams 29, 70, 204–5 comprehensive regional sports clubs 114 CONCACAF 2–3 CONCACAF Cup 79 Confederation Cup 69, 149, 229 Confucian-Buddhist heritage 251 Confucian values 211 Confucianism 54, 211, 225–6 consumer society 159, 183, 198 consumption 4, 6–7, 118, 172, 177, 183, 186, 197, 210, 215–16 Index corporate football 122; see also company sports corporate sponsorship 201, 207 corruption 62, 63 cosmopolitanism 166, 168 Cox, Kevin Crooks, Garth 176 crowd disorder 88, 99, 151–2, cultural bricolage 191 cultural imperialism 2, 249 cultural implant 198 ‘cultural Toyotism’ culture: celebrity culture xiii, 12, 98, 180, 183, 186; consumer culture 186; counter-mainstream culture 94; football culture 1, 21, 69, 83, 97, 102, 115, 178, 250; mainstream culture 97; material culture 98; popular culture 95, 185, 203, 216; supporter culture 87, 148, 155, 184, 191 Cumings, Bruce curriculum 10, 60, 64, 105–7, 110–11, 115, 121; see also school sport Daegu 31–3, 148, 238 Daegu FC 33 Daegu Stadium 160 Daejeon 31–3 Daejeon Citizen 31, 34 Daewoo 26 Daewoo Royals 29, 30 Dalian 62, 208 Dalian Kaifei 208 Dalian Shide 61 Dalian Wanda 61 Datong 204 Del Piero, Alessandro 185 demand for sport 6, 118 democracy 9, 15, 123, 138, 155–6, 160–1, 217 Denmark 170, 201 Dentsu 39, 42, 44, 50 Desailly, Marcel 174 developing nations 246 development: assistance 8; economic xiii, 19, 62, 75, 123; of football 12, 59–61, 65, 69, 98, 103, 117–19, 122–8, 166, 178, 198, 203–4, 213; national 212; societal 118, 162, 225; of sport 12, 55, 118, 124 disrespect 96 division of labour 212, 218 ‘doing Englishness’ 181, 183–4 Douf, El Hadji 173 259 Douglas, Archibald L 103 doxa Dugarry, Christophe 185 Dunning, Eric 87, 99, 183 East Asia xii–xiv, 1–3, 11–15, 70, 83–4, 98, 140, 197–202, 205, 209, 211, 215–18, 223–4, 241, 243–50, 254 east/west divide 166 Eastern Europe 118 economic impact 123 economisation 212 education system 9, 60, 109, 120, 158, 203; compulsory education 107, 184; educational institution 102–3, 115, 118, 189; educators 98, 104, 203 Edwards, Elise xiv, 208, 213, Elias, Norbert elite 14, 59, 79, 105–6, 118–19, 126–7, 136, 248–9 Emperor’s Cup 38 Empire xii, 1, 3, 11, 54, 166 entitlement 9, 14, 125, 165, 169, 176 entrepreneurship 212 ethno-nationalistic representation 175 eurocentrism 2, 13, 175 European Cup see UEFA Cup European sport model 23–24 event 1–2, 12, 15, 21, 35, 38–9, 40, 47, 51, 62, 88–95, 97, 104, 107, 111–12, 114, 118, 125, 133, 136–8, 141, 148–9, 153–4, 156, 158, 165–6, 177, 181, 186, 197, 203–4, 207, 209, 213, 217, 222–4, 226, 229, 232–5, 238, 240, 246–7, 249, 252, 253 Everton 61–2 exclusion 155, 167–9, 173, 176 facilities 43, 48, 60, 64, 103, 113–14, 119–20, 123–4, 240; see also ground, stadium fandom 13, 95, 98, 148, 177, 183 fans 2, 4, 13, 27, 36, 43, 62–4, 69, 79, 87–99, 120, 126, 143–4, 148–62, 166, 170–1, 176–8, 182, 184–7, 189–91, 203, 214, 228, 247, 252–3, 255 fashion 1, 10, 134, 148, 157, 159–60, 160, 181, 183–5, 224–5, 227 femaleness 210 femininity 210–11, 213, feminisation 177, 215 fetishism 170 Feyenoord Rotterdam 72, 180, field see ground 260 Index FIFA xiii, 2–3, 11, 21, 24–5, 42, 54–5, 69, 71, 75, 78–9, 83, 119, 136–7, 149, 175, 177, 197, 199–200, 202–3, 207, 216, 224–5, 229, 233, 240, 244, 246, 250, 252; FIFA regulations 71; FIFA Football World Cup see World Cup Figo, Luis 185 finance 1, 26, 43, 138, 185 First Higher School 105–6, 111 ‘Flat Three’ 169, 188 football administration 39, 65 football bubble 11, 50, 52 football business 43, 46, 75, 98; capital and operational funds 42; cash streams 47; club management 41, 44; monopoly business 42; marketing efforts 41, 44; profit structure 41, 44; service industry 47; venture capital 10; see also market football clinic 186 football critique 173–4 football schools 60, 207 footballisation 76, 83, 99 Fordist production model 109 Foucault, Michel 109, 182 France 21, 23–9, 32, 34–5, 69, 72, 75, 78, 82, 137, 167, 170, 176, 190, 222, 227–9 franchising 41–3, 45, 57 French National League 21, 23–9 Fukazawa Masahiro 72, 78 Fulham FC 72, 181 Gao Hong 207 ganbaru 106, 108 gaze 134, 176–8, 181–2, 213–5 gender xiii, 13, 99, 177, 183, 186, 192, 197–8, 202–3, 206, 209–12, 214–18, 245; gender asymmetry 211; gender behaviour 209; gender discrimination 197, 208, 213; gender hierarchy 212; gender identity 213; gender inequality 197, 211; gender norms 203, 208, 210; gender policy 216; gender roles 197–8, 210, 212; gender socialisation 210; gender stereotypes 209, 214 General Motors 11 geo-politics 172–3, 170; 174, 178, 181; geo-political levels 244; geo-political unconsciousness 172–3 Germany 2, 45–6, 57–8, 72–3, 76, 83, 95, 150–1, 172, 174, 176, 181, 183, 200–1 Giulianotti, Richard 11, 90, 134, 183 global game 10, 245, 254 globalisation 1, 4–10, 12–15, 21, 69, 79, 96, 98, 133–5, 143, 145, 197, 218, 243–51, 254; global capitalism 244, 246; global economy 3, 246; global governance 249 glocalisation 14, 245, 254 Goffman, Erving xiii, 148, 154–5; definition of the situation 154–5; expressions given off 154; main involvement 154–5; side involvement 154 governance 8, 11, 197, 244, 249 government involvement 117–8, 123–4, 126; central government 109, 115, 126, 149, 247; government sport programs 118 Great Escape, The 190 ground xii, 5, 9, 41, 72, 75, 94, 96, 104–5, 120–1, 125, 134, 140, 150, 198, 245, 250 Guangdong 208 Guangxi 91 Guangzhou 93, 204 Guangzhou Jili 62, 91 Guibernau, Montserrat ‘guts’ 111 Gwangju 31–3 Gwangju Sangmu Phoenix 33 Gwangyang 30, 32 habitus 4–6, 14, 102–3, 105–6, 134 Haiyin 208 Hakuhodo 39, 44–5, 47, 50–1 Halbwachs, Maurice 157; experienced history, 157; living bond among generations 157; memory without frame 157; recollection 157 Hargreaves, Jennifer 6–7, 135–6, 198, 211–12, 214, 217 Hebei 208 Hebei Xin’ao 208 Hebei Yishan 91 hegemony 7, 178, 245, 247, 249, 254; male hegemony 213; hegemonic masculinity 217 heishiki tais* (military-style exercises) 107 Henan 208 Henan Women Football Team 208 Henry, Thierry 170 hinomaru (Japanese national flag) 158, 190 high school baseball 107, 111–13 high school teams (football) 114, 121, 204–5, 213 Index Hirase Tomoyuki 80 Hiroyama Nozomu 72, 75, 78, 82 hockey 38, 55, 58, 204, 212 Hoddle, Glenn 77 home town 43, 114, 237 homogeneity 8, 172, 243, 247 homo-social solidarity 177 Honda 88 Hong, Fan 206, 208, 210–11 Hong Kong 62, 70, 89, 186, 199–202 hooliganism 87–93, 96–7, 99, 144, 183, 225 hooligans 13, 87, 90, 92–3, 95–9, 151–2, 182–4, 253 Hosokawa Yasushi 39, 41, 47 hosting 40, 44, 123, 126, 145, 178, 222, 225, 246, 252–3; co-hosting 222, 225, 252–3; see also World Cup Houlihan, Barrie 4, 6–8, 122 HSV Hamburg 72, 181 human resources 39, 51–2, 171 hyakunen k*s* 52 Hyundai 26, 29, 30 Hyundai Horang.I 49 Ibaragi Prefecture 48 Ichik* yaky+ (First Higher School baseball) 106 identity 131, 133–5, 143, 170, 173, 180, 182, 191, 206, 213; female identity 213; identity conflicts 213; male identity 209; national identity 106, 136, 156, 161, 163, 182, 206, 247; self-identity 188 Ikeuchi Tomohiko 80 Ilhwa Chunma see Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma image rights 45–6 imagined community 172, 182, 248 IMF crisis 136, 145 Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act 184 Imperial Rescript 106 imperialism 2, 118, 247, 249–50; Japanese imperialism 252 Inamoto Junichi 72, 75, 176–7, 181 inclusion 167–70, 173, 176 independence movement 118, 158–9 information networking 39, 51 information society 110 infrastructure 119, 208; see also facilities INI Steel 204 institutionalisation of sport 202 intellectualism 170 261 intellectuals 98, 165 Inter High School Sports Meet 111 International Marketing Group (IMG) 57–8, 61 international registration transfer certificate 71 International Sports Arena Yokohama 180 internationalisation 51, 69, 71, 79, 83, 247, 251 Invitation Committee for the 2002 World Cup 136 Ishihara Shintar* 188–9 Italy 74–9, 95, 151, 175, 180–1, 203 J.League 38–9, 42–53, 69–71, 74–80, 82–4, 112–15, 180, 190–1, 199, 205, 215, 230, 247, 250 J.League management advisory committee 39 Jacques, Martin James, C.L.R 133 Japan Amateur Sports Association 40 Japan Club Junior Youth Football Federation 114 Japan Club Youth Football Federation 114 Japan Cup see Kirin Cup Japan–Korea relations 225, 244, 250, 251–4 Japan Ladies’ Soccer League see L-League Japan Olympic Committee 104 Japan Professional Soccer League see J.League Japan Soccer League (JSL) see JSL Japan Women’s Football Championship 204, 214 Japanese Football Association (JFA) 39, 41–5, 49, 71, 73, 82–3, 111, 240 Japaneseness 166, 176, 180 Jeon Gyuchan 175 Jeonju 32 Jia A 58, 60–1, 89 Jia B 58, 61–2, 89 Job, Joseph-Desire 173 Johore Bahru 191 Jongju see Jeonju JSL 39–42, 44–8, 51, 71, 73 JSL activation committee 40 K-League 21, 29–33, 75, 122, 216, 230, 250 Kahn, Oliver 174 262 Index Kamamoto Kunishige 72, 83 Kaneko Tatsuhito 187–8 Kan* Jigor* 104 Kanu, Nwankwo 173 Kashima 48, 80 Kawabuchi Sabur* 39–41, 43, 45–50, 52, 78 Kawamura Takahiro 72, 78 Kim Dae-Jung 136 Kim Hyunmi 177 Kim Jong Il 189 Kim Nam Il 177 Kimura Kazushi 40 King’s Cup 123 Kinomoto K*z* 39, 44 Kinoshita Kei 72, 75 Kirin Cup 39 ‘kit wars’ 11 knowledge formation 39, 51 Ko Jong-su 216 Kodak 88 Koh Eunha 211 Koizumi Junichir* 189 Korean Amateur Sport Association 240 Korean Football Association 136, 199, 240, 244 Korean Professional Football League see K-League Korean War 55, 123, 136, 157–8 Korea Women’s Football League 204 K*shien 111 Kotake Nobuyuki 39, 44, 46 Kuffour, Sammy 176 Kwang Hwa Mun 149–50, 155, 160 Kwangju see Gwanju Kwangyang see Gwangyang Ky+sh+ 244 L-League 199, 205–6 labour market 70, 79, 84, 212 legal rights protection 45; see also image rights Lee Dong-gook 216 leisure 10, 29, 33, 60, 65, 129, 166, 197, 223, 226 Leland, George A 103–4 LG Hwangso see Anyang LG Cheetahs Liaoning 94, 204 licensing of coaches 41 Liga, La 95 Liu Ailing 207 lived experience 157, 183, 190, 192 Liverpool FC 184 localisation 245 Lopez, Wagner 167–9, 176 ‘lost decade’ 38, 205 Macao 199–202 macho-ism 177 Maguire, Joseph 4, 7–8, 69–70, 81, 133– 5, 143–4, 167 major league baseball 50, 84 Makelele, Claude 174 Malaysia 55, 70, 186, 204, 251 Maldini, Paolo 185 mamasan bar–b$ru 212 management knowledge 52 Manchester United 11, 184–5 March 24th event 97 marginalisation 11, 197, 203, 208, 215 market xii, 2–3, 6, 9–12, 15, 21–3, 28, 38–9, 44, 50–1, 53, 55, 57, 64–5, 79, 88, 180, 198–9, 201, 210, 216–7, 248–9; market-driven politics 9; merchandising market 46, 52; spectator sports market 38; see also labour market; market economy marketing 8–9, 39, 41, 43–4, 47, 49, 52, 137, 181–2, 184, 187, 205, 215, 249 martial arts 105–7, 123 masculinity 166, 168, 170, 173, 186, 202, 208, 211, 214–16 mass culture 165 mass media 12, 47, 49, 91, 180, 210–11, 213, 217, 224; broadcasting rights 22–3, 44–5, 48–50, 52, 149; ‘killer content’ 49; media exposure 11, 47, 49, 82, 224; media hardware 49; see also sport media match commissioner 41 Matsubara Yoshika 72, 80 May 19th event 89, 93, 97 Mboma, Patrick 176 media discourse 107, 151, 166 media entertainment industry 186 mega-event 1, 12, 14, 87, 133–5, 138, 142, 144–5, 152, 165–6, 177, 182, 222–5, 233, 236, 240–1, 244, 249 Meiji Seika 11, 181, 185 merchandise 11, 45, 47, 49, 51–2, 79, 155, 181, 189, 215 Merdeka Cup 123 migration xiii, 12, 65, 69–72, 75–6, 78, 80–4, 171, 225 Ministry of Culture and Sport, South Korea 126 Ministry of Culture and Tourism, South Korea 126–7, 204 Index Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan (METI) 38 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan 114 Ministry of Education, South Korea 122, 125 Ministry of Public Security, China 92 Ministry of Sport, South Korea 126 Ministry of Sport and Youth, South Korea 126 Miura Kazuyoshi 72–3, 171 Miyazawa Hiroshi 72, 75 Mizuno 46, 50 Mizushima Musashi 72–3, 171 modernisation 4, 8, 105, 107, 135–6 modernity 15, 110, 134–5, 139, 197 Mokdog Stadium 31 Mongolia 199–202 Mori Arinori 106 Motorola 88 multi-culturalisation 166 multi-culturalism 166 Murdoch, Rupert 11 ‘muscular spirituality’ 106 mythologisation 170 Nabisco Cup 47 Naganuma Ken 39, 41, 43 Nakamura Shunsuke 72, 75, 180 Nakata Hidetoshi 69, 72, 75, 77, 152, 178, 180 Nakata syndrome 79 nation 4, 12, 14, 42, 58, 82–4, 103–6, 119, 133–45, 149, 157, 159, 165–70, 172–4, 181–2, 187–90, 192, 198–9, 202, 204, 212, 217, 223–5, 240, 246–8, 250–1 nation-state 4, 7–9, 13, 15, 105–6, 135, 166, 169, 172, 182, 189, 244, 246–8 national athletic pension plan 125 national character 187 National Club Youth Football Championship Meet 114 National Council for Better Korea Movement 145 national flag 93, 95, 98, 143, 148, 154–5, 157–63, 190, 247; see also hinomaru, taegeukgi national flag fashion 148–9, 153, 159–62 National Football League (NFL) see NFL National Games (China) 56 national governing body 127–8; see also football administration 263 national government grants 48 National Junior High School Athletic Meet 111 National Junior High School Football Meet 111 National Minorities Committee (China) 90 National People’s Congress 210 national prestige 123–4, 129 National Sports Committee (China) 90 National Sports Festival (Japan) 111 National Sports Promotion Fund 123 National Stadium (Tokyo) 38, 112, 180, 186 National Tax Agency 48 national team 12, 23–5, 38–40, 44, 52, 60, 69, 73–6, 80, 88–9, 93, 96, 103, 114, 118–19, 123–7, 143, 148, 151–2, 156, 158, 161–2, 169–71, 178, 187, 190–1, 202–3, 205, 207–9, 216, 235, 237, 246–7, 250 National Women’s Football Invitation Competition (China) 204 National Youth League (China) 89 nationalism 106, 118, 123, 143, 157, 161, 165–6, 180, 189, 192, 235, 247 nationhood 166, 177 nativity 165–6 naturalisation 168, 176 neighborhood football 124–6, 128 Newcastle 61–2 NFL 46, 50, 52, 72 NGOs 184 NHK 47, 49–50, 52, 174 NHK Sports Centre 45, 50 Nihon H*s* Ky*kai (NHK) see NHK Nii Hidemoto 72, 75 Nike 11, 166, 168 Nippon Television see NTV Nishizawa Akinori 72, 74 Nissan Motors 39 Nitto Denko 181 nobility 105, 184 Nom Hyong 189 North America 23, 76, 245 North East Asia 36, 245, 251–2 North Korea 3, 124, 189, 200–5, 251, 253 Norway 200–1 Nozawa Takuya 80 NTT DoCoMo 181 NTV 111 OECD 251 OFC 264 Index Ogbeche, Bartholomew 173, 176 Ogura Junji 40, 45 Ogura Takafumi 72, 74 [ita 247, 253 Okano Masayuki 190 Okocha, Jay Jay 173 Okudera Yasuhiko 40, 72–3 Olembe, Salomon 173 Olisadebe, Emmanuel 168–9, 176 Olympic Games 8, 51, 57, 62–3, 124, 137, 188, 222–4, 249; Atlanta Olympics 59, 206, 222; Beijing Olympics 56, 62, 92, 94, 249; Los Angeles Olympics 50; Mexico Olympics 72, 83, 103, 111; Seoul Olympics 57, 119, 123, 126, 136, 223, 229, 247, 249; Sidney Olympics 55, 62, 190; Tokyo Olympics 39, 71, 107, 112, 212, 249 ‘On the Withered Lawn’ 190 [no Seitar* 191 Ono Shinji 72, 75, 178, 180, 190 orientalism 12, 175, 182, 225, 247–8 [saka Asahi Shinbun 111 [saka Mainichi Shinbun 111 outdoor and recreational activities 126 outdoor facilities 124 Owen, Michael 177, 185 Paris 29, 33, 35 Parma AC 70, 82, 181 particularism 1–2, patriarchy 21–3, 218 Pele 73, 171 per capita index 200–1, 216 Perryman, Steve 79–80 physical education 14, 60, 92, 102–4, 107–10, 115, 119–20, 123, 125, 207 Physical Education Competition Supervision Committee (China) 92 Physical Education Training College (Japan) 104 physical fitness 120, 123, 125 PL Gakuen 113 playback 15, 245, 254 player 2–4, 10–11, 49, 58, 63, 69–72, 84, 96, 102, 124–5, 134, 150, 162, 167–9, 172, 174–5, 180, 187, 249, 251; amateur player 71, 217; black player 167, 169, 172–5, 182; contract 46; national team player 75, 119; player system 40–1; professional player 40, 64, 72–4; registration 41, 83–4; salary of 49, 76, 80–1, 207; security of livelihood 40; social standing 40; special licensed player 40 playground see field playing styles 13, 78, 169, 171–2, 174–5, 178, 182, 184, 187, 188, 192, 204 Pohang 29–32, 216 Pohang Steelers 35 policy instrument 123–4 policy themes 123–4 political culture of football 166 politics 166, 168, 170, 182 popular culture 95, 177, 185, 203, 216 Posco 26, 29–30 POSCO Atoms see Pohang Steelers postcolonial history 166 power 3, 5, 7, 10–11, 15, 22, 32, 34–5, 40, 43, 45, 55, 57, 64, 74, 90, 91, 96–8, 102, 105, 118, 137–8, 146, 168, 173–5, 178, 180, 182, 186, 188, 198, 202, 209, 211, 216–18, 226, 243, 251 Premier League 60–2, 64, 176 184 Premiership 29, 70, 79, 95 ‘pressing football’ 188 ‘Prince Charming’ 187 ‘Prince League’ 114 Prince Takamado Cup 114 pro-democracy demonstrations 156, 161–2 professional football 1, 3, 13, 21, 23–9, 31, 36, 38–9, 41–2, 44, 57, 60, 63, 65, 69, 71, 75, 78, 81, 83, 87–8, 97–8, 113, 122, 170 Professional League Review Committee 43–4 professional sport 21–4, 35–6, 38, 40, 84, 119; see also professional football professional sport league: league structure 24–5, 58; local economic potential 36; location strategies 21, 34; see also C.League, J.League, K-League, L.League, WUSA professionalisation 11, 40–2, 63, 198, 204 professionalisation headquarters 43, 45 Professionalisation Review Committee 41 professionalism 39–40, 57, 70, 97 public opinion 253 public relations (PR) 26, 41, 43, 47, 201–2, 211, 226 public schools 105, 184 public sphere 24, 168, 170, 177 public sport 45, 114; expenses 48; government expenditure for sport 124, 126; state subsidies 119; see also sport for all Index public viewing 148–51, 153, 159, 161 Puchon 30–1 Puma 50 Pusan 29–30 Qingdao Yizhong 90 Qinghuangdao 207 Qingxin Base Camp Women Football Team 208 Queen’s Cup 204 race 165–70, 172–7, 183, 187, 192 racial essentialism 170 Racing Genk 181 racing sports 38 racism 169–70; scientific racism 170 Raul, Gonzalez 185 Real Madrid CF 180–1, 185–6 Red Devils 133, 135, 142–5, 148, 150, 152–3, 158, 160, 216, 228 ‘Red Devils Generation’ 161 referee 13, 41, 60, 62–3, 90–2, 96–7, 102 refereeing 25, 43, 91 reform 56–8, 60, 64, 90, 98, 110–11, 145, 162, 244 region 1, 3–5, 11, 15, 29, 31, 93–4, 113, 174, 198, 201, 205, 215, 224, 226, 237, 244–5 regionalisation regionalism 93 Reggina Calcio 72, 76, 180 representation 14, 117, 131, 139, 148, 156–9, 162–3, 172, 174–5, 177, 182, 189, 191–2, 197, 214–5, 217 Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI) 38 resistance 4, 6, 14–15, 27, 95–6, 123, 134, 144, 244, 247–9, 254 Rivaldo 171, 185 Robertson, Roland 4, 7–8, 243 Roche, Maurice 134–5, 138, 144 Roh Moohyun 128 role segregation 212 Ronaldinho 171 Ronaldo 11, 171, 185 Rooney, John 199 Roque Junior 174 Rowe, David 6, Rufer, Wynton 75 Rui, Ramos 167 rule making 44 rules xii, 22, 25, 41–2, 44, 89, 102, 104, 108, 110, 120, 141, 155 265 ruling class 117, 129 S.League 75, 83 safety 81, 92, 109, 151 Said, Edward 182, 247–8 Saitama Stadium 190 ‘samba’ style of football 171 Samsung 26, 30 Santos, Alex 167–9, 176 Sasaki Kazuki 47 Sawa Homare 206 Sawaki K*tar* 187 scholarships 121 Scholes, Paul 171 school football 14, 111–3, 120–1, 125, 128; curriculum 10, 60, 64, 105–7, 110–11, 115, 121; elementary school football association 121; girls teams 121, 206, 210; middle school teams 121; see also high school teams (football) school sport 14, 60, 102–15, 120–1, 125, 128–9, 206–7, 212–13 scouting 121, 207, 211 security 40, 92, 151, 154–6, 184, 218, 230–1 self-development 226, 235–8, 240 self-motivation 161 semi-professionalised sports 38 Seogwipo 32, 36 Seongnam 32 Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma 30–1, 35, 216 Seoul 10, 29–32, 35–6, 118, 139–42, 148–50, 216, 228–9, 238, 245, 250, 252 Seoul World Cup Stadium 34, 150, 235 Serie A 45, 69–70, 79, 95 sexism 197, 211–13 sexualisation 214 Shaanxi Guoli 60, 90 Shandong 208 Shandong Qilu Shihua Sichuan 208 Shanghai Shenghua 89 Shanghai STV 207–8 Shanghai Women’s Football Club see Shanghai STV Shanghai Zhongyuan 90 shareholder 41–2, 48 Shenyang 89, 93 Shenyang Football Fans Association 89, 96 Shenyang Haishi 92 Shenzhen Ping’an 89 Sichuan 60–1, 208 266 Index Sichuan Da He 60 Sichuan Football Association 58, 61, 89 Sichuan Jiannanchun 208 Sichuan Mianyang 62 Sichuan Quanxing 89 Silva, Gilbert 174 Singapore 70, 75, 80, 199–202 sinocentric tributary trade system social agency social differentiation 105 social disorder 13, 87–9, 91–3, 96–8 social field 4–6, 102, 217 social movement 165 social space 5, 156 ‘soft Mohican’ 185 solidarity 9, 156, 160, 165, 177, 209 Son Gi-Jung 158, 222 Son Gitei see Son Gi-Jung Songham see Seongnam Sony Creative Products (SCP) 47, 50 South America 3, 12–13, 22, 38, 61, 73–6, 80–3, 250, 254 South American Cup see CONCACAF Cup space 5, 21, 24, 28–9, 31, 34–6, 98, 102, 104, 134–5, 139, 148–51, 153–4, 156, 161–2, 165, 173, 177–8, 212, 215; multi-structural space 156; space of recurrence 156; space of supporting 154–6; space of symbolic reformation 156 spectacle xiii, 107, 136, 143, 165, 170–1, 176, 250 spectacularisation 217 spectator 11, 21–2, 24–6, 38, 49–51, 59–61, 63–4, 88–90, 93, 103, 107, 112, 119, 122, 133–4, 144–6, 149, 155–6, 160, 162, 180, 182, 186, 206, 208, 215–16, 223–4, 230, 232, 240; attendance 40, 97; as customers 53; mobilisation 41, 43–4, 47 sponsor 2, 13, 22, 43, 49, 58, 61–2, 74, 84; official FIFA World Cup partner 154, 230; official league sponsor 46, 47, 48 sponsorship 26, 38, 44, 47, 61, 64, 88, 137, 201, 207, 214–15 spontaneous community 160 sport administration sport bureaucracy 207–8 sport culture 9, 43, 45, 88, 115, 134 sport for all 109, 124–7, sport hero 215 sport heroine 215 sport industry 21, 170 sport media 13, 214, sport morality 106 sport organisation 2, 136, 217, 234, see also Japan Amateur Sport Association sport policy 55, 117–18, 125–6, 251 sport schools 207 sport tourism 79, 84, 150, 153 Sports Ministry, China PR 207 sportsmanship 105 Stade de France 32, 35 stadium 22, 24, 26, 31–6, 38, 41–4, 47–8, 51, 60–1, 63, 90–4, 96–8, 112, 120, 143–4, 151, 154, 161–2, 173, 183–4, 208, 215, 225, 232; peripheral environment 48; provision of land 48; Seoul World Cup Stadium 34, 150, 235; World Cup stadium 32–33, 35, 119, 229–30, 232–3, 235, 249; Yokohama International Stadium 223, 229; see also Mokdog Stadium, National Stadium (Tokyo), Saitama Stadium, Seoul World Cup Stadium, Stade de France, Workers’ Stadium Beijing, Yokohama International Stadium stakeholders 39, 41 State Council (China) 90, 92 status 1, 11, 25, 31, 33, 64–5, 71, 76, 117–18, 120, 161, 208, 212, 214–7, 235, 240, 246, 248; citizen status 212; economic status 246; elite status 105; professional status 57; star status 62; world status 59 stereotype 13, 166, 170, 172, 174–6, 192, 197, 214, 248 Stockport 58, 61 street supporters 148–57, 159–62 structuralism Sugden, John 1, 11, 69, 81–2, 184, 197, 249 Sugiyama Ryk+ichi 71 Sun Wen 207, 211 Sungmin Wonders 204 Super League 63–4, 207–8 supporters see fans supporters culture 87, 148, 155 Suwon 30, 32, 142, 216 Suwon Samsung Bluewings 30 Suzuki Takayuki 80, 181 Sweden 190, 201 Sylvestre, Mikael 174 symbolic meaning 56, 154, 156, 198 Index symbolic transformation 154 system design 38, 39, 47 tacit knowledge 52 taegeukgi (Korean national flag) 148–9, 157–60 Taegu see Daegu Taegu Citizens Pro Soccer, see Daegu FC taehan minkuk 149–50, 155 Taejon Citizen FC see Daejeon Citizen Taekwondo 123, 204 Taipei 199–201 tairen (body training) 102, 07 Tais* Densh+sho see Physical Education Training College Taiwan 3, 55, 124 Takahara Naohiro 72, 75, 181 Takarazuka Bunnys 208 Takeda Nobuhiro 72, 80, 82 Tanaka Fujimaro 103, Tangshan City 91 tax revenues 48 TBC 11, 181, 185 teaching guidelines 107–10 television see TV terrorist attack 253 Tianjin 89, 204 Tianjin Women Football Team 208 time 5, 9, 14, 23–4, 28–9, 40–1, 44, 49, 57, 64, 69, 70–1, 77, 80–2, 89, 102, 105–6, 108–9, 120–5, 136, 141–2, 148, 150, 153–4, 156–7, 159–60, 171, 207, 224, 226, 229, 232–3, 240, 251 Toda Kazuyuki 72, 75–7, 80, 176 Tokyo 1, 39, 43–5, 71, 78, 104–5, 107, 112, 180–1, 184, 186, 188, 213, 245, 247, 249 Tokyo Dome 186 Tokyo FC 180–1, 186 Tokyo Higher Normal School 104–5 Tokyo University 104–5 Tomlinson, Alan 1, 11, 163, 249 top-down development 245 TOP Programme 45 Totti, Francesco 185 Toyota Cup 38–9 tradition 15, 26, 36, 54, 58–9, 80, 84, 97– 8, 112, 118, 121, 135, 184, 211, 222, 226, 249 transfer 44, 57, 65, 71–3, 75–6, 78, 181, 185; transfer fee 12, 181 Troussier, Philippe 188 trust 42, 91, 96–7, 102, 225 Tsuboi Gend* 104 267 Tumu 91 TV 9–11, 13, 22, 25–6, 44–7, 49–51, 53, 58, 62, 64–5, 73–4, 79, 83, 88–9, 92, 95, 111, 120, 137, 168–9, 173, 176, 180–1, 183, 185–6, 213–4, 223, 235, 250–2; broadcasting rights 22–3, 44–5, 48–50, 52, 149; multi-channel broadcasting 49; networks 49, 58; ownership 88; private broadcaster 50; public broadcaster 49; satellite broadcasting 49–50; station 47, 50, 186; viewer participation rate 47 U.C Sampdoria 181 UEFA UEFA Champions League 180, 184 UEFA Championship 87 Ulsan 29–32 und*kai 104 unemployment 65, 93, 135 uniform contracts 41 universalism 2, university teams 107, 204–5, 213 Urawa Reds 180, 189–91 urban hierarchy 26, 28, 32–3 US hegemony 245 USA 3–4, 11, 59, 72, 75, 84, 153, 160, 199–200, 204–5, 222, 245, 251 Utsunomiya Tetsuichi 168, values 9, 36, 105, 110, 114, 134, 208–9, 211, 217, 225; shared values 39, 51–2; traditional values 98 Vegalta Sendai 180 Vieira, Patrick 174 Vietnam 55, 186 violence 63, 92, 96, 113, 144, 155, 183 ‘Vision Asia’ 216 Vodafone 11, 181 volleyball 38, 58, 64, 120, 128, 212–14 Wallerstein, Immanuel Warde, Alan Wenger, Arsène 79, 170, 178 Western cultural account 243–5, 248, 254 Western model of development 135 westernisation 247–8 Whannel, Garry 214–15 Whitmore, Theodore 167 Williams, Richard 170, 183, 198 Wiltort, John 170 Wimbledon 88 women 58–9, 83, 122, 124–5, 152, 184–6, 197–218, 228–9, 240, 245, 268 Index 251; female fandom 177; women’s football 58–9, 197–9, 201–5, 207–9, 213–14, 216–18, 240; women’s World Cup 13, 122, 200–1, 203–4, 206 Women’s Football Association (Korea) 204 Women’s Super League (China) 207 Women’s United Soccer League see WUSA work ethic 78, 172 Workers’ Stadium, Beijing 206 working class 105, 183, 210 World Cup 1, 3, 8, 11–13, 15, 35, 45, 49, 51, 54, 56–7, 59, 62, 64, 75–6, 87–8, 123–4, 134, 165, 200–1, 203–6, 209, 222, 235–7, 240, 244, 247, 254; 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico 39, 52; 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy 39, 43, 50, 52; 1994 FIFA World Cup USA 50, 74–5, 94, 96, 222; 1998 FIFA World Cup France 21, 32, 35, 69, 74–5, 137, 166–7, 170, 176, 181, 190, 203, 222; 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan xiii–xiv, 1–2, 14–15, 21, 24, 26, 29, 32–3, 35–6, 39–40, 44, 53, 59, 64–5, 69, 75, 94, 96, 114, 119–22, 125, 127, 133, 135–42, 144–5, 148–9, 151–4, 156–6, 161–3, 165–8, 174–5, 177–8, 180–92, 202–3, 215–16, 222–30, 233–40, 244–7, 249–54 World Cup generation 161 world game 244, 246, 254 world sport 2–3, 178, 182, 240 World Trade Organisation 3, 54, 56, 62 World Youth Championship Wuhan Yaqi 89 WUSA 206 Xi’an 63, 90, 92–5, 97, 204 Yamaguchi Takayuki 72, 74 Yamamoto Atsuhisa 174, 182 Yanagisawa Atsushi 181 Yanbian 89–90, 204 Yanbian Aodong 89–90 Yasukuni Shrine 189, 252 Yokohama 150, 180, 222–3, 228–9, 252 Yokohama F Marinos 180 Yokohama International Stadium 223, 229 Yomiuri Giants 186 Yonashiro, George 167 Yoon Taejin 175 Yoshimura, Nelson 167 youth 41, 103, 113, 161, 207, 240, 247 youth football 58, 60–2, 65, 73, 114, 123–4, 176, 199; see also school sport, World Youth Championship Yu Guan-Soon 158–9 Yukong Elephants see Bucheon SK Yunnan 95, 204 zainichi Korean 250–1 Zaizen Nobuyuki 72, 77 Zen Nihon Joshi Sakk# Senshuken 214 Zen Nihon Sakk# Senshuken 214 Zhejiang Sanhua Lucheng 62, 91 Zico 80, 171, 178 Zidane, Zinedine 174, 185 .. .Football Goes East Football is now a significant social and economic force in the world’s largest economies: China, Japan and South Korea Football Goes East provides unique insights into the. .. in the capital and three others in the large ports of the southeast In 1995 (Map 2.5), three additional teams joined the league: the Chonbuk Hyundai Motors, based in Chonju in the centre of the. .. and Jarvie 2003 on China, sport and post-colonialism) ‘Business’ refers to the role of the media, especially TV and the new media, in expanding the coverage of leading leagues in Europe and South