Chu nghia nir quyen va phan tam hoc Nguyen Viet Phirong*** Tom tat: Phdn tdm hpc nhd tdm ly hpc, nhd triit hpe nguai Ao Sigmund Freud sdng lgp vdo cuoi thi ky XIX Ngay tie dai, cdch tiep can "dpc ddo vd khdc la " cua phdn tdm hoc da thuc su gdy chdn dpng gi&i hpc thugt luc bdy gi& Han mpt the ky da troi qua, phdn tdm hpc dd gieo dnh hu&ng sdu dam nai nhiiu trdo luu triit hpc duong dgi Tic giUa thi kyXX, phdn tdm hpc bdt ddu dupe cdc nhd tu tuang nu quyin tiip can nghiin cim nham phuc vu cho chiin luac nU quyin Bdi viit tap trung ldm ro moi quan h4 da diin giUa chu nghia nit quyen vd phdn tdm hpc, qua eung cdp mpt cdi nhin phong phii han vi cd hai khuynh huong ly ludn dang thinh hdnh a phuang Tdy ngdy Tir khoa: Phdn tam hpc, Sigmund Freud, Chii nghTa nd quyfln, Gidi, Tinh due Abstract: Psychoanalysis was founded by an Austrian psychologist and philosopher, Sigmund Freud, in the late nineteenth century From the very beginning, the "unique and unusual" approach of psychoanalysis has truly stunned the academies at the time It has deeply influenced the contemporary philosophical movements for more than a century Since the mid-twentieth century, feminist thinkers have begun to study and examine psychoanalysis for their feminist strategy The paper focuses on the multifaeeted relationship betweenfeminism and psychoanalysis, which thereby provides a more diverse view of both contemporary prevailing theoretical tendencies Keywords: Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, Feminism, Gender, Sexuality Dan nhap Phdn tam hpc nha tam ly hpc, nha triflt hpc ngudi Ao Sigmund Freud (18561939) sang lap vdo cufli thfl ky XIX Ngay tir Idii ddi, phdn tdm hpc da thuc sy gay chdn ddng gidi hpc thudt, tiidm chi luc bdy gid ngudi ta nfli dfln mdt cupc each mang vfl tu triet hpc hifln dai •^ sy nghiep w • ' tao' cua ' -v, Trong sang minh, Freud da trifln khai phan tdm hpc vao nghifln '•> TS., Khoa Ly luan chinh tri, Tnrong Dai hgc Khoa hoc, Dai hpc Hu6; Email: phuongdhkh@gmail.com ciiu nhiflu mdng dfl tai khae nhau, tu ngudi den van hoa Trong ly thuyet ve tinh due, dii khong dac biflt chd trpng nhung it nhdt Freud da cfl gdng tim hiflu vfl tmh due nir Nhimg kifln gidi cua Freud vfl tinh dye cua nir gidi da gdy nhiflu tranh luan liic bdy g^^ ^^ ^^^ ^ | ^ ^^^ ^-^ ^ - ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ , , ,.i ,, „, -^ ,-x ,, , giai tir nhieu phia Co mpt dieu dang luu y la, ban thdn Freud ciing cam thdy khflng hai long vdi nhiing kifln gidi eua dng vfl tinh due '^^^ ^ * "^^ F^eud, tinh due nii gidng nhu mpt "luc dia tham u" (dark continent) rad 28 Thong Kn Khoa hpc xa hOi so 11.201S flng chua tun thdy lfli vdo Nam 1924, Freud Freudianism) nhu Ernest Jones, Karen ddnh tiiu nhdn rdng, hiflu biflt cua flng vfl Homey va Clara Thompson Tuy nhifln, cac tinh due nii la "khong thoa dang, day thiflu nhd phdn tam hpc thupc "thfl hp thii ba" sot va it nhieu eon raa ho" (M Nolan, K lai khflng phai la cac nha nii quyen va su phfl phan cua hp ddi vdi phdn tam hpc cua O'Mahony, 1987: 59) Tu giiia thfl ky XX, chu nghTa nu Freud ciing khdng xuat phat tifln co sd ly quyfln dd co nhiing budc chuyfln rainh ludn cua chu nghTa nir quyfln Dd chinh la raang tinh budc ngoat Khflng ehi dung lai can cu dfl ehiing tdi cho rang, sy phfl phdn d thue tien phong trdo xa hpi ddu tianh eho ciia Simone de Beauvoir ddi voi tu tuong quyfln phu nii, cdc nha nii quyfln bat dau Freud tde phdm Gi&i tinh thic hai {Le chii y hon den phat tiifln ly ludn Trong Deuxieme Sexe, Paris: Gallimard, 1949)''* bfli cdnh dfl, cac nha tu tuong nu quyfln da cfl the xem nhu la su ddi difln ddu tien giua tim dfln phan tam hpc nhu la rapt "ngudi chu nghTa nir quyfln va phdn tam hpc ban khflng mdy thdn thifln" Mfli quan he Vao giua the ky XX, nha triflt hpc nii giiia chu nghTa nu quyfln vd phdn tdm hpc, quyfln hifln sinh Phdp Simone de Beauvoir vi thfl, trd mpt tiong nhiing vdn dfl la ngudi dd tao ratiflngvang Ion d chdu Au gay can va kich tinh Khi nghifln cuu vfl xudt bdn tac pham Gi&i tinh thu hai phan tam hpe, eae nha nu quyfln, mpt mat, mpt nhiing cong trinh nghifln ciiu dfl da tim thdy d d6 nhiing gpi y thii vi vfl sp dupe danh gia la mpt "sy gpi md hiru ich vdn dfl tinh dye nir, nhung mat khac quan nhiing van dfl quan trpng" eua chu nghTa nu trpng khong kem, hp ciing phe phan quyflt quyfln hifln dai Giai tinh thii hai dupe xuit Hflt nhung khia canh dupe xem Id "khflng bdn hai quyfln, Beauvoir da tuang thich vdi chifln lupc nii quyfln" danh toan bp chuong Phdn I cua quyfln Diflu phan nao cho thdy chu nghTa nir thii nhdt - Les fails et les mythes (gom ba quyfln va phdn tdm hpc co mfli quan he phdn, chia 11 chuang) dfl phfl phan phue tap, dd viia thfl hien khia eanh quan diflm phdn tam hpc nhdm muc dich "doi difln" (hiflu theo nghia xung dot) vira "rauon xem xflt phdn dong gflp cua nfl thfl hifln khia canh "gap go" (hiflu theo vao viec nghifln cuu phy nii" (Simone de nghTa tich hpp) Bai viflt tap tmng phdn Beauvoir, 1956: 65) tich mfli quan he phuc tap giiia chu nghTa Ngay phdn dau cua tac phdm, nir quyfln va phdn tdra hpc, qua cung Beauvoir nhdn manh rang, phan tdm hpc cdp mpt eai nhin phong phii hem vfl cd hai ve thyc chdt khflng phai la mpt tmong khuynh hudng ly ludn dang thinh hdnh d phai triet hpc va Freud ciing khflng phai phuong Tdy ngdy la nhd triflt hpc theo dung nghTa cua thuat Sy doi dien dau tien giira chu nghia nir ngii Chinh bdn than Freud cung khflng quyen va phdn tam hoc: Tac pham Gi&i bifln minh hp thong cua ong nhu la mpt tinh thii hai ciia Simone de Beauvoir Vdo nua ddu thfl ky XX da xudt hien '"' Trong bai viet nay, chiing toi sir dyng tac pham sy phan dfli phdn tdm hpc tir phia cae dai Le Deuxieme Sexe ciia Simone de Beauvoir qua bail dich Anh ngir ciia H.M Parshley (Simone de biflu nii cua tiuong phai Freud-mdi (Neo- Beauvoir, 1956) Chii nghia nii: quyen va 29 hpc thuyflt triflt hpc bang cdch Idng tranh CO hai" (Simone de Beauvoir, 1956: 67) rapi su edng kich thudc ITnh vyc siflu hinh Theo Beauvoir, nhihig kien gidi cua Freud hpc (Simone de Beauvoir, 1956: 66)**' Tuy vfl tinh due nii va su phat trifln cua tinh due nhifln, Beauvoir nh$n thdy phan tam hpc nii la cfl thfl chdp nh|ui dupe va to rdt ciia Freud cd the cung cdp nhiing ung dyng tam die rdng "Freud da dua dnh sdng triflt hpc hiiu ich eho van dfl nghifln cim nii mpt vdn de ma tmdc ngudi ta ehua thdy gioi; rang, phia sau tdt ca nhiing Icfi khdng dupe tdm quan trpng ciia no" (Simone de dinh ciia Freud, la nhimg dinh dfl siflu hinh Beauvou, 1956:66) Xudt phat tir each hiflu nhu the, Freud hpc: sit dung ngdn ngii cua dng, tdc la chdp nhan rapt nfln triflt hpc (cua phdn tam hpc da kham pha tinh due au thdi Ngay tu - NVP) (Xem: Simone de Beauvoir, 1956: diia tie mdi sinh cho dfln tmdc "phiic 66) Theo Beauvoir, chinh sy nhdp nhdng cdm Oedipus" (Oedipus complex) xuat hifln cho thdy viec phfl phdn phan tdra hpc la thi chua eo su phan biet ro rang giira cac gioitinhhiflu theo nghTa liic ay chi co nhiing cdn thiflt nhung phuc tap Trong Giai tinh thie hai, Simone de bfl tiai raa thdi (cac bfl gai tiong giai doan Beauvoir tan ddng quan niflm cua Freud tifln Oedipus ciing dupe vi nhu cac be trai) cho rang bdn nang tinh due giii vai tro quan Do dd, theo Freud, khong cdn thiflt phai tach trpng tiong ddi song eiia ngudi, nhung biflt tinh dye nara va tinh due nil Trong phdn tdra hpe eua S Freud, ba ciing phfl phan phdn tam hpc ciia Freud d hai diflra cflt yeu; quyet dinh lugn tinh phuc edm Oedipus la mpt nhiing npi due nam va khdi niem uy quyen Theo logic dung quan trpng co mfli lifln he gdn giii kifln giai cua Beauvoir, cdi sau xudt hifln vdi tinh dye va vdn de khdc biflt gidi Khi phdn tich vfl phiic edm Oedipus, Freud nhu la he qua tat yflu cua cdi tmdc Beauvoir dd khai quat quan niflra cua da cho thdy mpt cai nhin thifln vi Theo Freud vfl vai tio cua tinh due qua Freud, phiic cam Oedipus dupe dp dung tiinh phdt trifln ngudi d ea nam gidi va nu de giai thich vfl su phat trifln tam sinh gidi nhu sau: tinh due eua hai gidi tinh la due trfl em d cd hai gidi tinh Phuc cam dflng nhdt thdi ky tha au nhung sau Oedipus tii ddu thfl hifln ham mufln bat ddu phan biflt liic budc vao giai doan tinh due cua cac be trai hudng dfln ngudi sinh due O cac be tiai, dat den giai me vd thii ghet ngudi cha Phuc cam doan sinh due thi qua trinh phat tiifln coi cung ton tai d cac bfl gai nhung vdi Freud nhu da hoan vifln man Nhung d cae chang qua chi Id "phuc cara Oedipus be gai "tinh hinh phuc tap hon nhiflu" bdi phii dinh" (negative Oedipus complex) dien ngon eua Freud, "nam gidi chi Ngudi ta ndi den cai gpi Id "phiic cam cfl rapt giai doan sinh due, cdn nu gidi thi Electra" (Electra complex - la loai phirc cam ton tai d cdc be gai giai doan '*' Trong An Autobiographical Study {Mgt nghien tupng tmng duong vat thfl hifln hara mufln cuu CO tinh tir thudt, 1924), Freud luu y, "tham chi tinh due huomg dfln ngudi cha va thai dp toi tach h5n khoi mpi quan sat thuc nghidm thi toi cung can tranh ne mpi su lien h? voi triet thil dich hudng dfln ngudi me) nhu la loai phdc cara doi chpi vdi phuc cdm Oedipus, hpc" (Din theo: Juliet Mitchell, 1974: 306) Thdng nn Khoa hpc xa hpi, so 11.201S nhifln ban than Freud trfln thyc tfl lai khflng thua nhdn loai phuc cam nay'*' Mpt lan nua, voi viec xem tinh due eiia nara gidi nhu la hinh radu chudn va cd tinh khong chu y dfln tinh dye cua nir gidi thi duong nhu Freud da vdp phai nhiing kho khan nhdt dinh cfl gang tun hiflu mpt each thdu dao vfl tinh phuc tap va da dang ciia nhiing xung dot phiic cdm d nir gidi Theo lap ludn eua Beauvoir, dupe xdy dyng tifln nfln tang cua quyflt dinh luan tinh due nam va mo hinh ldy nam gidi lam tmng tdra, nfln ro rang phan tdm hpc ciia Freud khflng thfl tranh khoi dinh kifln dfli voi nu gidi Beauvoir viflt: "Freud chua bao gid ban tdm nhiflu dfln sfl phan ciia nil gidi; ro rang la ong da rad phdng hue tianh mo td nii gioi theo phdc dfl sfl phdn ciia nam gidi va ehi cdi bifln mpt each so sai Ong thira nhdn libido cua nu gidi ciing tifln trifln nhu cua nam gioi nhung lai hdu nhu khflng nghifln cuu no mpt cdch chi tiflt ( ) Noi each khac, Freud da khflng ddt vdn dfl libido ciia nir gioi tinh dpc dao ciia no ma chang qua chi la hinh thdi phdi sinh, hay thara chi la mpt 'sy leeh huong' so vdi hinh mau chudn Id due ndng eua nara gidi ma thoi" (Simone de Beauvoir, 1956: 65)