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United States Practice in International Law
Volume I: 1999–2001
Sean D. Murphy’s wide-ranging and in-depth survey of U.S. practice in international law in the period
1999–2001 draws upon the statements and actions of the executive, legislative and judicial branches
of the U.S. government to examine its involvement across a range of areas. These areas include
diplomatic and consular relations, jurisdiction and immunities, state responsibility and liability,
international organizations, inter national economic law, human rights, and international criminal law.
Available for the first time in one compendium, this summary of the most salient issues (including
the Kosovo conflict and the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon) will be a cen-
tral resource on U.S. practice in international law. The volume contains extracts from hard-to-find
documents, generous citations to relevant sources, tables of cases and treaties, and a detailed index.
Revealing international law in the making, this essential tool for researchers and practitioners is the
first in a series of books capturing the international law practice of a global player.
SEAN D. MURPHY is Associate Professor of Law at the George Washington University
. Before joining
the Law School faculty in 1998, Professor Murphy served as legal counselor at the U.S. Embassy in
The Hague, arguing several cases before the International Court of Justice and representing the U.S.
government in matters before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the
Permanent Court of Arbitration, and The Hague Conference on Private International Law. He also
served as U.S. agent to the Iran–U.S. Claims Tribunal, arguing cases on behalf of the U.S.
government and providing advice to U.S. nationals appearing before that tribunal. From 1987 to 1995,
Professor Murphy was an attorney/adviser at the U.S. Department of State, handling
environmental,
politico-military, and claims matters. His sev
eral publications include an article on international
environmental liability which won the American Journal of International Law 1994 D´eak Prize for
best scholarship by a younger author. In addition, his book Humanitarian Intervention: the United
Nations in an Evolving World Order won the American Society of International Law 1997 Certificate
for Preeminent Contribution to Creative Scholarship. He is a member of the Board of Editors of the
American Journal for International Law.
United States Practice
in International Law
Volume 1: 1999–2001
Sean D. Murphy
George Washington University Law School
Washington, D.C.
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom
First published in print format
ISBN-13 978-0-521-75070-7 hardback
ISBN-13 978-0-511-06869-0 eBook (EBL)
© Sean D. Murphy 2002
2003
Information on this title: www.cambrid
g
e.or
g
/9780521750707
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
ISBN-10 0-511-06869-7 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-10 0-521-75070-9 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Published in the United States by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Summary of Contents
Foreword by Judge Thomas Buergenthal page xii
Acknowledgments xiv
Table of Periodical Abbreviations xv
Table of Cases xvii
Table of U.S. Statutes xxi
Table of Treaties
xxiii
I. General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law 1
II. State Diplomatic and Consular Relations 17
III. State Jurisdiction and Immunities 43
IV. State Responsibility and Liability 95
V. International Organizations 113
VI. International Law and Nonstate Actors 131
VII. International Oceans, Environment, Health, and Aviation Law 163
VIII. International Economic Law 201
IX. International Human Rights 265
X. International Criminal Law 329
XI. Use of Force and Arms Control 387
XII. Settlement of Disputes 461
XIII. Private International Law 481
Annex
491
Index 495
v
Contents
ForewordbyJudgeThomasBuergenthalpagexii
Acknowledgmentsxiv
TableofPeriodicalAbbreviationsxv
TableofCasesxvii
TableofU.S.Statutesxxi
TableofTreatiesxxiii
I.GeneralInternationalandU.S.ForeignRelationsLaw 1
Overview1
U.S.InfluenceonInternationalLaw2
SecretaryofStateAlbrightontheRuleofLawinU.S.ForeignPolicy2
SenatorHelmsontheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedNations4
U.S.ForeignAssistanceasaMeansofConflictManagement7
EffectivenessofU.S.HumanitarianAssistancePrograms8
U.S.DepartmentofState1999Reorganization9
InternationalandForeignRelationsLawInfluencesontheUnitedStates10
InterpretationofTreatyObligationsinLightofForeignCourtDecisions10
Treaty
ObligationsasEvidenceofFederal
Preemption11
FederalForeignRelationsLawPreemptionofStateLaw14
II.StateDiplomaticandConsularRelations 17
Overview17
RecognitionofStatesandGovernments17
U.S.ReactiontoRight-WingParty
JoiningAustrianGovernmentCoalition17
U.S.ReactiontoMilitaryCoupinPakistan19
U.S.andOASReactiontoIrregularElectioninPeru21
ResumptionofU.S.DiplomaticRelationswiththeFRY23
PersonaNonGrata25
ExpulsionofRussianDiplomatsforSpying25
ExpulsionofCubanDiplomats
forSpying26
ConsularAffairs27
ExecutionofParaguayanNationalAfterConsularNotificationError27
ExecutionofCanadianNationalAfterConsularNotificationError31
ExecutionofGermanNationalsAfterConsularNotificationError32
EffectofLaGrandCaseforMexicanonDeathRow38
ViolationofViennaConventionasBasisforSuppressionofEvidence40
ViolationofViennaConventionasBasisforTortClaim42
III.StateJurisdictionandImmunities 43
Overview43
Jurisdiction44
ExtraterritorialApplicationofU.S.CriminalStatutes44
ExtraterritorialApplicationofU.S.StatutestoMaritimeZones47
ExtraterritorialApplicationofFloridaStatutetoNonresidents49
U.S.andEUNegotiationsRegardingthe“Helms-Burton”Act50
JurisdictionoverSalvageofRMSTitanic54
OwnershipofSunkenSpanishWarships57
vi
Contents vii
ForeignSovereignImmunitiesAct60
Background60
ProceduralAspectsoftheFSIA60
Individuals
asForeignSovereigns61
CorporationsasForeignSovereigns62
WaiverofImmunity64
CommercialActivityException65
ExpropriationException67
TortiousActivityException68
ArbitrationException69
TerroristState
Exception70
Counterclaims84
ImmunityofForeignStateAssetsfromAttachmentorExecution85
DiplomaticorConsularImmunities86
WaiverofGeorgianDiplomat’sImmunityfromU.S.CriminalJurisdiction86
ImmunityProvidedVisitingPeruvianOfficialChargedwithTorture88
ImmunityasHeadofState89
ImmunityasHeadofStateforZimbabwe’sPresidentMugabe89
ActofState
Doctrine91
TaxRulingbyBrazilMinisterasanActofState91
IV.StateResponsibilityandLiability 95
Overview95
RulesofStateResponsibility95
U.S.CommentsonILCDraftArticlesonStateResponsibility95
PaymentofCompensation98
PersonsofJapaneseAncestryInternedDuringtheSecondWorldWar98
BombingofChineseEmbassyinBelgrade99
CollisionwithItalianSkiGondola102
ProvisionofCompoundInterestUnderInternationalLaw102
EspousalofClaims105
CompensationforU.S.NationalsPersecutedbyNaziRegime105
StateDepartmentDiscretiontoEspouseU.S.National’sClaim107
FacilitatingPaymentbySriLankatoU.S.Investor110
Facilitating
PropertyRestitutioninCentral
andEasternEurope111
V.InternationalOrganizations 113
Overview113
UnitedNations113
PaymentofU.S.ArrearstotheUnitedNations113
EmploymentofU.S.NationalsatUNOrganizations119
U.S.SupportforImmunityofUNSpecialRapporteur120
U.S.SupportofUNSanctionsbyHighSeasInterdiction124
U.S.SupportforDeploymentofPeacekeeperstoEast
Timor125
U.S.ViewonFunctionsoftheDepositaryofaTreaty128
BarringofFRYRepresentativeattheUNSecurityCouncil129
VI.InternationalLawandNonstateActors 131
Overview131
NonstateGoverningAuthorities131
StatusofPalestineLiberationOrganizationattheUnitedNations131
U.S.–TaiwanRelations132
viii Contents
SovereignImmunityAccordedtoAmericanInstituteinTaiwan134
TaiwanTreatyObligationsasDerivedfromPRC135
Capacityof
HongKongtoEnter
IntoTreatyRelations
136
SecondWorldWarEraClaimsagainstNonstateActors136
Background136
ClaimsagainstGermanIndustryandGermanBanks137
ClaimsagainstAustrianIndustry145
ClaimsagainstInsuranceCompanies145
ClaimsagainstSwissandAustrianBanks147
ClaimsforConfiscatedArt150
ClaimsagainstJapaneseCompanies152
Individuals157
U.S.–EU“SafeHarbor”DataPrivacyArrangement157
VII.InternationalOceans,Environment,Health,andAviationLaw 163
Overview163
LawoftheSea163
ExtensionofU.S.ContiguousZone163
U.S.–MexicoContinentalShelfBoundaryinGulfofMexico164
HighSeasFishingGenerally165
ConservationofFishintheWesternandCentralPacificOcean167
AmendmentofU.S.–Canada1985PacificSalmonTreaty169
U.S.SanctionsagainstJapanfor
Whaling170
AmericanIndianWhalingRights173
InternationalEnvironmentalLaw174
RejectionofKyotoProtocoltoClimateChangeConvention174
WTODecisionsonShrimp/TurtleImportRestrictions177
SigningofPersistentOrganicPollutantsTreaty180
InternationalHealthLaw182
PermittingPatentInfringementstoCombatAIDSinAfrica182
U.S.FundingtoCombatAIDSGlobally184
GuatemalanSuitagainstU.S.TobaccoCompanies186
WHO
ReportCondemningU.S.TobaccoCompanies
187
RetentionofSmallpoxVirus189
AirandSpaceLaw190
AdmissibilityofU.S.–EU“Hushkits”DisputeBeforeICAO190
InterpretationofWarsawConventioninU.S.Courts192
AerialIncidentofftheCoastofChina195
PrivatizationofINTELSAT199
VIII.InternationalEconomicLaw 201
Overview201
InternationalFinance201
RestructuringProposalstoAddressGlobalEconomicTurmoil201
DebtReliefforHeavilyIndebtedPoorStates205
WorldBankFinancingforRelocatingChineseFarmersinTibet207
UnsuccessfulU.S.OppositiontoIBRDLoanstoIran210
BilateralTrade210
USTRReportonForeignTradeBarriers210
U.S.–PRCTradeRelations211
U.S.–JordanFreeTradeAgreement215
U.S.–VietnamTradeAgreement217
PresidentDenied“Fast-Track”TradeNegotiatingAuthority219
[...]... With international law increasingly playing an important role in U.S law, and with the United States continuing to play a central role in the development of international law and institutions, it is impossible to capture in a single volume all U.S practice in international law that arose during 1999–2001 Nevertheless, this volume seeks to capture the essential trends and themes of U.S practice during... 48 United States v Cebrezos-Barraza, 40 United States v Chanthadara, 40 United States v Chaparro-Alcantara, 41 United States v Corey, 46 United States v Curtiss-Wright, 356 United States v Davis, 49 United States v Devine, 486–487 United States v Doe, 41 United States v Duarte-Acero, 277 United States v Emuegbunam, 41 United States v Flores, 278 United States v Gatlin, 46 United States v Garza, 278 United. .. United States v Pizzarusso, 45 United States v Raven, 358 United States v Robel, 356 United States v Santos, 41 United States v Sealed 486 United States v Stein, 341 United States v Toscanino, 280 United States v Truong Dinh Hung, 356 United States v United States District Court (Keith), 356 United States v Vasquez-Velasco, 46 United States v Verdugo-Urquidez, 280, 304, 358 United States v Yousef, 46 United. .. Titan, Inc v Guangzhou Zhen Hua Shipping Co., Ltd., 70 United Kingdom v United States, 486 United States v Aluminum Co of Am., 45 United States v Alvarez-Machain, 304–06 United States v Approximately $24,829,681.80 in Funds, 341 United States v Benitez, 277 United States v Bin Laden, 353, 356–9 United States v Bowman, 44–46 United States v Bustos de la Pava, 41 United States v Bustos-Useche, 49 United States. .. United States v Iran (A/28) (IUSCT), 475–76 United States v Jiminez-Nava, 41 United States v Juvenile (RAA-2), 40 United States v Klimavicius-Viloria, 49 United States v Leon, 47 United States v Li, 41 United States v Locke, 11, 13, 14 United States v Lombera-Camorlinga, 40 United States v Luna-Rodriguez, 40 United States v Martinez-Hidalgo, 49 United States v Nai Fook Li, 41 United States v Page, 41 United. .. actively engaged in the use of international law and international institutions to advance the interests of the United States The Clinton administration focused strongly on use of international law and institutions to promote the economic interests of the United States, both in containing severe global market turmoil during this period and in aggressively fighting foreign trade barriers The administration... Records United Nations Security Council Official Records United Nations Treaty Series United Nations Yearbook United States Reports U.S Code of Congressional and Administrative News United States Code United States Code Annotated United States Code Appendix United States Constitution Department of State Dispatch United States Law Weekly United States Treaties and Other International Agreements United States. .. La Rosa v United States, 277 Ignatiev v United States, 42 Immunity of Special Rapporteur of the Commission of Human Rights (I.C.J Advisory Opinion), 124 Industria Panificadora, S.A v United States, 42 INS v Abudu, 313 INS v Stevic, 311 INS v St Cyr, 312 Intercargo Ins Co v China Airlines.Ltd, 195 Int’l Ass’n of Indep Tanker Owners (Intertanko) v Locke, 12 Int’l Ass’n of Indep Tanker Owners (Intertanko)... of International Law Africa American Review of International Arbitration Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law Australian Yearbook of International Law Berkeley Journal of International Law Board of Immigration Appeals Brooklyn Law Review British Yearbook of International Law Code of Federal Regulations Columbia Journal of Environmental Law Congressional Record Connecticut Journal of International. .. RELATIONS LAW INFLUENCES ON THE UNITED STATES Interpretation of Treaty Obligations in Light of Foreign Court Decisions In various cases in U.S courts during 1999–2001, U.S courts showed sensitivity to norms emanating from international treaties to which the United States was a party, pursuing interpretations that, among other things, were consistent with opinions rendered by foreign courts For instance, in . page intentionally left blank
United States Practice in International Law
Volume I: 1999–2001
Sean D. Murphy’s wide-ranging and in- depth survey of U.S. practice. 329
Overview329
LawEnforcementGenerally329
TransmittaltotheSenateofLawEnforcementTreaties329
RelevanceofTortureConventiontoU.S.ExtraditionProcess332
U.S.AssistanceRegardingProsecutionofChileanFormerPresidentPinochet335
CombatingBriberyofForeignPublicOfficials337
U.S.SanctionsagainstInternationalNarcoticsTraffickers338
MultilateralListingofStatesasMoneyLaunderingHavens340
OECDListingofStatesforUnfairTaxPractices341
InternationalTraffickinginPersons;EspeciallyWomenandChildren343
InternationalTraffickinginStolenCulturalProperty345
AdoptionofConventiononCybercrime347
Terrorism349
U.S.AnnualReportonGlobalTerrorism349
U.S.DesignationofForeignTerroristOrganizations350
LawEnforcementEffortsinResponsetoEmbassyBombings351
LockerbieBombingTrialinTheNetherlands359
ConventionsontheSuppressionofTerroristBombingsandFinancing366
LawofWar369
U.S.AdherencetoInternationalHumanitarianLaw369
U.S.SupportforICTYbyDetainingBosnianSerbIndictees371
ICTYOrderforDisclosureofInformationbyNATO/SFOR372
U.S.SurrenderofIndicteetoICTR375
U.S.SupportforICTY/ICTRThroughRewardPrograms377
CallforWarCrimesTrials
ofIraqiLeaders377
SierraLeoneAmnestyandSpecialWarCrimesCourt379
SigningofTreatyEstablishingInternationalCriminalCourt381
U.S.ViewoftheCrimeofAggression386
XI.UseofForceandArmsControl
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