sir TIEP NHAN VAN HOC NHAT BAN 0 VIET NAM HAV&NLUdNG' J rong hoat ddng van hgc, cung vdi mdi quan he giua tac pham vdi hien thue, tac phdm vdi nha van, mdi quan he giiia tac phdm va ban dgc ciing ddng mgt vai trd rat quan trgng trong quy trinh van hdnh tir bien thue - nha van - tdc pham den ban dgc. Nghien ciiu qua trinh tilp nhan vdn hgc nhung tac pham van chuang ddi vdi ddc gia trong nhirng thap nien vira qua cho den ngdy nay van la mdt van de hay cdn mdi me vd hap dan d nudc ta. Tuy nhien, khi ndi den tiep nhan van hgc, chung ta khdng chi nghien ciru sir tiep nhan cua ddc gia Viet Nam ddi vdi van hgc dan tdc qua cdc thdi ky md cdn phai nghien ciru qua trinh tiep nhdn nhtrng tinh hoa cua van hgc the gidi nham bd sung, lam phong phu, da dang nen vdn hgc nudc nha. van bgc Nhat Ban la mdt trong nhung nen van bgc Idn cua Chau A vd cd vj tri xiing dang trong ngdi nha chung cua vdn hgc the gidi. Anh hudng cua nen van hda, van bgc Nhat Ban ddi vdi nhieu nudc trong khu vuc va mdt sd nudc khac tren the gidi da de lai dau an kha sau sac La mdt nudc nam trong he ddng van cua Chau A, Viet Nam ciing da chju anh hudng va tilp nhan van hgc Nhat Ban tir rat sdm vd trai qua nhtrng giai doan khac nhau gdn vdi tiln trinh Ijch sii xa hdi cua hai dan tdc Sir tilp nhan vdn hgc Nhat Ban d Viet Nam cung nhu tiep nhan vdn hgc d mgt sd nudc khac nhu van hgc Nga, van hgc Trung Qudc, van hgc Phap, van hgc My la mgt van de rdt Idn ddi hdi phai cd mgt sir nghien ciiu lau * Giang vien chinh, Dai hpc Khoa hpc HuS dai, nghiem tiic va khoa hgc. Trong khudn khd mgt bai nghien cuu, chiing tdi bude ddu phdc thao sir tiep nhan van hgc Nhat Ban d Viet Nam tren mdt sd phuang dien: qud trinh tiep nhan qua cac thdi ky; van de djch thuat, bien djch, bien soan; van de nghien cuu vd gidng day vdn hgc Nhat Ban Vd cudi cung, tren co sd nhtrng van de da trinh bay, chung tdi dua ra mdt sd ket luan, ddnh gid vd de xuat y kien ddi vdi viec quang bd vdn bgc Nhat Ban d Viet Nam trong thdi gian qua va tuomg lai sap tdi. 1. Qua trinh tiep nhan van hop Nhat Ban a Viet Nam Van hgc Nhat Ban den Viet Nam mugn born so vdi mdt sd nen vdn hgc khac den tu Chau A, Chdu Au va Phuang Tay (vdn hgc Trung Qudc, van bgc Nga, van hgc Phap). Theo chung tdi, van hgc Nhat Ban dugc tiep nhan d Viet Nam trong khoang hom mdt the ky nay (tir nhumg thap nien dau the ky XX den nhung nam dau the ky XXI). Trong thdi gian ban mdt tram nam dd, sir tiep nhan vdn hgc Nhat Ban qua cac giai doan nhu sau: - Tir nhirng nam dau the ky XX din nam (1954) - Tir ndm 1955 den nam 1975 - Tir 1975 den cudi the ky XX va nhumg nam dau the ky XXI J.I. Glal dogn tir nhirng ndm ddu thi ky XX din ndm (1954) Theo nhieu ngudn sii lieu dl lai thi moi bang giao Viet - Nhat cd tir nhilu the ky trudc thdng qua con dudng thuang mai cua cac thuang gia Nhat Ban. Mdt sd dja diem nhu Phd Hiln (Bde Bd), Hgi An (Da Ndng) 66 NGHIEN CCiTU OdNG BflC fl. sd 2(96) 2-2009 Nghien cim khoa hoc vd cd the ca d Sdi Gdn trudc day Id nhtrng dja danh cdn luu lai nhung ddu an cua mdi giao luu dd. Nhung ve mat van bgc, phai thue sir vao nhumg nam ddu thi ky XX thi mdi dien ra sir giao luu thdng qua phong trdo Ddng Du vdi vai trd dat nhjp cau cua Phan Chu Trinh va Phan Bdi Chau. Tdc phdm Giai nhdn ky ngd (Sai Tir Lang) dugc Phan Chu Trinh chuyen the tir ban djch tieng Han cua Luang Khai Sieu, cd the xem Id tdc pham vdn hgc Nhat Ban sdm nhat xuat hien d Viet Nam vdo nhung nam dau the ky XX. Chinh tdc phdm Giai nhan ky ngd va nhtrng boat dgng tich cue cua Phan Chu Trinh vd Phan Boi Chdu da dat nhiing co sd quan trgng ddu tien cho sir giao luu tiep nhdn van hgc Nhdt Ban trong nhtrng thdp nien tiep theo, ddc biet Id tir giua thi ky XX trd di. Do nhung dac dilm vl chinh trj, ljch su, xa hgi tdc ddng cho nen sudt nhung thap nien 30, 40 vd ddu nhung ndm 50 cua tbi ky XX, bdu nhu xudt hien qua it nhung tac phdm van bgc Nhat Ban ma thay vao dd la viec gidi thieu mdt sd ddc dilm vdn boa cua ngudi Nhat nhu nghe thuat trd dao (chado), nghe thuat cdm hoa (Ikebana), tinh thdn "vd sTdao" 1.2. Glal dogn tir khodng ndm 1954 cho den ndm 1975 Trong giai doan nay, viec gidi thieu va tilp nhan van hgc Nhat Ban d nudc ta vdi mdt quy md rdng ldn hom va mang tinh d$c thu cua hai miln khi ddt nudc cdn chia cdt. So vdi chang dudng niia ddu thi ky, trong khoang ba muoi nam cua niia sau thi ky XX. cung vdi nhtrng biln ddi manh me cua ddt nudc, thdng qua nhung quan he giao luu, van hgc Nhat Ban da dugc nhilu ngudi bilt din thdng qua nhung ban djch, bien djch vd mdt sd bai nghien curu dang tren cac tap chi va bao chi. Nhilu tac pham vdn bgc ldn, cd gid trj da dugc djch d bai mien Nam. Bac Viet Nam. O mien Bac, sau ngay hda binh lap lai. dac biet Id vdo nhumg thdp nien 60.70 cua the ky trudc, ben canh viec tiep nhdn van hgc cua mdt sd nudc (Nga. My. Phap ). van hgc Nhdt Bdn xudt hien ngay cdng nhieu tren van ddn vdn bgc Viet Nam. Dd la nhiing tac pham Khu phd khdng cd mat trdi (Sunad Tdkumawa, do Truang Chinh vd Hong Bich Van bien djch, Nxb Lao Ddng, H.1961); Nui ddi yen lang (Sunad Tdkunawa. Nxb Van bgc, H.1962; May gid Hakdre (Toru Takakura, Nxb Van hgc, H.1963; Cdnh ddng Bunsu (Yuroki Miyamdtd, Nxb Vdn hgc, H.1964); tap truyen Sgi xich trang (Nxb Lao Ddng, H.1966); Tilng gd ciia (tho cua Kitaba Rahakusin - Bao Van nghe so 21/1979); Dap lai cac anh chi cd mgt Idi (tho cua Akimura, Bao Van nghe so 14/1979) Q miln Nam, do nhung dac dilm rieng nen viec tilp nhan van hgc Nhat co phan nhilu bom so vdi mien Bac Cd nhieu ban djch vd chuyen san tap trung vdo mdt sd nhd van ldn cua Nhat Ban dk gidi thieu mdt each kha ddy du vl tdi ndng van chuang cua hg. vao nam 1966 tren tap chi Van (Miln Nam. sd 57/1966) xudt bien hai truyen ngan Ndng mua he vd Phdng tra tdn cua Shitiro Ishihara do Nguyin Minh Hoang vd Nha Dien djch. Tap chi Van (sd 140 ra ngay 15.10.1969) danh rieng cho chuyen san ve Y.Kawabata. Nhumg tac phdm do Vu Thu Thanh vd Chu Suong Hanh djch ddng trong chuyen san do, da gidi thieu kjp thdi nbOmg kiet tdc cua nhd van Nhat Ban vira dugc nhdn gidi Nobel van chuong vao nam trudc (1968). Do la Co dao miln Izu, Tilng nui rln, Thuy nguyet, Ndt rudi cua Y.Kawabata. Mdt s6 tac phdm cua nhd van R.Akutagawa cung sdm dugc gidi thieu d miln Nam (Truyen ngan NGHIEN CCJTU OdNG B^C fl. sd 2(96) 2-2009 67 Nghien cihi khoa hgc Lasinhmdn, tap chi Van sd 167/1970; tieu thuyet Truyen mdt ngudi dang tri, Nxb Tir chuang, Sai Gdn 1972). 1.3. Glal dogn tit 1975 din cudi thi ky XX vd nhirng ndm ddu thi ky XXI Giai doan nay tiep nhan van hgc Nhat Ban vdi mdt miic do be rdng lan chieu sau tren cac phuang dien djch thuat va nghien ciru dien ra rat manh me, mang tinh he thdng dugc bat dau tir sau ngay dat nudc thdng nhat (1975) cho den cudi the ky XX va dac biet la vdo non chuc nam dau the ky XXI. Viec dat quan he ngoai giao chinh thirc vdi Nhat Ban (1973); thdnh lap Trung tam nghien ciiu Nhat Ban tai Viet Nam (1993) true thudc Trung tam Khoa hgc xa hdi vd Nhan van Qudc gia; viec hinh thanh ddi ngu cac nhd nghien cim van bgc, vdn hda Nhat Ban d cdc Vien Van hgc, Trung tam nghien ciiu Nhat Ban va Ddng Bac A, Vien Sir hgc, cac trudng Dai hgc Khoa hgc xa bdi va Nhan van trong ca nudc, Hgc vien chinh trj Qudc gia da md ra mdt giai doan phat trien manh me trong viec gidi thieu va nghien ciiu vdn hgc Nhat Ban d nudc ta. Ben canh dd, ddt nudc thdng nhat va dudng Idi ddi mdi cua Dang va Nha nudc ta tir cudi nhung thap nien 80 trd di cung tao ra nhtrng dieu kien thuan lgi ve phuang dien chinh trj vd xa hdi cho sir tiep nhan ngdy cdng nhieu tinh hoa van hgc nhan loai, trong dd cd van hgc Nhat Ban. NIU d cac giai doan trudc, van hgc Nhat Ban dugc bilt d Viet Nam cdn han che ve nhilu mat thi vao nhumg thap nien cudi the ky XX vd nhumg nam dau the ky XXI, van hgc Nhat Ban dugc gidi thieu va nghien ciiu mdt each rdt he thdng tir van hgc cd den vdn hgc hien dai va duang dai. Xuat hien ngay cang nhilu nhung tac pham cd gia trj d cac thi loai dugc djch va gidi thieu. Mat khac, van hgc Nhat Ban khdng chi dugc tiep nhdn tir phia cdng chiing ddc gia ma mdt sd tdc gia, tac pham ldn cdn dugc dua vao gidng day trong he thdng giao due Nhd trudng tir phd thdng den bac Dai hgc. Dieu dd chirng td gia trj va siic cudn hut cua nen vdn bgc xu Phu Tang ddi vdi cdng chung Viet Nam yeu van chuong den mire nao. Nhin vao sd lugng dau sdch xuat ban hang nam va nam xuat ban, chung ta thay rdng, nhung thap nien 80, 90 va dau the ky XXI, vdn hgc Nhat Ban d nudc ta dugc gidi thieu vdi mdt khdi lugng rat ldn du cac the loai. Cd thi minh chiing dieu nay qua mdt so tac phdm djch sau: Khudn mat ngudi khde (Kdbe Abe, Nxb Da Ndng 1986); C6 do (Y.Kawabata, Nxb Hai Phdng 1988); Ngudi dep say ngu (Y.Kawabata, Nxb Vdn hgc, 1990); vl cd huong (Jino Osaragi - Nxb Da Ndng 1990); Mdt ndi dau rieng (K.Oe - Nxb van nghe Hd Chi Minh, 1997); Tilng song (Y.Mishima - Nxb Hdi Nha van, 2001); Gap lai ngudi xua (D.Watanabe - Nxb Hdi Nhd van, 2003); Kira - Kira (Cynthia Kadohata, Nxb Tre HCM, 2005); Kitchen (Banana Yoshimoto, Nxb Hdi Nha Van, 2006); Sau nira dem (Haruki Murasaki - Nxb Cdng An nhan dan, 2007) Qua nhiing phdc thao tren ve birc tranh vdn hgc Nhat Ban d Viet Nam dugc tiep nhdn qua cdc thdi ky, chung ta thay rang, van hgc Nhat Ban den vdi cdng chung dgc gia nudc ta dien ra trong mdt thdi gian rat dai va cd nhirng giai doan phat trien khac nhau. 2. Van hoc Nhat Ban d Viet Nam - nhin tir phuang dien djch thuat Nhin van hgc Nhat Ban tir phuong dien tiep nhan thdng qua djch thuat, chung ta se thay dugc mdt hue tranh kha todn dien ve mat the loai. Cho den nay, van hgc Nhat den 68 NGHIEN CCiTU OdNG BflC fl. SO 2(96) 2-2009 Nghien cim khoa hoc Viet Nam thdng qua nhilu con dudng trong dd djch thuat chu yeu qua ngdn ngu tilng Anh, tilng Phap, tilng Trung Qudc, tilng Nga vd tilng Nhat. Sir ban cbl vl Nhat ngu cua dgi ngu djch thuat vd bien djch cho nen phan ldn cdc tdc phdm vdn hgc Nhat phai qua hai lan chuyen ngtr mdi din dugc vdi ngudi dgc. Dieu dd, dT nhien Id se khdng tranh khdi sir "roi rung" so vdi ban gdc. Tuy nhien, trong nhGng nam gan day, nhung ngudi tham gia djch vdn bgc Nhat thudng djch thang tir tieng Nhat vd vdn kien thirc cua hg ve van hda, van hgc Nhat khd sau rgng cho nen ddc gia dugc tiep nhan vdi nhung tdc pham djch gan vdi nguyen ban ban. Dieu dd giup cho ngudi dgc ITnTi hdi tdc pham mgt each trung thue, cu the vd da dang ban. 2.7. Vi vdn xudi Cd the ndi rdng, trong toan bd van bgc Nhat Ban dugc gidi thieu d nudc ta chu yeu va chiem sd lugng ldn la d the loai nay. Neu lam phep thdng ke thi cd the khang djnh ban 70% tdc phdm djch van hgc Nhat d Viet Nam la van xudi, sd phan tram cdn lai ddnh cho tha ca va kjcb va mdt sd the loai khac nhu truyen tranh, truyen dan gian Viec phi biln tdc phdm van xudi Nhat Ban chiem sl lugng ldn cd thi vi nhieu nguyen nhdn. Nhung chdc chdn viec djch vdn xudi de dang hom djch tho vd kjch do ngdn ngu- chi phdi. Mat khde, phai khdng djnh rdng, trong nhung thdnh tuu ma van hgc Nhat Ban dat dugc qua nhilu tbi ky, ben canh tha ca vd kjch thi vdn xudi ndi bat born ca. Nhung nhd van ldn va cdc tac phdm cd gid trj cua vdn hgc Nhat cung chu yeu la d the loai vdn xuoi. Viec hai nha vdn xudi ldn cua Nhat Ban dat giai Nobel van chuang la Y.Kawabata (1968) va K.Oe (1994) cung gop phdn khang djnh dieu dd. Trong mdng van xudi, djch thuat chu \lu cung hudng den thi loai tilu thu\lt va truyen vira, truyen./ ngan d giai doan can \a hien dai. Mdt mat, cdc djch gid chgn djch nhiing tdc gid, tdc phdm Idn, ndi tilng nhu R.Akutagawa, Y.Kawabata mat khac dk cung cap cho ngudi dgc cd cdi nhin tdng thi tien trinh van xudi Nhdt Ban, nhilu tdc phdm cua mdt sd nhd van khde d cdc giai doan vdn hgc khde cung dugc djch. Ben canh nhiing TuyIn tap Idn (Truyen ngdn Nhat Ban hien dai (10 tdc gid), Nxb Tdc phdm mdi, 1985): Truyen ngan hien dai Nhat Ban, Nxb Tre, 1996); Vudn cue mua thu (25 tdc gid), Nxb Tre, 2007; Mdng, Nxb Tre. 2000) di vdo gidi thieu nhieu tdc gia truyen ngdn co gid trj, da ra ddi ban djch ve mdt sd tdc gia cu the ma tieu bieu la truyen ngdn cua R.Akutagawa (Tuyen tap Truyen ngan. Phong Vu djch, Nxb Hdi Nhd van, 2000; Trinh tiet, Dinh Van Phude djch, Nxb Van bgc, 2006). Neu nhiing thap nien 60, 70 viec djch van xudi Nhat Bdn hay cdn it di, thi den nhung thap nien culi the ky XX, dac biet vao nhtrng nam ddu the ky XXI, xudt hien hdng loat tilu thuylt ldn cua cdc nhd vdn cd ten tudi. Dd la nhung tdc phdm cua Kobd Abe (Khudn mat ngudi khac, Nxb Da Nang 1986; Ngudi dan bd trong cdn cdt, Nxb Vdn hgc 1989); Watanabe Dzunichi (Den khdng hat bdng, Nxb NghTa Binh 1986; Gap lai ngudi xua, Nxb Hdi Nha van, 2003); Y. Mishima (Chilu hom Id bude, Nxb Van hgc 1980; Khdt vgng yeu duomg, Nxb An Giang 1988; Ngudi thuy thu bj biln khudc tu, Nxb van bgc 1999; Sdng tinh, Nxb Hgi Nha van, 2001). Nhumg sang tac cua nha van Y.Kawabata dugc djch hdu hit ra tilng Viet in rieng le hoac trong cac tuyen tap. Theo thdng ke cua chung tdi cd khodng 82/120 NGHIEN CCJTU OdNG B^C A sd 2(96) 2-2009 69 Nghien cim khoa hgc truyen ngan trong long ban tay, 7/11 truyen ngan, 7/14 tieu thuyet cua Y.Kawabata da dugc djch va gidi thieu d Viet Nam. Dac biet ba kiet tac dugc de nghj tang giai Nobel van bgc nam 1968 (Xii tuylt, Ngan cdnh bac, Cd dd) da dugc gidi thieu d Viet Nam khd sdm vd tai ban nhieu Ian. Bude sang nhiing nam dau the ky XXI, cung vdi viec biing nd cua cac mang ludi truyen thdng, ddc gia Viet Nam dugc tiep xuc vdi nhieu kenh thdng tin da chieu, dac biet trong ITnh vuc djch thuat vdn bgc nudc ngodi. Nhiing tac pham cua bai tieu thuyet gia duong dai ndi bat cua vdn hgc Nhdt Ban dugc ddc gia nhieu nudc tren the gidi biet den la Banana Yoshimoto (sinh nam 1964) va Haruki Murakami (sinh nam 1949) da lan lugt xudt hien tren van dan Viet Nam. Cdc tdc pham cua ntr van sT Banana nhu Kitchen, N.P, VTnh biet Tugumi, Amrita va cua Haruki nhu Rirng Na Uy, Ngdy dep trdi de xem Kangaru, Sau com ddng ddt, Dom ddm, Bien nien ky chim van day cdt, Ngudi ti vi, Sau nira dem do Nxb Da Nang va Nxb Hdi Nhd vdn an banh trong nhtrng ndm 2006, 2007 da thu but manh me gidi yeu van hgc Nhat Ban d Viet Nam ddi vdi hai nhd vdn tre day tdi nang nay. Chi rieng hai ndm tren, da cd 10 cuon tieu thuyet cua Haruki vd 4 tilu thuyet cua Banana dugc djch sang tilng Viet tir nhtrng ban Nhat ngu. Nhtrng tdc phdm cua bg sau khi dugc phd bien d nhilu nudc da tao nen nhiing com dja chan va hdi chirng trong vdn hgc the gidi. "Murakami da phai dugc xep bang Id mdt trong nhumg nha tieu thuyet duomg dai ldn nhdt thi gidi" (Guardian) ''va "Banana Yoshimoto Id mgt bac thay ke chuyen Nhung ndi dam me da dugc md ta mgt each tinh tl, kin dao, day sire manh qua mgt ngdn ngu tudng chirng gian dV (Chicago Tribune). Nhiing ldi danh gia tren da gop phan khdng djnh gia trj vd tdi ndng vdn hgc cua hai bac thay van chuang duomg dai cua vdn hgc Nhat Ban. 2.2. Tha ca vd Vdn hgc ddn gian Cung vdi the loai van xudi, tha ca va van hgc dan gian Nhat Ban ma chu yeu Id loai truyen cd cung dugc djch nhieu d nudc ta. Dd la nhirng tuyen tap nhu: Truyen cd Nhdt Ban (Nxb Ddng Nai, 1989); Truyen cd Nhat Ban (2 tap - Nxb Thanh Nien, 1992); Truyen cd tich thdn ky Nhdt Ban (Nxb Tre HCM, 1995); Truyen cd Nhat Ban (Nxb Vdn nghe HCM, 2002): Truyen cd Nhat Bdn (Nxb Tre, 2004) Cho den nay da cd ban 20 tuyen tap truyen dan gian Nhat Ban do nhieu ngudi djch da luu hdnh d Viet Nam. Thdng qua nhiing truyen dan gian dd, ngudi dgc Viet Nam mdt mat hieu them vdn van hda phong phu da dang cua kho tang Folklore Nhat Ban, mat khac tim thay sir tuomg ddng vd dj biet cua chuyen cd hai dan tdc So vdi vdn xudi va van hgc dan gian, tho ca Nhdt Ban khdng chi den Viet Nam mugn hon md sd lugng djch cdn qua khiem ton so vdi todn bd nen thi ca cua vdn hgc Nhdt Ban. Trong tho ca Nhat Ban ndi bat ba the tho ca ban: tho tanca, tho haiku va tha tur do vdi khoi lugng tac gia vd tac pham khd ldn. Song, cac the loai tren (trir tha haiku) djch cdn qua it d nudc ta. Phdn ldn tha Nhat Ban djch dugc dang tai chu yeu d Bao Van nghe. Tap chi Van nghe quan ddi, Tap chi Van hgc nudc ngodi, Kien thiic ngdy nay vd in trong mdt vdi td tap chi va bdo dja phuang (Song Huong, Cira Viet, Nha Trang). Ngodi mgt so bdi tho djch in rai rdc trong mdt sd tap chi vd td bdo (Tho nam cau Nhat Bdn (nhieu tdc gia) - Tap chi vdn hgc nudc ngoai sd 1/2002: Chum tha cua Machi Tawara, VNQD so 9/1992; Tho Tanka cua Wakahama Okosui. 70 NGHIEN CCiTU OdNG BflC fl. SO 2(96) 2-2009 Nghien cum khoa hoc Bdo van nghe sd 5/2000: Tho Haiku (nhilu tdc gia) - Kien thirc ngdy nay sd 142/1994; Tho ca Nhdt Ban hien dai cua Xintaro Tanikara - VNQD sd 10/1990 ). Cho din nay mdi cd nam cudn sdch xudt bdn d Viet Nam djch tho ca Nhdt Ban md cung chi chu trgng den tho cd, dac biet Id tho Haiku. Dd la cdc tap tho: Tho cd Trieu Tien vd Nhdt Bdn (Thai Ba Tan djch va tuyen chgn - Nxb Lao Ddng, 1990); Basho vd tho Haiku Nhdt Ban (Nhat Chieu tuyen djch - Nxb Vdn hgc, 1994); Tho ca Nhat Ban (Nhat Chieu djch - Nxb Gido due, 1998). Tha cd phuang Dong (Nxb Lao Dgng, 2001) vd Haiku - Hoa thdi gian (Le Tir Hiln vd Luu Due Trung djch - Nxb Gido due, 2007). Trong sd cdc tac gia tho ca Nhdt Ban dugc djch, M.Basbo la ngudi dugc bilt den vdi sd lugng tdc phdm nhilu nhdt. Dd Id mdt dilu tdt nhien, bdi vi sir nghiep tha ca cua nha tha ndi tilng nay gdn liln vdi thi tho Haiku - mdt thi tho dac sdc cua tho ca Nhat Ban vd ca the gidi. Truyen tranh Nhdt Bdn d Viet Nam xudt hien vdi mdt khdi lugng kha ldn nhdm thda man nhu cdu tim bilu vd thj bilu tbdm my cua thi gidi tre tha. Nd gdp phdn djnh hudng nhan each cua tre tha thdng qua nhung cau truyen tranh mang tinh giao due cao. Nhung tmyen tranh Nhat Ban nhu Dudng ddn den khung thdnh, Jindd Dinhd, Cdnan, Nu hodng Ai Cap chilm sd lugng ldn tren thj trudng truyen tranh Viet Nam. Theo sir dilu tra gan day, thi ban 80% truyen tranh cd ngudn gdc tir Nhdt Ban (djch bode bien djch), 15% truyen tir cdc ngudn khac vd 5% la truyen tranh Viet Nam. Nhu vay, truyen tranh Nhat Ban cung dugc tilp nhan d nudc ta vdi mgt sl lugng ldn, gdp phdn vdo viec tim bieu vdn hoa, vdn hgc Nhdt Ban dl lam phong phu them ban sdc van hda dan tdc Viet Nam. Tir nhumg net phdc thdo tren \ e birc tranh djch thuat vdn bgc Nhat Ban trong ban mdt the ky. chung ta thdy rang, do nhiing dac diem dan tdc, ljch sir vd mdt so nguyen nhdn khdch quan vd chu quan khac viec djch thuat, phd bien van bgc Nhat d nudc ta dien ra khdng dong deu qua cdc thdi ky ve sd lugng tdc gid vd the loai. Nhtimg nam cuoi thi ky XX vd ddu the ky XXI. toe do pho bien vdn bgc Nhdt dien ra d nudc ta ram rg horn vdi nhumg tac phdm vd tdc gid ldn. Vdi nhirng ket qua thu nhan dugc qua con dudng djch thuat, vdn bgc Nhat Bdn ngdy cdng dugc ddc gid nudc ta tiep nhdn mgt cdch ddy du, hoan chinh ban. 3. Van hoc Nhat Ban d Viet Nam - nhin tir phuomg dien nghien ciru va giang day Trong tilp nhan van hgc Nhat Ban, cung vdi viec djch thuat, cong tdc nghien cuu vd gidng day nhdm tbdm djnh vd djnh hudng nhtrng gid trj tdc phdm Id hai van de dudng nhu tdn tai song banh. Khi bdn djch hodn thdnh vd tdc phdm dugc xudt ban, cd nghTa viec tilp nhdn dd chuyen sang giai doan thu hai: ddnh gid, tbdm djnh. Nhiem vu ndy trudc hit thudc vl cdc nhd nghien cuu phe binh van hgc, nhtimg ngudi giang day van hgc trong cdc trudng bgc vd cua cd nhtrng nhd van vd cdng chung dam me van hgc. Chinh lire lugng nay se gitr vai tro chu dao trong viec phdn tich, ddnh gid, ket luan nhumg gia trj tbdm my cua tdc phdm van bgc djch. Day Id mdt vdn de ldn, quan trgng vd khdng dl ddng. Chung toi chi co the diem qua mdt cdch tdng quat nhtrng nghien cuu phe binh vd gidng day vdn hgc Nhat Ban d nudc ta tren co sd nhung tai lieu c6 dugc. 3.1. Nghien ciru phi binh vdn hgc Trong hoat ddng vdn hgc noi chung, nghien cim phe binh van hgc thudng dien ra NGHIEN CCiTU OdNQ B^C fl. sd 2(96) 2-2009 71 Nghien cicu khoa hgc sau hoat ddng sang tao. Ddi vdi tac pham va nhtimg buyen thoai ve cudc ddi (Nhdt djch, thi dieu dd hoan toan mang tinh quy Chieu - Kien thiic ngay nay sd 155/1991). luat. So vdi djch thuat, viec nghien ciiu van Vdi cam nghT khi dgc "Den khdng hat bdng" hgc Nhat Ban d nudc ta bdt ddu cham hom. cua nha van Nhat Ban Dzunichi Watanabe NIU tir nhtrng thap nien ddu thi ky XX da cd (Nguyin Chiic - Tac phdm mdi, sd 4/1992). tdc pham djch vdn hgc Nhat, thi mai din niia Natsune Soseki: con ngudi vd tdc phdm sau tbi ky (khoang tir nhumg thap nien 60 trd (Nguyin Tuan Khanh - Tap chi Nhat Ban vd di) mdi xuat hien nhumg bai viet va cac cdng Ddng Bac A, sd 6/2005), Van xudi hien dai trinh nghien ciiu. Ci mang nghien cuai phe Nhat Ban (Nguyen Van ST - Bao Van nghe binh nay, cac tac gia di vao nhung vdn dl sd 1/1993), Ddi dilu ve tha Nhdt Ban thugc ly ludn chung; vdn dl tdc gid, tac (Nguyin Xuan Sanh - Tac pham mdi, so phdm; vdn dk thi loai: nghien cum trong mdi 4/1994), Truyen cd nudc Nhat vd ban sdc quan he tiep nhan, so sanh van hgc vd mdt dan tdc Nhat Ban (Doan Nhat Chan - NXB sd vdn dl khde. Chinh nhiing bdi nghien cum Vdn hgc 1996) la nhung cdng trinh in thdnh dd da cung cap cho ngudi dgc djnh hudng sach vd nhieu bdi viet ve bai tdc gid Matsuo tbdm my khi tilp nhan tdc phdm vd cdng Basho va Yasunari Kawabata gan vdi tha hieu sdu sdc bom van hgc Nhdt Bdn. Haiku vd van xudi. Nghien cuu vl nhung vdn dl chung cua Vilt vl M.Basbo va tha Haiku da xuat vdn hgc Nhat Ban xudt hien mdt sd bdi nhu: bien mdt sd cudn sach va hang chuc bai Vdn bgc Nhdt Ban hien dai tir thdi Minh Trj nghien ciiu. Cd the khdng djnh rang, tha din nay (Nguyin Tudn Khanh - Vien Haiku Nhat Ban d Viet Nam dugc nghien TTKHXH, 1998), Vai dac dilm van nghe ciiu mdt each toan dien va tap trung nhat ve Nhdt Ban 1945 - 1950 (Le Trudng Sa - Tap ca ndi dung vd nghe thuat. Dang chu y nhdt chi vdn hgc (Miln Nam), sd 144/1972), Sir la hai cudn Basho va tha Haiku cua Nhdt ra ddi cua tu vdn hgc va quan niem mdi vl Chieu (NXB Van hgc, 1994) va Haiku, Hoa van hgc cua cac nudc Viet Nam, Trung thdi gian cua Le Tir Hien va Luu Due Trung Qudc, Nhdt Ban (Doan Le Giang - TCVH sd (NXB Gido due, 2007). Da cd khoang 20 bai 5/1998), So sdnh quan niem van hgc trong nghien cim ve tdc gia M.Basbo vd tho Haiku vdn hgc cd diln Nhat Ban vd Viet Nam tren tap chi va bdo (trong dd 07 bdi noi ve (Doan Le Giang-TCVH sd 9/1997), Mdt sd tac gia M.Basbo vd 13 bai vilt vl tho net ddc trung cua vdn hgc Nhat Ban (Tran Haiku). Chung tdi diem qua mdt sd bai nhu Hai Yin - Tap chi nghien ciiu Nhat Ban sd sau: Ddu an Thien Tdng trong tha M.Basbo 4/1999) (Dd Thdi Thuan - Tap chi Vdn hda, so Hudng nghien ciru theo loai hinh tdc gia 5/1997), Matsuo Basho - Nhd tha ldn cua the vd ddc trung thi loai cung dugc nhilu ngudi tho Haiku (Nguyen Tuan Khanh - Tap chi dl cap din. Dd Id nhiing cdng trinh nghien nghien curu Nhat Ban sd 3/1995), Basho va ciru vl mgt sd tdc gia Idn hoac mgt sd the hai cu dao (Nhat Chieu - Kien thurc ngay loai vdn hgc dac sac dugc xudt ban thdnh nay, sd 10/1999), Tha Matsuo Basho trong sdch hay cac bai dang tren cdc tap chi va chuang trinh giao due phd thdng (Dao Thj bao. Ben canh nhiing bai nghien cuu ve tac Thu Hdng - Tap chi nghien ciru Ddng Bac A, gia vd thi loai dugc cdng bd: Kenzaburo 6e sd 8/2006), Cam nhan ve tha Haiku (Ngo 72 NGHIEN CCiTU OdNG B^C fl. SO 2(96) 2-2009 Nghien cum khoa hoc van Phu - Tac phdm mdi, sd 4/1992), Mdt sd dac diem cua tha Haiku Nhdt Ban (Hd van Ludng - Tap chi nghien ciiu Nhdt Ban va Ddng Bac A. sd 4/2001), Thi gidi trong tho Haiku (Ha Van Minh - Bao Xuan Dien Ban. 2000). Nghien ciiu tho Haiku tren gdc do so sdnh van hgc nhdm chi ra nhumg net tuomg ddng va dj biet trong van hgc cdc nudc ddng vdn ciing la mdt hudng nghien cuu dugc nhieu ngudi quan tdm (Ha Vdn Ludng vdi bdi Sir bieu hien cua "tinh" vd •'dgng" trong tho Trdn Nhan Tdng vd tho Haiku cua M.Basbo - Tap chi nghien ciiu Nhat Ban vd Ddng Bac A, sd 1/2006; Le Tir Hiln vdi bai Basho (1644 - 1694) va Huyin Quang (1254 - 1334) sir gap gd vdi mua thu hay sir tuong hgp ve cam thirc thdm my - Tap chi nghien ciru van hgc sd 7/2005 va Phdc thdo nhung net tuomg ddng vd dj biet cua ba tbi tha: tuyet cu, haiku vd luc bdt cua Nguyin Thj Bich Hai trong cudn "Vdn hgc so sdnh, nghien cuu vd trien vgng", NXB DHSP Ha Ndi, 2005). Nhd vdn Y.Kawabata (Giai Nobel vdn hgc 1968) dugc nghien ciru d Viet Nam vdi sd lugng sdch xudt ban va cdc bdi nghien ciiu nhilu hon cd (2 cuon sdch va 28 bdi nghien cuu). vl sdch dd Id cdc cudn Yasunari Kawabata, cudc ddi va tdc pham cua Luu Due Trung (NXB Gido due, 1997) vd Vdn hoa Nhdt Ban vd Yasunari Kawabata cua Ddo Thj Thu Hdng (NXB Giao due, H.2007 - Chuyen ludn). Nhtimg bai vilt ve Y.Kawabata tap trung lam rd va khdng djnh nhumg ddng gdp to ldn cua nhd van nay ve ngi dung vd nghe thuat d thi loai truy?n ngdn trong ldng ban tay, truyen ngdn va tilu thuylt. Dk cap din cdi dep, vai trd cau ndi Dong - Tay cua Y.Kawabata va nhung ddc sdc nghe thuat truyen ngdn cua dng da xudt hien cac bdi: My hgc Kawabata Yasunari (Khuomg Viet Hd - Tap chi vdn hgc sl 6/2006), Kawabata Yasunari va tbdm my cua chiec guomg soi (Nhat Chieu - Tap chi nghien ciru Nhat Ban so 4/2000). Cdi dep truyen thong Nhdt Bdn trong sdng tdc cua Y. Kawabata (Tran Thj Td Loan - Tap chi nghien cim Nhdt Ban vd Dong Bac A. sd 1/2006), Dac diem truyen ngdn cua Yasunari Kawabata - nhin tir gdc do thi phdp (Ha Van Ludng - Tap chi nghien cim Nhat Ban vd Ddng Bac A, sd 5/2007, Yasunari Kawabata giiia ddng chay Dong - Tdy (Ddo Thj Thu Hang, TCVH sd 7/2005) Mgt sd bai di vdo gidi ma tilu thuyet Y.Kawabata ve phuang dien ndi dung phdn anh vd thi phdp bieu bien vdi nhtrng phdn tich, ddnh gid rdt tinh tl, sdc sao (Thi phdp tieu thuyet cua Yasunari Kawabata - nhd van ldn Nhat Ban - Luu Due Trung, Tap chi Van hgc so 9/1999; Thu phap tuong phdn trong tieu thuyet "Ngudi dep say ngu" cua Y.Kawabata - Khuong Viet Ha, Tap chi vdn hgc sd 1/2004; Thdi gian va khdng gian nghe thuat trong tilu thuylt "Ngudi dep say ngu" cua Y.Kawabata - Ha Vdn Ludng, Tap chj nghien ciiu Nhat Bdn vd Ddng Bde A so 81/2007 ).^ Mac du sd lugng nhung tac phdm tho ca vd vdn hgc ddn gian djch d nudc ta khdng nhilu so vdi vdn xudi nhung cung da co nhilu bdi vilt vl nhtrng dac trung tham my cua hai tbi loai nay. 6 thi loai tho (tni tho haiku gin vdi M.Basbo chung toi da phan tich d tren), cac bai vilt di vao gidi thieu tac phdm hoac nghien cuu mgt diem nao dd thudc nghe thuat bilu hien. Dd la cac bai: Manyoshu (Van diep tap) - Hay Id tho ca cua mgi neo dudng (Nhdt Chieu - Tap chi vdn hgc sd 9/1997), Tho ca Nhat Bdn (Nhdt Chieu - NXB Gido due, 1998), Vdi net ye tha Nhat Ban (Le Tir Hiln vd Nguyen NGHIEN CCJfU OdNG B^C fl. sd 2(96) 2-2009 73 Nghien cicu khoa hgc Nguyet Trinh - Tap chi Nhat Ban vd Ddng Bde A so 1/2005) Nghien curu van hda, van hgc dan gian cua Nhat Ban cung thu hut sir chu y cua cac nhd van hda hgc, cac nhd nghien ciru Viet Nam. Tir gdc do van hda, Hd Hung Hoa cd bai Le hdi cd truyen Nhat Ban (Tap chi van hda nghe thuat sd 4/1991), Tim hieu ve dac diem van hda Nhdt Ban (Tran Van Kinh - Tap chi Nhat Ban sd 3/1998), va Chen tra phuang Ddng vd Trd dao Nhat Ban (Hd Vdn Ludng - Tap chi van hgc nghe thuat sd 1/2006) Nhin van hgc dan gian trong mdi giao luu, tuomg ddng vd ly giai cac hinh tugng thdng qua tuc ngtr, ca dao va truyen tranh dugc the hien trong mdt sd bai nhu: The loai truyen thuyet dudi mat cdc nha nghien ciiu Folklore Nhat Ban va Trung Qudc (Kieu Thu Hoach - Tap chi vdn hgc, sd 2/2000), Tuc ngti- Nhat Ban vdi ngudi phu nii (Nguyen Thj Hdng Thu - Tap chi van hgc nghe thuat sd 4/2001), Bude ddu gidi thieu "Nhat Ban linh dj ky" vd nhung ylu td dan gian cua nd (Nguyin Thj Oanh - Tap chi van hgc dan gian sd 1/1998), Truyen tranh Nhat Ban va nhu cdu giai tri cua tre em hien nay (Dam Thuy Duomg - Tap chi Diln dan VNVNsd 2/2002) Cung nhu phuomg dien djch thuat, cdng viec nghien cuu phe binh vdn hgc Nhdt Ban vdn dang diln ra, ma nhung phdc hga cua chung toi d tren mdi chi la bude dau, chua ddy du nhung cung cung cdp cho nhurng ngudi yeu nln van hgc nay nhtrng vdn kien thue CO ban khi tiep nhan. Song song vdi sach va cac bdi viet cua tdc gid Viet Nam, dl hiiu them nen van hgc Nhdt Ban tir nhilu gdc nhin, chung ta tilp xuc vdi nhilu bai viet vd sach nghien cuu cua cac tac gia nudc ngoai thdng qua ban djch tilng Viet. Day cung la mgt hudng tiep nhan van hgc Nhat kha ly thu. Theo thdng ke so bd cua chung tdi, den nay da cd khoang 6 cudn sdch vd 31 bai nghien ciru nudc ngodi (chu ylu la Nhat, Nga, My, Anh) viet ve vdn hgc Nhat hoac lien quan den van hgc Nhdt dugc cdng bd. Phdn ldn cac nha nghien ciiu tren Id nhtrng chuyen gia ve phuang Ddng hgc, chuyen sau ve vdn hgc Nhdt Ban dang 1dm viec tai cdc Trung tdm nghien ciru, cdc Trudng Dai hgc, cdc Vien nghien ciru ldn cd danh tilng tren thi gidi. Chinh vi the, nhung nghien cum cua hg dugc chuyen djch qua tilng Viet Id nhtrng tdi lieu quan trgng vd quy hilm dl chung ta ITnh hdi vd tham khao. Cd thi minh chiing van de tren thdng qua nhung cdng trinh va bdi viet sau: Vdn bgc Nhat Ban tu cd din can dai cua N.I. Konrat (Nga) - NXB Da Ndng, 1999; Cay anh ddo vd cdy sdi cua V.Ovsinhicov (Nga) - NXB Hdi Nha van, 2003; Luge su van hda Nhdt Ban (G.B.San Som - NXB Khoa hgc xa hdi, 1990); van hgc Nhat Ban (nhieu tdc gid - NXB Vien Thdng tin Khoa hgc xa hdi, 1998); Sir ngu ngdc thdn thanh (Vl nhd tho tbiln Ryokan), Tap chi van hgc sd 8/1995 cua John Stevees (My); Sd phdn, bi kjcb cua cac thien tai (ve Y.Kawabata cua N.I.Phedorenco (Nga) - Tdc pham mdi so 7/1990; van hgc Nhat Ban trong ky nguyen hien dai cua Kere Donald (Anh); San khdu Nhdt Ban bien dai cua Takashi Nomur (Nhat) - Bao Van nghe sd 2/1993; Nln van hgc Nhdt Ban hien dai cua Sone Hiroyoshi (Nhat) - VHNN sd 3/2000 3.2. Gidng dgy vdn hgc Trong tiep nhan van hgc, cung vdi djch thuat, nghien cim, phe binh, sir tiep nhan cua dgc gia ddi vdi tac phdm, thi viec giang day cdc nen van hgc nudc ngodi trong Nhd trudng cho hgc sinh, sinh vien cung la mdt khau can thiet. Viec tiep nhan van hgc Nhat Ban d Viet Nam trong nha trudng so vdi vdn 74 NGHIEN CflTU OdNG BflC fl. SO 2(96) 2-2009 Nghien cim khoa hgc hgc Trung Qudc, van bgc Nga, van hgc Phap tbi mudn bom. Neu cdc nen van bgc tren dugc dua vdo chuang trinh phd thdng vd Cao ddng, Dai bgc Viet Nam tir rat sdm (khoang tir nhiing thap nien 50 cua the ky XX trd di) tbi vdn hgc Nhat cung nhu van hgc My. van bgc Dire den sau nhtrng thap nien 70. 80 mdi dua vdo gidng day. Mat khac, do nhtrng dac diem vd nguyen nhan khde nhau nen chuang trinh gidng day vdn hoc ndi chung d phd thdng khdng dri djnh, thdm chi cd nhieu thay ddi qua hang nam. Vi thi sd lugng tdc gia vd tdc pham cd sir thay dii khd nhilu. NIU nhan xet chung tbi cd the thdy rdng, mdng vdn hgc Nhdt (ciing nhu van hgc An Do, Trieu Tien, Dire, Anh ) dugc giang day d bac phd thdng chdng nhung mudn ban so vdi mgt sd nen van bgc nudc ngodi khde md sd lugng tdc gid, tdc phdm vd ca gid hgc cdn qua it. Theo tim hieu cua chung toi, d bde phd thdng, van hgc Nhdt dua vdo day rdt it vd chi din bac phd thdng trung hgc mdi dugc hgc. Hai tdc gid dugc giang day trong chuong trinh vdn bgc nudc ngoai cua vdn bgc Nhat Bdn Id tho cua M.Basbo vd vdn xudi Y.Kawabata. p phdn tho Haiku cua M.Basbo, ngudi tuyIn chgn dua vdo giang day 11 bdi tho (Idp 10) vdi nhilu ngi dung phan dnh khde nhau. Mac du vdn con mdt sd ban chi, nhumg qua nhung bai tho haiku dd da giup hgc sinh hieu biet mgt cdch so ddng vl tbi tha ddc ddo ndy, bilt dugc dien mao vd tai nang cua thi ba Basho. van xudi Y. Kawabata rdt phong phu vd da dang vl ndi dung phdn dnh va tbi phdp bilu hien. Trong chuang trinh Idp 12 THPT, da trinh bdy tdng quat vl cudc ddi, su nghiep sang tac cua Y.Kawabata, nhdn manh gid trj tmyin thdng vd cdc ddc trung van chuang dng dong thdi giang day ky truyen ngdn Thuy nguyet. Vdi dung lugng nhu \a\. khdng nhieu nhung cung du vdi trinh do vd muc dich tiep thu cua bgc sinh bac pho thdng. Chgn Thuy nguyet de trinh bdy Id mgt sir lira chgn hodn toan dung dan khong chi ve phuang dien ndi dung phdn dnh md cd \ e nghe thuat bieu hien cua tdc phdm. Truyen ngan nay the hien tai nang nghe thuat dgc ddo cua Y.Kawabata, dac biet nghe thuat "Chile guomg soi" trd thanh mgt phuong tien nghe thuat dac sdc mang dam phong cdch nhd van trong khai thae bien thurc Q bac Cao ddng vd Dai bgc, van hgc Nhdt Bdn va van hgc nhieu nudc khac dugc dua vao giang day d cdc khoa Ngu Van vdi dung lugng vd quy md ldn mang tinh tdng qudt born. Ben canh viec gidi thieu mdt each khdi qudt tiln trinh phdt trien cua van hgc qua cac thdi ky dudi tdc dgng vd dnh hudng cua cdc biln cl vd sir kien ljch su. sinh vien dugc hgc vdn bgc Nhat Ban vdi ddy du cdc tac gid tieu bilu vd cdc thi loai van hgc khac nhau. Vdi sd lugng dao ddng tu 15 tiet din 30 tiet (tuy theo nghdnh hgc vd chua kl thdi gian 1dm bdi tap, nien luan vd khoa ludn tot nghiep). vdn hgc Nhat Ban dugc trinh bay tir vdn bgc ddn gian din vdn hgc can va hien dai. Trong dd, chuong trinh tap trung cu the vdo nhiing tdc gia, tac phdm 16m tieu bieu cho timg thdi ky van hgc, the loai nhu: M.Basbo vd tho Haiku (thdi Trung dai), R.Akutagawa vd thi loai truyen ngdn (thdi can dai) vd Y. Kawabata vd van xuoi Nhdt Bdn bien dai. Nhu vay, vdi cdch trinh bay dd, van hgc Nhat Ban dugc gidi thieu mgt each khd hodn chinh vua cd dien, vua co dilm trong chuang trinh Dai hgc Dilu nay cung cdp cho sinh vien nhtrng kien thue chu ylu, quan trgng mang tinh khoa hgc \ a he NGHIEN CCiTU OdNG B^C f*. sd 2(96) 2-2009 75 [...]...Nghien cicu khoa hgc thdng ve mdt nen van hgc cu thi gdp phdn lam giau va phong phu hom vdn van hgc va ndng lire cam thu thdm my Tir nhtrng phan tich tren, cd thi nhan xet rang, viec tilp nhan van hgc Nhat Ban trong... cd nudc ma dd cung la ket qud cua dudng Idi ddi mdi ve cdc mat trong dd cd vdn hda, van hgc cua Dang vd Nhd nudc ta trong sudt thdi gian qua Cung nhu van hgc mdt sd nudc khde, van hgc Nhdt Ban d Viet Nam da, dang vd se tiep tuc nghien ciiu vdi quy md ldn ban Tuy nhien, de ddp iing vdi nhu cau tiep nhan cua cdng chung ddc gia va cd cdi nhin hodn chinh hom nen vdn hgc Nhdt Ban, chung tdi cd mdt sd nhdn . nhan d Viet Nam trong khoang hom mdt the ky nay (tir nhumg thap nien dau the ky XX den nhung nam dau the ky XXI). Trong thdi gian ban mdt tram nam dd, sir. nhu sau: - Tir nhirng nam dau the ky XX din nam (1954) - Tir ndm 1955 den nam 1975 - Tir 1975 den cudi the ky XX va nhumg nam dau the ky XXI J.I.