DIEN DANE hat trien KY NIEM 64 NAM CACH MANG THANG TAM VA QUOC KHANH 2/9 Tuyen ngon ffoc lap: Van kien lich sir vd gia ^ CAO VAN THINH Sau khi gianh doc lap tu thuc dan Phap va Nhat, ban Tuyen ngon doc lap da dugc Chu tich Ho Chi Minh soan thao va long trong doc truoc quoc dan dong bao vao sang 02/9/1945 tai Quang trudng Ba Dinh, Ha Noi, khai sinh nuoc Viet Nam dan chu cong hoa - Nha nuoc cong nong dau tien a khu vuc Dong Nam A. Day la mot su kien lich su trong dai, khep lai qua khu dau thuang gin 100 nam truong no le dual ach thuc dan phong kien, mora mot trang su moi, mot ky nguyen mai - ky nguyen doc lap, tu do cua dan toe ta, dat nuoc ta. Ban Tuyen ngon doc lap da tra thanh mot van kien lich su chinh tri vd gia, ham chua nhieu gia tri va tra thanh bat ft> trong hang chuc trieu trai tim cua ngual Viet Nam yeu nuae. Tuyen ngon ffoc lap - mpt van kien Ijch SII vd gia Mot la, Tuyen ngon dpc lap da thang than tuyen bd cham dot che do thuc dan phong kien a nuoc ta, lap nen che dp dan chu cong hoa, mo ra mpt ky nguyen dpc lap tu do cho dan tpc Viet Nam. Noi ve thang lai vT dai nay Tran Dan Tien viet "Ban Tuyen ngon dpc lap la hoa la qua CLia bao nhieu mau da do, bao nhieu tinh menh da hy sinh cua nhung nguoi con anh dung Viet Nam trong nha tu, trong trai tap trung, tren nhung hai dao xa xoi, tren may chem, tren chien truong. Ban Tuyen ngon dpc lap la ket qua bao nhieu hy vpng, gang sue va tin tuong cua hon hai muoi trieu nhan dan Viet Nam". Hai la, Tuyen ngon dpc lap da khang khai bac bo dut khoat nhung luan dieu sai trai cua bpn thuc dan Phap va tuyen bo ve moi quan he voi Phap. Tuyen ngon dpc lap da neu len nhung van de c6 tinh chat phap ly, ly le ro rang danh thep. To cao nhung toi ac da man, v6 nhan dao, su phan boi, su hen nhat cua bpn thuc dap Phap, voi nhilmg chung cu minh bach de phu quyet vai trd "bao hp" cua chung. Tuyen ngon dpc lap con neu ro su that Trtfong Oai hpc Hung Vt/ang de lam can cu tuyen bo ve mdi quan he Viet Nam - Phap: "Su that tu mua thu nam 1940, nuoc ta da thanh thuoc dja cija Nhat chii khong phai la thuoc dja cua Phap" va "su that la dan ta da lay lai nuoc Viet Nam ti/tay Nhat chLf khong phai tCf tay Phap". Boi vay Tuyen ngon dpc lap da tuyen bd; 'Thoat ly han quan he vol thuc dan Phap, xoa bo het nhung hiep udc ma Phap da ky ve Viet Nam, xoa bo tat ca mpi dac quyen cua Phap tren dat nuoc Viet Nam". Ba la, Tuyen ngon dpc lap da the hien ro lap truong sit da, thai dp kien quyet cua Chinh phu lam thai va cua nhan dan Viet Nam ve quyen tu do dpc lap. Truoc nhijng am muu xam lupc cua cac luc luong phan dpng, thuc dan, de qudc, dac biet la am muu xam lupc cua thuc dan Phap, Tuyen ngon dpc lap vang len nhu led the quyet chien: 'Toan dan Viet Nam tren dual mpt long kien quyet chdng lai am muu cua bpn thuc dan Phap", mat khac tin tuong "cac nuoc ddng minh da cong nhan nhung nguyen tac dan tpc binh dang d cac Hpi nghi Teherang va Cuu Kim Son, quyet khong the khong cong nhan quyen dpc lap cua dan Viet Nam". Tuyen ngon dpc lap cdn tuyen bd vol the gioi ve quyen huong tu do dpc lap va tinh than giiJ vOmg quyen tu do ddc lap ciia dan tpc Viet Nam: "Nude Viet Nam co quyen hudng tu do va dpc lap, va su that da trd thanh nude tu do, ddc lap. Toan the dan tdc Viet Nam quyet dem tat ca tinh than va luc luong, tinh mang va cua cai de giu vung quyen tu do dpc lap ay". Tuyen ngon doc lap - klet tac chinh luan co moit khbng hai trong Ijch sir vin hoc Viet Nam Thu nhai, Tuyen ngdn ddc lap la van ban chinh luan mau muc cd ket cau chat che, chien lupc trinh bay van de ro rang, Idi van vua gian di trong sang vira hung hon cam xuc, the hien d di'nh cao nghe thuat ngdn tu. d phan dau van ban Tuyen ngdn dpc lap, Ngudi da dua ra luan diem co ban ve 6 - Tapchi HanghaiVietNam • 9/2009 U!l JSIaWSIphat trien quyen tu do ddc lap cd tinh nguyen ly vdi tinh muc dich cao. Ngudi trich din tnjc tiep ban Tuyen ngdn doc lap cua nude My nam 1776: Tat ca moi ngudi sinh ra deu cd quyen binh dang. Tao hda cho hp nhijng quyen khdng ai cd the xam pham duoc; trong nhung quyen ay cd quyen duoc sdng, quyen tu do va quyen muu cau hanh phiic". Day la Idi bat hii ve quyen con ngudi, dua vao dd Chii tich Hd Chi Minh suy rong ra lam luan diem chinh: 'Tat ca cac dan tdc tren the gidi sinh ra deu binh dang, dan tpc nao cung cd quyen sdng, quyen sung sudng va quyen tu do". Dd la luan diem ciia Ngudi ve quyen tu do dpc lap ciia cac dan tdc tren toan the gidi. Sau dd Ngudi lai trich trong ban Tuyen ngdn nhan quyen va dan quyen ciia each mang Phap: "Ngudi ta sinh ra tu do binh dang ve quyen Ipi va phai ludn ludn dupe tu do va binh dang ve quyen Ipi", nd ddng quan diem vdi Idi Tuyen ngdn ddc lap ciia nude My. Viec trich dan true tiep nhu the cd tac dung nhu mpt la chan thep bao ve luan diem ciia minh, vi/a nhu mpt diem tua bay luan diem ciia minh len cao, ddng thdi de chimg minh lam sang td luan diem ay. Sau dd ngudi khang dinh: "Dd la nhung le phai khdng ai chdi cai dupe". Luan diem ciia Chii tich Hd Chi Minh ve quyen tu do ddc lap trd thanh mpt chan ly ma tat ca mpi ngudi phai thira nhan. Hon nua luan diem ciia Ngudi lai rdng hon, mang tinh thdi dai, mang tinh qudc te, khdng phai chi cd dpc lap tu do ciia dan tpc ta ma la ddc lap tu do ciia tat ca cac dan tpc tren the gidi. Mat khac, Idi van Tuyen ngdn dpc lap that gian di trong sang, that hiing hdn cam xiic the hien d dinh cao nghe thuat ngdn tir. Gian dj bdi nd la Idi an tieng ndi cua nhan dan diing hang ngay, dupe Ngudi dua vao bai van nen ai nghe, ai dpc cung de cam, de hieu. Nhung tir ngi/ rat ddi than quen ma dien ta y nghTa that sau xa nhu "le phai", 'trai han", "mpt chiit", 'Ihang tay", "ngdc dau", "quy gdi", "md cira" Ve cau, Ngudi diing phdi hop ca cau ngan va cau dai. Loai cau nao cung haip dan vi ndi dung va each dien dat rat mdi me, ngudi nghe. ngudi doc rat de nhd. de thudc. Ldi van trong Tuyen ngdn ddc lap rat muc trong sang. Trong sang bdi tam hdn Ngudi viet rat trong sang. Ngudi ludn ludn nghi den quyen con ngudi. quyen dan tdc. cu the la "quyen binh dang", "quyen sdng", "quyen sung sudng", "quyen tudo" la rat ddi thieng lieng ddi voi ngudi dan nd le, nhung dan tdc b\ ap buc mat tu do. Ngudi ludn nghi den cai cao ca nhu "le phai". "nhan dao". "chinh nghla". nghi den "ddng bao". "dat nude", nghi den su doan ket, hy sinh Nhung cai dd phan anh mpt tam hdn cao thuong trong sang, tinh khiet cua mot con ngudi da hien dang tat ca ddi minh vi ddc lap, tu do, vi hanh phuc con ngudi, vi le sdng, vi niem tin. Tam hdn ay rue sang nhu mat trdi, trong sudt nhu pha le dupe the hien trong timg chu, timg cau. Tuyen ngdn ddc lap cd Idi van hung hdn cam xiic. Sy himg hdn xuat phat ti/ su thanh cdng ciia Cach mang thang Tam vT dai. Nhan dan ta dudi su lanh dao ciia Dang Cdng san quang vinh da lam nen chien cdng vao bac nhat trong lich sir dan tdc, lai cd y nghla qudc te. y nghla thdi dai rat to Idn. Ngudi the hien tinh than dd trong timg luan diem, luan chung, cu the hon trong timg Idi van. Thu hai, Tuyen ngdn dpc lap cd gia tri ben vung ve lich sir, nhan ban va tham my Ve gia tri lich sd, Tuyen ngdn dpc lap la trung tam sy kien ciia Cach mang thang Tam, mdc son lich sir chdi ngdi ciia dan tpc Viet Nam tren chang dudng dai lich sir dau tranh chdng ngoai xam, chdng che dp phong kien, Nd da td cao nhung tdi ac tay trdi ciia chii nghla thyc dan, phat xit, phong kien trong lich su de ddi ddi khac cdt ghi xuong. Ghi lai nhung thang Ipi vT dai ciia dan tdc Viet Nam danh bai chii nghTa phat xit. danh dd xieng xich thuc dan, danh dd che dd phong kien de lap nen che dp dan chii cdng hda. Dua ra dupe nhung tuyen bd lich sir "Thoat ly han quan he thyc dan Phap, xda bo het nhung hiep udc ma Phap da ky ve nude Viet Nam. xda bd het mpi dac quyen ciia Phap tren dat nude Viet Nam". Tuyen bd vdi toan the nhan dan ta va nhan dan the gidi: "Nude Viet Nam da thanh mpt nude ty do. ddc lap" cd quyen hudng va quyen giu vung ddc lap, ty do ciia minh. Gia trj lich su ciia ban Tuyen ngdn ddc lap cdn d tinh phap ly, bdi tat ca cac nude phai cdng nhan va nhat thiet phai cdng nhan quyen dpc lap, ty do ciia dan tpc Viet Nam cung nhu su toan ven lanh thd ciia nude Viet Nam, bat ky nude nao, lye luong nao, bat ky ai deu khdng cd quyen xam pham tdi. Ve gia tri nhan ban, Tuyen ngdn ddc lap neu len "quyen binh dang", "quyen duoc sdng", "quyen ty do" va "quyen muu cau hanh phuc" cua con ngudi. Dd la chan ly nhan ban da duoc neu trong hai ban Tuyen ngdn ddc lap cua nude My va ciia each mang Phap. Rdng hon, cao hon quyen con ngudi la quyen ddc lap ty do cua cac dan tdc, dd la quyen "sinh ra binh dang", dan tdc nao cung cd "quyen sdng". "quyen sung sudng" va "quyen tu do". No phan anh thdng nhat giua quyen dan tdc va quyen con ngudi. Mdi con ngudi mudn cd ddc lap tu do thi phai dau tranh cho dan tdc dupe ty do ddc lap. Dd la su menh thieng lieng ciia mdi con ngudi. ciia tat ca cdng ddng dan tpc cd muc dich chung la ty do ddc lap. va mudn giai phdng con ngudi thi tardc tien phai gianh ty do dpc lap cho dan tdc. Tuyen ngdn ddc lap tuyen bd ket qua Cach mang thang Tam vT dai la da chat dut "cac xieng xich thuc dan gan 100 nam", da danh dd che dp phong kien den tdi "che dp quan chii may muoi the ky", vinh quang ddi ddi la da khai sinh ra "che dp dan chu cdng hda". Gia tri nhan ban cdn d thai dp kien quyet. quyet tam sat da. d phuong dien doan ket 'Iren dudi mot Idng" d tinh than tha hy sinh tat ca "quyet dem tat ca tinh than va luc luong tinh mang va ciia cai de giu vung quyen ty do. ddc lap ay". Ve gia tri tham my, Tuyen ngdn ddc lap la van ban cd gia tri tham my cao - The hien trong mpt van ban chinh luan rat hoan chinh ve ndi dung va hinh thuc, mpt cau true hoan thien, Idi van gian di trong sang, hung hdn cam xuc, vua xuc tich vya hap dan cd sue thuyet phuc ngudi dpc ngudi nghe. Cai quy hon la Tuyen ngdn dpc lap da tao ra nhung rung dpng tham my. Dd la niem xuc ddng thieng lieng ve quyen con ngudi, quyen dan tdc. Cam xuc ve ndi dau cua cudc ddi nd le, cua dan tdc bi mat nude, niem ty hao khi dan tdc dupe giai phdng, lam nen nhung chien cdng vT dai trong lich sir, cung nhu y thuc ve trach nhiem, nghTa vu vinh quang ciia mdi cdng dan ve van menh ciia dan tdc; la nhan thdc ve le phai, ve dao ly va sy nghiep anh himg ciia toan the dan tdc ta trudc nhung thdi co, thir thach trong thdi dai mdi. Tuyen ngdn ddc lap mai mai la thdng diep tham my, day len trong mdi chung ta nhung hinh anh cao dep ve dat nude, ve con ngudi, ve dan tdc Viet Nam. Tac ddng tham my ay se la manh me va lau dai den nhieu the he nhung ngucJi yeu nude Viet Nam. Nhu vay, Tuyen ngdn ddc lap la mot kiet tac ve chinh luan, chiem mdt dinh cao ciia nen van hpc Viet Nam; cd site sdng manh Net trong thdi dai Hd Chi Minh va mai mai bat tu trong hch su vinh quang cua dan tdc ta d> TnpchI HanghaiVietNam • 9/2009 - 7 . Viet Nam". Hai la, Tuyen ngon dpc lap da khang khai bac bo dut khoat nhung luan dieu sai trai cua bpn thuc dan Phap va tuyen bo ve moi