SO 4-2011 ^mf^- VAN WO/t ; KHQ/ViQCaTHi-^^ 1: Ca dao co truyen ngutfi Viet vcfi tinh mcf ho da nghTa tren binh dien ngon ngu'van hgc Ca dao c6 truyen ngudi Viet vdi tinh md hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngbn ngQ van hpc Ngbn ngQ cd vai trd dae biet quan trpng trong ddi sbng xa hpi. Bdi vay, nghien cQu ngbn ngQ tQ nhieu gdc dp dang trd thanh nhu eau tat yeu hien nay. 6 nQdc ta, cd the nghien cQu nhOng van de ve ly thuyet ngbn ngQ hpc; nhOng van de ve tieng Viet va cac ngon ngQ khae d Viet Nam; nhOng van de ve tiep xue ngon ngQ va dich thuat; nhOng van de vl day hpe tieng Viet, tieng nQdc ngoai trong va ngoai nha trQdng; nhQng van dl ve ngbn ngQ tac pham van chQdng. Trong dd, tlm hieu ngbn ngQ vdi tQ each la phQdng tien bieu dat cua tac pham van chQdng la mot gdc dp nghien cQu khbng may dl dang nhQng eung day thi vi. Nghien cQu tinh md hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngbn ngO van hpe b nhQng Idi ca dao eo truyen la van de ehung tdi dat ra trong bai viet nay. Tuy nhien, do dac trUng the loai va trong khudn khb bai viet, ehung tdi chi nghien cQu nhQng bieu hien tieu bieu cua tinh md hb da nghTa trong mot sb Idi ca dao cb truyen. Nghien cQu dd nham muc dich nhan dien tinh md hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngbn ngQ eung vai trd eua nd d nhQng Idi ca dao cb truyen, lam tien de eho sQ binh gia ed ed sb va sQ tiep nhan sau sic tae pham. 1. Khai niem ea dao co truyen va tinh md ho da nghTa trong van hoc nghe thuat 1.1. Khai niem ca dao cd truyen Thuat ngQ ca dao da tQng dupe dung vdi nhieu nghTa rpng, hep khae nhau Theo nghTa gbe thi ca la bai hat cd khuc dieu, dao la bai hat khdng cd khue dieu" [5,26]. Va mot thdi "Ca dao la danh tU chung ehi toan bd nhQng bai hat lUu hanh pho bien trong dan gian cd hoac khbng ed khuc dieu" [5.25]. d trQdng hdp nay, ca dao dbng nghTa vdi dan ca Tren thQc te, khai niem ca dao da dan dan cb sQ thu hep nbi ham. Hien nay, eae nha nghien cQu van hpc dan gian Viet Nam "dung danh tQ ca dao de ehi rieng thanh phan nghe thuat ngdn tQ (phan Idi thd) eua dan ca (khdng ke nhQng tieng dem, tieng lay, tieng dUa hdi)," [5.26]. Vdi nghTa nay. TS. NGUYEN HANG PHlJCfNG Khoa NgO van - TrUdng OH SU pham - DH Thai Nguyen ca dao la bp phan chu yeu va quan trpng nhat cQa thd dan gian truyen thb'ng. Sau each mang thang Tam (1945), gidi nghien cQu nUdc ta da sQ dung tap hdp tQ ca dao mdi (hay ca dao hien dai) de phan biet vdi ca dao eb (edn gpi la ca dao cb truyen). NhQ vay, ca dao cb (hay ca dao cb truyen) la khai niem chi rieng thanh phan nghe thuat ngbn tQ eua dan ea (khbng ke tieng dem, tieng lay, tieng dQa hdi) dQdc sang tac tO each mang thang Tam trb ve trudc. 6 day, pham vi khao sat cua chung tdi la mbt sb Idi ca dao cb truyen da dUde sUu tap trong sach Kho tang [6]. 1.2. Khai niem tinh ma ho da nghTa trong van hoe nghe thu$t Khdng phai den tan bay gid, tinh md hb da nghTa mdi dUde biet tdi. TQ xa xUa, ngUdi ta da quan tam den tfnh md hb, da nghTa cua van hpe nghe thuat Dd la eai "y tai ngon ngoai" (y b ngoai Idi cua van cua thd). Nha triet hpc Dong Trpng ThQ ddi Tay Han da eho rang thd, kinh thi khdng the giai thfeh dQdc ro rang (thi vd dat hb). Nha thi thoai thdi Minh Ta Tran cung ehu trUdng ta canh, thuat sU khbng nen gib'ng nhu thUe ma phai khae la khien cho ngudi tiep nhan cd cam giac md hb, bi an (dieu tai ham hb) Tuy nhien, ngay nay khi tinh tfch cUc, sang tao cua ngUdi tiep nhan dupe y thQc ro ret; tfnh ban the cua ngbn ngQ van hpc dQde phat hien thi md hb da nghTa - mot thupc tinh ciJa van hpc nghe thuat - cang dUde dac biet eoi trpng. "Theo W.Empdxdn, md hb la mot y nghTa khong xae djnh, mot y dinh mubn bieu dat nhieu loai sU vat, cho phep ed nhieu each giai thich'[8.151]. Vay, tinh md hb da nghTa trong van hpe nghe thuat cd the hieu la mot y nghTa khbng xae dinh, mbt hinh thUc tham my mubn bieu hien nhieu loai su vat, cho phep nhieu each giai thich hinh tUdng nghe thuat 2. Ca dao co truyen ngUdi Viet v6l tinh ma hd da nghTa tren binh dien ngon ngu" van hpc 2.1. Tim hieu tinh ma ho da nghJa tren binh di^n ngon ngd van hoc trong ca dao co truyen la nghien edu van chuang dan gian theo each tiep e$n mdi 6 Viet Nam nhQng nam qua, nghien cQu ea dao tJac UvaH?C: SGAYS,.Y^±mL 63 biet la ngdn ngO ca dao da cb nhieu thanh tUu. Xin ddn cii vai vi du. Tac gia Nguyen Xuan Kfnh nghien cQu mot sbye'u tb cd ban cua chinh the nghe thuat ca dao trong db chu y dung mQc den dac diem chung cua each sQ dung va tb chUe ngbn ngQ, each dung ten rieng chi dja diem trong ca dao. Tac gia Mai Ngpe ChQ nghiln cQu vl nhQng dac diem rieng biet dpc dao cua ngbn ngO ca dao Viet Nam tQ viec phan tfch "nhOng dac diem thd" dUdc tao nen bbi cac bien phap tu tQ, each nglt nhip, Ibi hiep van den viee xem xet sU ket hdp nhuan nhuyin tfnh chat bac hpc va tfnh chat khau ngO eua ngbn ngO ca dao Viet Nam. Tac gia Pham Thu Yen nghien cQu mbt sb yeu tb tieu bieu trong the gidi nghe thuat ea dao va dac biet da chu y den Ib'i mieu ta va bieu hien true tiep trong thd ca dan gianw Nhu vay, xae dinh sU cd mat va vai trb, vi trf cua tfnh md hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngbn ngO van hpc trong ea dao vIn cdn la van de mdi me. Tuy nhien, thanh tuu nghien cQu trUdc ddeCiaeae nha khoa hpc thUe sUla nhOng gdi mdcan IhiS't giup chung toi cb ed sb de then khai van de nghien cQu oOa minh. Song, tlnh mO h"6 da hghla trong van hpe nghe IhuSt nbi chung vi trong ca dao nbi riSng dUcic xae djnh dua trSn cd sd n&o? W.Empdxdn vdi cbng trinh nol tieng Bay loai y nghTa md hb (1930) da chi ra cde loai </ nghTa md hb (cac hinh thQc bieu hiSn cCia tinh md hb da nghTa) trSn cSp dp ngbn ngO van hpc va md ra mot trien vpng nghi&n cQu c6 cd sb khoa hpc ve van d^ nay. Theo tac gi^ sach Ly lu^n va ph§ binh van hpc , each phSn loai cac y nghTa mdhb cua W.Empdxdn chua that rach roi, chat che, nhat qudn song da cho thay tlnh mcf hb da nghTa cb nhi'Su hinh thQc the hiSn va cbng trinh khoa hoc trSn cCia bng "thQc sQ la mbt kiet tac ma bat ky ai dpc xong diu khong thi cbn dQng lai vdi niem tin eu" [8.71]. Do trong thUc te, cac loai y nghTa md hb 6, 7 cd phan nhu trung l§p vdi c6c lo^i 2, 3, 4; do dac trUng the loai va trong khubn kho bai viet, ehung tbi chi nghien cQu ba hinh IhQc the hien cua tlnh md hb \k "Nbi vSt nky n\& nhU nbi tdi vat kh^c, vl giQa cde sQ vat Sy cd nhieu dllm gib'ng nhau"; "'^ nghTa md hb do quan he ngO phip khbng chat che vi ngQ cinh cho phep"; "Mbt tQ trong mbt van canh ma giang hai nghia deu thbng". 2.2. Tlnh ma ho da nghTa tren binh dien ngdn ngd van hoc trong ca dao cd truyen 2.2.1. Khao sat 3.481 Idi ca dao co truyen dQdc sUu tap trong sach Kho ting [6] dl xic djnh cic loai y nghTa md hb (hay ndi each khae la tlm cic hinh thQc bleu hien eua tfnh md hb), ehCing tbi tht/c hien theo cich nglu nhien dam bao cho sU nghjSn cQu tUdng dbi khach quan khoa hpc Dd la nhQng |di ca dao dQdc xIp theo trat tQ chO eai trong tap II bb sich Kho tang Kit qui thu dUde nhu sau: 2.2.1.1. Loai y nghTa md hb c6 dUde khi "ndi vat nay ma nhu ndi den vat khae, vi giOa cic sQ vat Siy cb nhieu diem gibng nhau". - De tlm loai y nghTa md hb niy, chQng tbi khao sit nhQng Idi ca dao ed sQ dyng mot s6 biSn phap tu tQ tiSu bieu eau tao theo quan he liSn ludng gbm so sanh, an dy, hoan du va tUdng trUng. NhOng biSn phap tu tQ nhU diep tQ ngQ, ehdi chQ, dbng nghTa kep khbng nim trong pham vi khao sat bdi chung toi quan niem do cau tao theo quan he to hdp, cac bien phap tu tQ vQa neu khbng cb hoac cb rat it kha nang tao y nghTa md hb. Thidu 1: 397 (b) NgQdi khbn nhQ mieng thjt gi Tuy rang an ft nhQng ma ngon lau NgQdi dai nhu cu bb nau Den khi khbn khb cd cau phai an. CDTCM 172 Thfdu 2: 307. Cay da eu ben db xUa Bp hinh ed nghTa, ning mUa cung cb DCNTB I 188 HHDN 216 NT 164 TCDQ 61 VNP 7 214 Thfdu 3: 65. Chd anh eho tuoi em cao Cho duyen em lat, ma dao em phai HPV 1,17 Thfdu 4: 684. True nhd mai, trQc bubn ngao ngan Mai trd ve, mai nhd true chang CDTCM 52 Bang each diln dat cy thi vi gi^u hinh anh, cic bien phip tu tQ trfen da gdi du^c sQ Ii6n tufing phong phQ va sau sic. NgQdi tilp nhin thQc sQ phai IQa chpn trong sb nhQng liSn tQdng phong phu, siu sic ay mbt each hieu cho minh. Md hi, da nghTa phit sinh tQ dly. Chang han, 6 thi du 1, mieng thit ga, eu bb niu dQdc vi vdi ngQdi khbn, ngQdi dai. Vi ngon, db cua mieng thit gi vi eu bb nau ra sao cung nhQ dU vj cube sbng khi d vdi ngQdi khdn, ngQdi dai the nio li phy thubc vio sQ lien tudng tQ do nhQng cd cd sd cua ngQdi tiep nhan. 6 thf du 2, ldi ca dao nhQ mbt sQ nhln gQi: khach qua dudng co nghTa thi ning mUa cung chb vi ndi chd dpi li "ciy da cu, ben db xQa"? NhQng d day, Idi nhan gQi that bang qud, "tbi nghia"; ai nhin vi chd ddi vdi muc dfeh gi? "Cay da eu, ben do xUa" la mbt dia diem cd that ma khich bp hinh da dQng chan hay ehl la mbt an dy chi dja diem quen thubc cd y nghTa nhat djnh vdi nhan vat trO tlnh va ngQdi khach bp hinh? (Ngay ca tQ "nghTa" va "ning mQa" b day eung rat md hb, khb xae dinh ) Ldi ca dao chi gbm hai ddng luc bit mi c6 khong It dau hbi, bdi vay, nd ham chQa bao nhieu cich lien tUdng khic nhau. Se khdng bao gid li thba ding niu ngUdi tiep nhan chi xae djnh mdt cich hilu duy nhat d Idi ca dao nay. Du vay, moi Idi v3n li mbt the gidi nghe thuat rieng biet dbi hoi phai tiep nhin, khim phi. - Trong sb 3.481 Idi ca dao khao sited 1.511 IdisQdung eae bien phip tu tQ, chiem khoing 43,4%. Cu thi, sb Idi ea dao chQa bien phap so sanh tu tQ la 666 Idi, chilm khoang 44,1%; sb Idi ca dao chQa bien phip an du tu tQ ji 701 Idi, chiem khoing 46,4%; sbldi ea dao chQa bien phip hoan dy tu tQ vi tUdng trQng la 144 Idi, chiem khoang 9,53% trong tbng sb Idi ca dao c6 sQ dung cac biSn phap tu tQ. .2.1.2. Loai y nghTa md hb ed dUdc "do quan he ngO phap khbng chat che vi ngO eanh cho phep" - Loai y nghTa md hb nay xua't hien khi mbi quan he to hdp giQa cic tQ, cac vl trong cau khbng chat che va do sU cho phep eua ngO eanh. Co the xay ra ba tlnh hubng: thQ nha't, quan hS ngQ phip khdng chat che do la y thQc nghe thuat cua chu the sang tao; thQ hai, ehu the sang tao bupc 64 SO4-2011 Daiji'^i^^ phai han djnh ve sb lUdng cau chO do sQ chi phbi cua thi loai; thQ ba, c6 thi do ea hai "nguyen nhan" b hai tinh hub'ng tren. Theo su phan tieh cua chung tbi, 1 sb Idi ca dao cb chQa loai y nghTa md hb niy thQdng rdi vio tinh hub'ng thQ ba. - Khao sat 3.481 Idi ca dao eb truyen vQa neu tren, chung toi thay 350 Idi cd loai y nghTa md hb do quan he ngQ phap khbng chat che va ngQ eanh mang lai, chiem khoang 10,05%. Thf du: 5. Da cd mot lupt thi thbi LUdt nay, lUdt khae ngUdi ddi khinh che. TOBD II 250TNPD 1111 6 ldi ea dao tren, quan he tb hdp giQa cac tQ khbng chat che{tQ 'IQdt thieu djnh ngQ) gay nen sQ md hb da nghTa. 2.2,1.3. Loai y nghTa md hb xua't hien khi "mot tQ trong mbt van canh ma giang hai nghTa deu thbng" - Day la loai y nghTa md hb dQde tao nen khi mbt phUdng tien ngbn ngO (S cap dp tQ) cd hai nghTa trong mbt van eanh eu the. 3,45%. Thi du:>>- Trong 3.481 ldi ca dao khao sat, ehl ed 120 Idi chQaphUdng tien ngon ngQ da nghTa nay, chiem 805. Cbn trdi cdn nude eon non Cdn ed ban rUdu anh cdn say sUa. ANPT 6a DNQT 102b HHDN 54, 164 KSK 6b TQ 'say sQa" trong Idi ca dao tren cd the hieu theo 2 nghTa: say sUa vi rUdu va say sUa cb ban rUdu Nhu vay, trong sb 3.481 Idi ca dao khao sat cd tbng cbng 1.981 Idi chQa eae bieu hien eua tfnh md hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngon ngQ van hpe, chiem khoang 56,9%. 2.2,2. Qua khao sat nhOng bieu hien tieu bieu cua tinh md hb da nghTa trong ca dao cb truyen, chung tbi cd mbt sb nhan xet: 2.2.2.1. Ca dao eb truyen cd nhQng hinh thQc bieu hien cua tinh md hb da nghTa. Hay ndi each khae, trong ca dao cb truyen ed mot sb loai y nghTa md hb. Cd the dat hinh hubng ring nhQng Idi ca dao chUa khao sat va ea nhQng ldi ea dao con tbn tai trong mbi trUdng sinh hoat cua dan ehung ehUa ehae da ed kit qua tUdng tU? Dieu dd hoin toan cd the xay ra. Song, eho du nhU vay thi nhan xet tren van tbn tai, bbi ty le cao, thap cua cac loai y nghTa md hb trong ea dao cb truyen khdng phai la dieu quan trpng nhat Dieu quan trpng nhat la sU eo mat va vai trd eua nd trong nhu'ng Idi ca dao eb truyen. Tuy nhien, ket qua khao sat d tren vIn li dieu dang luu y. Sb Idi ea dao cb truyen cd hinh thuc bieu hien cua tinh md hb da nghTa chiem ti le khong nho khoang 56,9%. Dd mdi chf la ket qua khao sat bieu hien cua tinh md hb da nghTa trong cac Idi ca dao eb truyen tren binh dien ngon ngQ van hpc. (Xem ket qua tong hdp d cubi muc 2.2.1.3). Trong dd, bieu hien thQ nha't cua tinh md hb da nghTa chiem khoang 43,4%.(Xem kit qua thbng ke d mue 2.2.1.1), NhQng hinh thQc bilu hien khae cua tinh md hb da nghTa trong ea dao CO truyen chi chiem mbt ti le rat nho khoang 10,05% va 3,45% (Xem kit qua thbng ke d mue 2.2.1.2 vi 2.2.1.3). Tlm hilu dae diem eua cac bien phap tu tQ dQde dung trong nhOng Idi ea dao khao sat d mue 2.2.1.1, chung toi thay dd deu ia nhCfng each diln dat bdng bay, gdi earn ed sQe hap din va loi cubn khi trinh bay [9]. Nhd cac bien phap tu to, sQ diln dat vQa mang tfnh cu thi, hinh anh do nghTa den gpi ra, vQa mang tinh khai quit, ham sue do nghia bdng chQa dung. Tfnh md hb, da nghTa tren cd sd dd mi phat sinh. Bbi vay, su cd mat vdi tan sb cao cua eae bien phap tu to (die biet li so sinh vi an du tu tQ) trong ca dao CO truyen li dieu cb the ly giai dQdc. 2.2.2.2. Cd nhOng trQdng hpp, mot ldi ea dao cb truyen ChQa hai, ba hinh thQc bilu hien cua tinh md hb da nghTa. TQc trong mot Idi ea dao cb truyen cd tdi hai, ba loai y nghTa md hb. Thfdu: 91 (a) Cai CO may di an dem • - Dau phai cinh mem Ion cb xub'ng ao "-' ' Ong di dng vdt tbi nao Tbi eb Idng nio, bng hay xao mang Cd xio thi xao nude trong DQng xao nQdc due dau Ibng cb con TOBD I 553 TNPD II 31 6 ldi ea dao tren, ngoii y nghTa md hb "ndi vat niy ma nhQ ndi tdi vat khae" (eb chi ngudi ndng dan?) cbn cd them loai y nghTa md hb do sQ da nghTa cua tQ trong van canh eu thi nay mang lai. (cd eon la eon eb be hay li con cua con eb me?). Nhu vay, cb the ndi, d nhOng Idi ea dao ay, md hb chbng len md hb, da nghTa eing them da nghTa. Tinh md hb da nghTa phai chang la mbt trong nhOng 'ma iQc" chinh tao nen sQe hut lau ben eho ea dao eb truyen. ThQ so sanh them hai Idi ca dao sau, chung ta se cang thay rd dieu dd. 805 Con trdi con nude cbn non Cdn ed ban rUdu anh edn say sUa. ANPT 6a DNQT102b HHDN 54, 164 KSK 6b 79. Cdn trdi cdn nude edn non " " •"') Cdn ngUdi that hpc ta edn phai lo. CDVN 1945- 1975. ,. ' •-' ' i.'^'-i 2.2.2.3. NhQng Ibi ca dao cb truyen gay nhieu tranh luan hau hit li nhOng Idi eo chQa eae loai y nghTa md hb. Thidu 1: 92 (a) Cai eb may mb eai tbm Cai tom quap lai, lai bm cai cd. ; Cai ed miy mb cai trai Cai trai quap iai, lai nhai eai ed. HT 286 TOBD IV 335 TNPD II 28 VNP1 II 33 Thi du 2: 103.Gid sao thbi mat sau iQng , ''• i' Da sao da nhd ngQdi dQng vo eung. '." HHDN 174 TOBD 1 144 ,, , b thf du 1, theo thbng ke eua tie gia Thi phip ea dao, cd den bacaeh hieu khae nhau ve hinh anh torn, trai, co. Nguyin Dang Chau cho ring ed, torn, trai li giai cap thbng tn. Cao Huy Dinh thi eho ring cd la giai cap thbng trj, cdn tbm, trai li tap the nhan dan. Vu Ngpe Phan lai eho rang tdm, trai, ed deu la nhan dan lao dpng. Tac gia Thi phap ca dao iai eb nhQng phat hien khae. Qua khao sat mbt chudi Idi ea dao ve tom, trai, cd, tic gia kit luan: d day con cb khdng phai giai cap thbng tn eung khbng phai nhan dan lao dpng, Quan niem nhU tren dan den nhOng each hilu rat khae nhau ve ehu de, npi dung Idi ea dao, Sb dTed hien tUdng dd bbi tic gia dan gian da khdng gpi thing ten sU vat hien tUpng. Ho DmvaHQC ~fs G A Y S A y WlW so 4-2011 65 "ndi vat niy ma nhQ noi tdi vat khic " nhU WEmpdxdn da tQng chi ra. d thi du 2, tinh hinh eb khae dbi chut SU md hb, da nghTa lai tap trung vio hinh anh bat thudng "gib mat sau IQng" vi to "ngQdi dQng" trong Idi. ea dao. Cac tic gia sach Kho tang di din ra hai each cam thu, phan tfch Ibi ea dao tren. Theo Tran Bao HQng, cai than eua Idi ca dao li hai chO "ngQdi dQng" vi eho rang db li cau hat, li manh tim tlnh cua nhOng ngQdi lam nghe ehd db dpc tren sbng. (Gid thoi mat sau IQng la gib thuan, thuyen xubi, ngQdi ta mdi thanh than nghT gan, nghTxavi nhd ngQdi yeu). Van Tin lai cho rang tinh than chung eua Idi ea dao nay lien quan khong chi den ngUdi lim nghe ehd db dpc ma lien quan den nhieu ngUdi lim b nhieu nghe trong cupc ddi va dang lam vio tinh hub'ng yeu, mi lai yeu ddn phUdng. Cung eb the dUa ra mbt cich hieu nOa: "gid mat sau lung" la sU bat thUdng, "da nhd ngUdi dUng" lai eing phi ly. Song hai cai phi ly lai bilu dat mot thUc te hiln nhien, rat ed ly cua "nhQng ngQdi dang lam vio tlnh hub'ng yeu" "NgQdi dQng" d day nen hilu nhQ tac gia NhQng thi gidi nghe thuat ea dao, dd la nhOng ngQdi "chQa du dp chin dl than mat nhQng cung khbng he xa cich lanh IQng'"' [11.55]. Vay, nguyen nhan chfnh gay nen tfnh md hb, da nghTa trong Idi ca dao niy li sQ da nghTa cua tQ (d day la tQ xQng hb) va hinh tQdng van chQdng trong mbt van eanh cu the. 2.2.3. NhQng nghien cQu d tren cho phep ehung toi rut ra mot sb kit luan sau: 2.2.3.1. Tfnh md hb da nghTa la mbt die trQng eua van hpe nghe thuat Tfnh md hb da nghTa dem lai sQ me hoac, hap din cho khach the tham my. Nghien cQu tfnh md hb, da nghTa tren binh dien ngbn ngO van hpe thu'c chat li nghien cQu thi phip ngon ngQ tac pham. TQ y nghTa dd, xem xet ea dao CO truyen vdi tfnh md hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngbn ngO van hpc li nghien cQu thi phip ngbn ngO ca dao - mbt trong nhQng ylu tb thi phip thubc hinh thQc tb chQc vat lieu eua chinh the nghe thuat ca dao. (Hinh thQc tb chQc vat lieu li chQ dQng cua Bakhtin). 2.2.3.2. "Tfnh md hb, da nghTa khbng ehi li die trQng mi cdn li sb phan eua van hpc" [8.162]. Db li nhan djnh ed ed sd bdi thQc te tiep nhan van hpc nghe thuat cho thay nhQng tie pham cd sQc cubn hut vi trQdng tbn qua thdi gian hau hit li nhOng tie pham gay nhieu tranh eai. Nguyen nhan chinh gay nen sQ tranh cai lai li d chb eb dau hieu eua tfnh md hb da nghTa. (Tuy nhien, d day chung toi mdi ehi de cap din dau hieu cua tinh md hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngbn ngQ van hpe). Kit qua khao sit vi phan tich nhOng bilu hien cua tinh md hb da nghTa d nhQng Idi ca dao cb truyen cho thay nhan djnh tren khbng chi dung vdi bp phan van hpe thinh van mi edn dung vdi bp phan van hpc truyen mieng, die biet la ea dao eo truyen. Cd dieu, ea dao cb truyen - mot the loai tieu bieu cua van hpe dan gian - thudng la ngin, tham ehi rat ngin (hai dbng thd). Dac dllm dd eing lim cho sQ "giai ma" nhQng bieu hien md hb da dang hdn, phong phu hdn. Nb khien nhieu Idi ca dao co truyen trd thinh ndi vb tan vl nghTa de ngQdi tiep nhan tim tbi, kham phi. Cube chay dua di tlm cai dep trong nhQng Idi ca dd cQ nhQ mai tilp diln khbng bao gid ngQng. 2.2.3.3. NhQng kiln giai cb cd sd khoa hpe ve sQc hap dan vi sQ trQdng tbn cua ca dao cb truyen d tren he ra nhQng tia hy vpng ve sQ trd lai cua ca dao - mbt thi loai tieu bilu eua sing tie dan gian trong ddi sbng sinh hoat eua con ngUdi d xa hbi hien dai. Mbt khi ca dao thQc sU ii sang tie van hpe nghe thuat dich thUe thi khbng ai phu nhan dUde vai trd va vj tri cua nd trong ddi sbng van hoi tinh than eua ngUdi Viet Nam ndi rieng, eua nhan loai nbi chung. Cubi cung, chung tbi xin mUdn Idi tie gia ehuyen luan Ly luan vi phe binh vin hpc de kit thuc bii viet. "Tfnh md hb, da nghTa li sQ me hoac hap din eua nghe thuat Hoin toin kfn mit, khbng nhln tha'y y nghTa li vb vj, ma nhln mbt eai nhan ra ngay hit mpi y nghTa cung li hit vi. Tfnh md hb da nghTa dam bao thu hut ngQdi dpc di vao cube tlm tdi bat tan ve )/ nghTa, vi chi ed tie pham nghe thuat dfeh thQc, phong phu mdi giQ dQdc sQc quyin ru lau ben" [8.162]. Phai chang, tinh md hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngdn ngQ van hpc trong ca dao eb truyen da gdp phan tich cQc tao dQdc sQ me hoac, hap din vi sQo quyen ru lau ben eho bb phan thd dan gian nay! TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Mai Ngpe ChQ: "Ngbn ngQ ea dao Viet Nam", Tap chf Van hpc sb 2/1991. 2. Nguyin NghTa Din: Ca dao Viet Nam 1945 - 1975, NXB Van hoa thbng tin, 1997. 3. Vu Cao Dim: PhQdng phip luan nghien cQu khoa hpc, NXB Khoa hpe Ky thuat. Ha Nbi, 1996. 4. Hi Minh DQc (chu bien): Ly luan van hpc, NXB Giao due, 1993. 5. Le Ba Han, Tran Dinh SQ, Nguyin Khic Phi (chu bien): TQ diln thuat ngQ van hpe, NXB Dai hpe Qub'c gia Ha Npi, 1999 (in fan 3). 6. Nguyen Xuan Kfnh, Phan Dang Nhat (ehu bien): Kho ting ea dao ngQdi Viet, NXB Van hoi Thbng tin. Hi Nbi, 1995. 7. Nguyin Xuan Kinh: Thi phip ca dao, NXB Khoa hpc Xa hbi, Hi Nbi, 1992. 8. Tran Dinh SQ: Ly luan vi phe binh van hpe, NXB Hbi nhi van. Hi Nbi, 1996. 9. Tran DQc Ngbn: "Mbt sb van de ly luan chung quanh viec nghien cQu van ban van hpe dan gian", Tap chf Van hoa dan gian sb 3/1990. 10. CQ Dinh Tu: Phong cich hpc vi dac dilm tu tQ tieng Viet, NXB Khoa hpc Xa hbi. Ha Npi, 1983. 11. Pham Thu Yin: NhQng thi gibi nghe thuat ca dao, NXB Giao due, 1998. (Ngubn: cadao.com) . dung tap hdp tQ ca dao mdi (hay ca dao hien dai) de phan biet vdi ca dao eb (edn gpi la ca dao cb truyen). NhQ vay, ca dao cb (hay ca dao cb truyen) la. Idi. ea dao. Cac tic gia sach Kho tang di din ra hai each cam thu, phan tfch Ibi ea dao tren. Theo Tran Bao HQng, cai than eua Idi ca dao li hai