Mpt goc nhln ve van hoc dan gian Thanh Hoa TRAN SINH Van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda la mdt bd phan ciJa van hgc dan gian Viet Nam, la thanh qua cua van hgc dan gian cac dan tgc sinh sdng tren dja bin Thanh Hda (Viet, iviudng, Thdi Thd, Dao, Kha mii ). Trong trudng ky Ijch suf, cac dan tdc tren dat Thanh da lien tuc sang tac vd hoan thien tac pham van hgc dan gian cua minh, chung diic thanh nhufng ndt rieng Thanh Hda. Viec suu tam gidi thieu van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda den nay da phan nao cho chiing ta thay dugc dien mao van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda phong phii vd todt ien nhiifng vd dep dan gian gdp phan vdo kho tdng van hgc dan gian cd nudc. C iing nhu ca nudc, viec td chiic suu tim van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda mdt cich toan dien va khoa hgc dugc tiln hanh tuong ddi mudn. Trudc cich mang, viee suu tim gidi thieu van hgc dan gian chu ye'u dugc tie'n hinh hinh trong nd lyc cua mdt sd ngudi yeu thfeh van hgc dan gian. Tir sau 1945, nhat la til nam 1960 trd di, viec suu tam gidi thieu va nghien ciiu van hgc dan gian mdi dugc td chiic mdt each khoa hgc dudi anh sang dudng ldi van nghe cua Dang. Quan niem vl van hgc dan gian ciing anh hudng tryc tilp tdi kit qua suu tim, gidi thieu va nghien cihi van hgc dan gian. Thdi phong kien, tac pham van hgc dan gian dugc van dyng trong viec bien soan cac sich Viet dien u linh, LTnh nam chich qudi, Dgi Viet sff ky todn thu Quan niem van sir bit phan da khien cac nha nho coi truyen ke dan gian la da sir, dan sit Cac nha suu tim, gidi thieu, nghien ciiu van hgc dan gian can hien dai (trudc 1945) lai chi chii trgng ngdn til, coi van hgc dan gian la van hgc ngdn tir chiia dung tu tudng, tinh cam, dao diic cua ngudi binh dan Viet Nam, chii ylu la van hgc dan gian dan tgc Viet Nam. Hg chua chii y nhieu din mdi trudng diln xudng va cai ndi sinh thanh, tdn tai ciia van hgc dan gian nhung ding quy la da giii lai dugc mdt sd van ban ngdn til van hgc giiip cho viec nghien ciiu ngay nay. Sau 1945, viec sang tac ca dao, hd ve phye vy each mang, phye vy khang chien trd nen rim rd. Khii niem van nghe quan chiing, van nghe dan gian trd nen phd biln. Cac can bd suu tam, gidi tiiieu van hgc dan gian da chii y tdi phin diln xudng, ngoai viec ghi day dil phin ldi cdn khao ta cic chi til^t cd Uen quan den tac pham dan gian, coi van hgc dan gian la tic phim nghe thuat gin vdi tCmg cdng ddng dan cu va tdc ngudi cy the; tit dd din den viec khoanh viing, xic dinh mien trong cdng viec suu tam, gidi thieu van hgc dan gian. Van hgc dan gian cac dan tdc it ngudi dugc dac biet chii y. Khai niem van hda dan gian (bao gdm ca van hgc dan gian) da ndi rdng pham vi U|Sd322 Thang 4-2011 TLf LIEU TRONG NLfdC cdng viec cua cac nhi suu tim, gidi thieu vd'n van hgc cd truyin cita dan tdc. Tinh hinh suti tam va gidi thieu vdn hpc dan gian Thanh Hoa Van hgc dan gian vdn luu truyin tren cira mieng. Viec cd dinh cac tac phim van hgc dan gian bing van ban chii viei tuy nim ngoai phuang thtic sang tic dan gian song lai rat cin thiet, nhat la tit khi van hgc viet ra ddi va phat trien. Van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda cd mat rat sdm trong cac sich chii Han chii Ndm. Sich Viet dien u linh va Llnh nam chich qudi ed truyen Dua hdu. Do thdng khudng qudc td thdnh vuang, Minh chu linh itng chieu cdm bdo huu dgi vuang ke chuyen cac nhan vat Thanh Hda li Mai An Tiem (Nga Son), Le Phyng Hieu (Hoang Hda) va thin Ddng Co (Dan Ne, Yen Dinh). Viec suu tam ghi chep van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda sdm nhat cd the ke de'n la Thanh Hda danh thdng luc, Thanh Hda ky thdng va Thanh Hda quan phong vao dau TK XX. Thanh Hda danh thdng luc (khuyit danh) chep lich sir, dia ly tinh Thanh Hda; sy tfch va tmyin thuyit vl 32 canh dep cita tinh nay: cita Thin Phil, mil Bfch Lam, ddng Tir Thtic Thanh Hoa ky thdng (Vuong Duy Trinh) chep danh lam thing canh va cd tfch cita Thanh Hda; phong canh, di tfch cac truyin thuyit vi thi van dl vinh cita cac danh si Thanh Hda quan phong (Vuong Duy Trinh) ghi chep eic bai dan ca phan inh phong tuc tap quin ciia nhan dan Thanh Hda: mimg dam cudi, mutng nam mdi, mimg dugc mua, ndi vl cdng viec nha ndng, thdi tiet, vg chdng khuyen nhau lam dilu tdt, hat giao duyen Cd the ke den mdt tie pham niia, dd la sich Thanh Hoa chu thdn luc cua triiu dinh Hue, bien soan nam Thanh Thai 15 (1903). Sach ghi chep hon 700 vi than nam va gin 200 vi than nii, trong dd cd nhilu vi thin dugc chep sy tfch gidng nhu cae truyen kl dan gian. Nhiing cdng trinh tren xuat hien nham myc dfeh khae chii khdng nim trong muc dich suu tim van hgc dan gian. Tuy vay, dd ciing la nhiing tii lieu quy de giiip cho viec kiem dinh lai eic tic phim van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda dugc tie'n hanh rim rd, ed quy md tir sau 1945, nhai li tir 1960 den nay. Viec smi tam rieng vl van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda thyc su tiln hinh tit sau nam 1960. Cho de'n nay, ddi ngu suu tim van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda da cd nhieu ngudi thanh cdng, nhilu ten tudi dugc liet vao tdc gid folkhore Viet Nam la hdi vien hdi van nghe dan gian Viet Nam. Ddi ngii nay, mdt each rat ty nhien, da chia thanh hai nhdm: nhdm chuyen sau miln niii va nhdm chuyen sau miln xudi. Hg da cd sy cdng tac vdi nhau tren nhieu phuong dien va da lien kit vdi nhau thinh cac nhdm tu nhien trong cdng viec suu tam va gidi thieu vd'n van hda, van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda, tao ra sy hda ddng sinh ddng trong hoat ddng nay sudt thdi gian dii. Trong he thd'ng eic sich gidi thieu van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda, md diu la cudn Ca dao suu tdm d Thanh Hda (1963) vi sau dd li cudn Ddn ca Thanh Hda (1965) cita nhdm Lam Son. Md dau cho viec suu tim gidi thieu van hgc dan gian miln niii Thanh Hda la cudn Truyen tha Mudng cita Minh Hieu va Hoanh Anh Nhan (1966). Cac sich tren dlu do Nha xuat ban Van hgc an hanh va dugc danh gia cao vl chit lugng suu tim, gidi thieu. Mdt loai sich suu tim gidi thieu mdi xuit hien, dd la eie sich dia chf (timg ling, tumg xa, timg huyen, timg ban mudng ) cd khi liy ten ggi li Vdn hoa ddn gian truyen thdng hay Vdn hda truyen thdng. Dia chf la loai sach suu tim tdng hgp, gidi thieu mdt dia ban cu the (lang, xa ) vl tit ea cae phuang dien nhu lich sii phat trien, tam thtic chung cita cdng ddng bgc Id trong phong tyc, tfn ngudng, tdn giao cho de'n ldi an, tilng ndi, san vat, nganh nghi, van hgc nghe thuat (trong dd cd van hgc dan gian) duge mieu ta, trinh bay trong mdi trudng van hda a'y. Dilu dd ciing da giiip cho viec tim hieu, nghien ciiu cac tic phim van hgc dan gian dugc day dii va chfnh xae hon. Thang 4-2011 S«322[g THOMC Tiii VAN HOA NnHF JH' 'AT Viec suu tim, gidi thieu van hgc dan gian, van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda duge coi nhu can bin hoin thinh giai doan diu. Vdn van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda dugc ghi chep, gidi thieu thanh sach khi diy dii va dugc cd dinh hda trong cac sach gidi thieu suu tim, li rit ding quy. Tren co sd dd, cic nhi nghien ciiu van hgc dan gian, van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda dang lam cdng viec kilm dinh lai cii da dugc suu tim, gidi thieu, ehinh ly bien soan thinh nhimg cdng trinh mang tfnh chit tdng hgp vdi cic ten ggi tuyin chgn , hgp tuyin , kho tang chic chin se dang cdn li cdng viec lam tiep trong giai doan suu tim tu lieu hien nay. Nhin chung, dien mao van hgc dan gian (van nghe dan gian) Thanh Hda khi hoan chinh, nhu la biic tranh thu nhd cua van hgc dan gian ca nudc. Mdt dilm khi dac biet la d mgt sd thi loai, van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda dugc danh gia eao, dugc xe'p d vi tri hing diu vi cting ed thi loai duge coi li doe nhit vd nhi. Sau day, chung ta diem din vd'n van hgc dan gian mi Thanh Hda cd dugc: Thin thoai: ndi bat nhit li thin thoai vl cic dng Khdng Ld Truyin thuyit: dang chii y la truyin thuyit chd'ng xam lang nhu truyen thuyit Ba Trieu, truyen thuyit Le Hoin, truyin thuyet Cin Vuong , song hoin chinh vi tieu bilu hon ci li truyin thuyei Le Lgi va Ididi nghia Lam Son. cd tfch: rit phong phii, d miln mii, loai truyen ed tfch loai vat rit phit trien; d miln xudi li loai cd tfch sinh hoat, cd tfch phong tyc gin vdi mdi miln que. Truyen cudi: d miln niii ndi len truyen Quay, cdn miln xudi lai ndi len truyen Trang Quynh. Sir thi: Thanh Hda cdn giii dugc trgn ven sir thi De ddt de nudc. Dan toe Mudng edn ed mo ma (mo len trdi), ngudi Thii cd Toi dm ooc ndm din. Truyen tho: eic truyen tho ngudi Thii nhu U Them Xi Thudn, Khdm Panli; cac truyen tho ngudi Mudng nhu Hiiy Nga Hai Mdi, Ndng Cim vd chdng Bong Huang, Ut Lot Ho Lieu. Ve: the loai truyen Ve d Thanh Hda xuit hien kha sdm: ve dng Ninh, ve cai Mao, ve Cin Vuong, Tyc ngii ca dao: tyc ngii ca dao Thanh Hda hda chung vio kho ting tyc ngu ca dao chung ciia dan tdc. Tuy nhien, ta cung cd the phan biet dugc sic thai Thanh Hda trong cic cau tyc ngQ ca dao cd lien quan tdi Thanh Hda, dac biet loai phuang ngdn Thanh Hda chiem mdt ty le ldn, la nhiing cau ndi vl: dia danh, con ngudi, san vat, canh trf thien nhien, phong tyc tap quan, thd am thd ngir cau do: rat phong phii, phin ldn gin vdi canh vat thien nhien va cugc sd'ng Thanh Hda. Ben canh dd, loai trd choi cd ldi eho tre em cung rit ddc dao. Phan ldi (van ban ngdn til) ciing lim giiu them vdn van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda. Dan ca: dat dan ca trong diln xudng dan gian tiic li chii y phin van hgc (ngdn tit), cac loai dan ca tieu bieu d Thanh Hda ed thi dilm din li: Hd sdng Ma: gin vdi con dd sdng Ma. Phin ldi (van hgc) trong cac td khiic rat sinh dgng, phan inh lao ddng sdng nudc trong cac chang cita eon dd: mdi khach, rdi ben, hd dd xudi, hd dudng trudng, hd mic can, hd vugt thic, hd cap ben Hit gheo: gin vdi lao ddng ndng nghiep (ciy, ciy, gat hii ) hay lao ddng sinh hoat (hii ciii, keo sgi vai ). Hat gheo cd nhilu the thiic, nhilu lan dieu, mang sic thai dia phuong vdi cic loai nhu diim, trdng quan lien van, vf gheo. Xudng, rang ciia ngudi Mudng. Khap cita ngudi Thii. Hat di nuong, loai hit trong lao ddng, cua ngudi Dao. Trd dien dan gian Cheo chai: thd thanh Bung va Quan gia dd bac dgc hai bd sdng Ma. Hit miia Vien Khe: thd Cao Hoang d nghe Sim (Ddng Son). Trd bdn: thd thanh He (Ddng Son). Trd xuan phi: thd Ddng Hii long vuong (Thg Xuan). Sd 322 II Thang 4-2011 TLf LIEU TRONG NLTCIC Cheo thd, boi thd: thd thanh Ludng (Ndng Cd'ng). Trd triing: thd Trinh Qud'c Bao va Ddng Phuang hie quang (Yen Dinh). Pdn poong cua ngudi Mudng (Bi Thudc, Nggc Lac, ). Kin chieng booc ciia ngudi Thai. Sdn khdu ddn gian: nhilu ginh cheo, ganh bdi (ggi la phudng cheo, phudng bdi) d Thanh Hda ed ten tudi mang ten dia phuang nhu. Phii Khe, Quy Chu, Ngoii ra edn cd rdi nude d ling Si (Yen Dinh). Vd'n van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda suu tim dugc phin ldn da xuat ban, dd la cdng siic vi tam huyet ciia cac nhi hoat ddng suu tim trong vi ngoai tinh. Cd nhilu cdng trinh dugc gidi nghien cim hit site chii y, vi da giir duge nhung vien nggc quy ching nhiing d tinh Thanh mi cdn li cita toan qud'c, cd tim ed qudc te nhu sir thi De ddt de nudc, tao dilu kien thuan lgi cho viec tie'n hanh nghien ciru van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda tren nhieu phuong dien. Tinh hinh nghien cihi van hoc dan gian Thanh Hoa Cd the ndi, nhung chuyen dl rieng, nhimg cdng trinh chuyen khio nghien ciiu van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda dang cdn Idiiem td'n. Nhung nhimg edng trinh nghien ciiu vl van hda dan gian Thanh Hda trong dd phin van hgc dugc xem nhu la mdt thinh td eiia cdng trinh nghien ciiu khi phong phii. Khi suu tam gidi thieu vd'n van nghe dan gian, cic nhi suu tim da tiln hanh nghien ciru de ehinh ly tic pham dan gian nhim gidi thieu thanh sich. Cung cin ghi nhan, ttr trudc tdi nay, viec nghien ciiu van nghe dan gian, van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda dugc tap trung d cac hgi thao khoa hgc tir dia phuang den trung uong. Cd thi dilm de'n cac cugc hdi thio da tien hanh, trong dd van hgc dan gian ddng gdp mdt phan ndi dung quan trgng: hdi thao Ba Trieu, hdi thao Le Lgi vi khdi nghia Lam Son, vl miia dan gian, vl trd choi tre em, vl ll hdi dan gian truyin thd'ng, vl Hd Quy Ly, vl Dio Duy Tii, vl khdi nghia Ba Dinh, ve Le Thinh Tdng, ve van nghe dan gian miln Trung, vl van hda truyin thd'ng eic tinh Bie Trung Bd, Ding chii y li cic hdi thao tap trung vao mdt sd hien tugng van hgc dan gian d Thanh Hda nhu: vl sit thi De ddt de nudc (1977), vl Le Lgi va khdi nghia Lam Son trong dd ndi bat len truyin thuyit Le Lgi (1982). Hdi thao vl sur thi De ddt de nudc da budc diu tie'p can vdi tic pham dd so niy tir nhilu phfa, dd li hinh tugng cdng ddng bd tdc diing diu la Lang Cun Cin vdi nhiing bilu tugng thin thoai ky vi, huy hoing dugc cic nhi nghien ciiu dac biet chii y. Hdi thao vl truyen thuyit Le Lgi da lam ndi bat len hinh tucmg Le Lgi trong folklore. Trong dip nghien ciiu Le Lgi, cic nha nghien ciiu ciing dl cap de'n nhdm truyin thuyit Nguyin Trai tren dit Thanh. Cac cdng trinh nghien cUu vl van hda, van nghe, van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda mang tfnh tdng hgp cd the ke den nhu Khdo sdt vdn hda lang xff Thanh ciia. Hoing Anh Nhan, Le Huy Tram, mdt cdng trinh nghien cUu tdng hgp, dat tfnh quy md ciia cdng trinh khoa hgc. Cdng trinh da the hien mdt cii nhin khi toin dien tren cic hien tucmg van hda, van nghe, van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda vi da khii quit vl van hda ling, van hda dan gian xii Thanh, lai gin bd timg ehi tilt, rat miu thit vdi vdn van nghe, van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda. Nhin lai khii quit tinh hinh suu tim gidi thieu vi nghien eiru vl van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda, chiing ta nhan thay dien mao van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda kha dd so vl sd lugng, phong phti vl the loai, da dang vl phong cich the hien, mang dam sic thai van hda x\i Thanh. Vdi tru lugng dd, viec suu tim gidi thieu vi nghien citu van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda se md ra nhilu van dl cdn tiep tuc phai nghien ciru va hua hen nhieu cdng trinh xuat sic cho dia phuang vi ca nudc vl van hgc, van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda m TS Thang 4-2011 So 322 En . dan gian Thanh Hoa TRAN SINH Van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda la mdt bd phan ciJa van hgc dan gian Viet Nam, la thanh qua cua van hgc dan gian. tac pham van hgc dan gian cua minh, chung diic thanh nhufng ndt rieng Thanh Hda. Viec suu tam gidi thieu van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda den nay da