Handbook of Air Pollutio Prevention Control rg ’ HANDBOOK OF AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL HANDBOOK OF AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Ph.D. N&P Limited P=-= EINEMANN An imprint of Elsevier Science Amsterdam Boston London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Science. Copyright 0 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. @ Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier Science prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P. Handbook of air pollution prevention and control / Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7506-7499-7 (alk. paper) 1. Air quality management. 2. Air-Pollution. 3. Factory and trade p. cm. waste-Environmental aspects. I. Title. TD883 .C435 2002 628.5’34~21 20020 18563 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book. For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Elsevier Science 225 Wildwood Avenue Woburn, MA 01801-2041 Tel: 781-904-2500 Fax: 78 1-904-2620 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: http://www.bh.com 10987654321 Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS Preface, vii About the Author, xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Air Quality, 1 Introduction, 1 An Overview of the Clean Air Act Amendments, 1 Fate and Transport in the Environment, 9 A Few of the Priority Air Pollutants, 15 Indoor Air Quality, 42 Organization of Handbook Subjects, 48 Recommended Resources for the Reader, 51 Review and Questions to Get You Thinking, 51 Chapter 2. Industrial Air Pollution Sources and Prevention, 53 Introduction, 53 Air Pollution in the Chemical Process Industries, 53 Air Pollution in the Petroleum Industry, 79 Air Pollution from Iron and Steel Manufacturing, 112 Air Pollution from Lead and Zinc Smelting, 130 Air Pollution from Nickel Ore Processing and Refining, 134 Air Pollution from Aluminum Manufacturing, 137 Air Pollution from Copper Smelting, 141 Recommended Resources for the Reader, 144 Review and Questions to Get You Thinking, 146 Chapter 3. Properties of Air Pollutants, 148 Introduction, 148 Selected Chemical and Physical Properties of Potential Atmospheric Pollutants, 148 Basic Properties and Terminology, 158 Accessing the World-Wide Web for Data Bases, 183 Recommended Resources for the Reader, 184 Review and Questions to Get You Thinking, 186 Chapter 4. Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality Control, 188 Introduction, 188 An Overview of Indoor Air Quality, 188 The Basics of HVAC Systems, 191 V IAQ Issues and Impacts on Occupants, 195 Application of Audits to Developing an IAQ Profile, 200 Developing Management Plans, 206 How to Diagnose IAQ Problems, 213 Control, 228 Quantification and Measurement, 238 Recommended Resources for the Reader, 278 Review and Questions to Get You Thinking, 279 Chapter 5. Air Pollution Dispersion, 28 1 Introduction, 281 Dispersion Theory Basics, 282 Estimating the Air Quality Impact of Stationary Sources, 297 Other Models and Resources, 326 Case Study Applying SCREEN, 335 References and Recommended Resources for the Reader, 342 Review and Questions to Get You Thinking, 344 Chapter 6. Prevention Versus Control, 348 Introduction, 348 Pollution Prevention: When and How, 350 Principles of Pollution Prevention, 356 References and Recommended Resources for the Reader, 384 Review and Questions to Get You Thinking, 387 Chapter 7. Prevention and Control Hardware, 389 Introduction, 389 Methods of Particulate Collection, 389 Methods for Cleaning Gaseous Pollutants, 446 References and Recommended Resources for the Reader, 488 Chapter 8. Environmental Cost Accounting, 498 Introduction, 498 Total Cost Accounting Terminology, 500 Case Study, 512 Glossary, 5 15 Index, 553 vi This volume covers the practices and technologies that are applied to the prevention of air pollution, and to the cleaning and control of industrial air emissions. Although there are numerous publications that address these subjects, rarely are prevention and control concepts considered together in a single volume. This book provides a bridge for today’s environmental manager by focusing on an integrated approach to managing air pollution problems within industrial operations. There are eight chapters. Chapter 1 provides orientation and an introduction to the subject of air quality. The focus of this book is on industrial air pollution problems. We begin by reviewing the regulatory driving force in the United States for air pollution abatement. To appreciate the objectives of our Federal air pollution control regulations, an understanding of the fate and transport mechanisms in the environment is important. Hence, some general discussions on the behavior of pollutants in the atmosphere are included in this chapter. There are only two general methods for ensuring high quality air. These options are the application of control technologies that clean air or remove pollutants, and methods of prevention. In general, prevention is more cost-effective than the application of end-of-pipe treatment technologies, however, there are many situations where control technologies represent the only feasible methods to managing air pollution problems. Both approaches are presented in this volume, and the reader will need to assess which is the most appropriate means on a case by case basis. At the end of Chapter 1 you will fmd a summary of the topics to be discussed in thls volume. This will help you to focus on specific areas of reading that are most useful to you. There is also a list of recommended resources, including Web sites, as well as a review section. In Chapter 2 we focus our attention on some of the point sources of air emissions within different types of plant operations, along with the methods of abatement and prevention. Although we do not make direct comparisons between prevention and control methodologies until Chapter 6, the reader should gain an appreciation for the simplicity of applying pollution prevention as opposed to incorporating engineering controls in many situations. While we will not cover all the important industry sector sources of air pollution in this chapter, an attempt is made to examine a broad spectrum of so-called “heavy-industries”. These are industry sectors that are plagued with air pollution problems, and have had a long history in battling them. [...]... sites AN OVERVIEW OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS The regulatory driving force for air pollution control in the United States is the 1 2 HANDBOOK OF AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL Clean Air Act Many countries around the world have similar legislation and national policies aimed at protecting air quality The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 included sweeping revisions to the Clean Air Act, building... Federal court of appeals Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate Protection - The law builds on the market-based structure and requirements currently contained in EPA's regulations to phase out the production of substances that deplete the ozone layer 8 HANDBOOK OF AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL The law requires a complete phase-out of CFCs and halons with interim reductions and some related... and coarse 16 HANDBOOK OF AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL forms The most common combination of coarse particles consists of oxides of silicon, aluminum, calcium, and iron There are several terms that are used to describe particulate matter Generally, these terms are associated with the sampling method, and are briefly described as follows: Total suspended particulates (TSP) include particles of. .. effects of exposure to particulates Pollution Prevention Practices and Control Technologies Airborne particulate matter emissions can, to a great extent, be minimized by pollution prevention and emission control measures Prevention is frequently more cost-effective than control and, therefore, should be emphasized Special attention should be given to pollution abatement measures in areas where taxies and. .. observational and theoretical studies, will improve our understanding of mesoscale and microscale circulations Mesoscale modeling studies contribute to the understanding of lower atmospheric processes and the findings of these studies are applicable to emergency preparedness and response concerns, air quality issues, and the relationship between regional and global climate change Local and regional pollution. .. Mariupol, Ukraine Air quality conditions are so severe at times that poor visibility conditions caused by air pollution problems from several plants, like the one in Figure 2 hamper local air traffic 12 HANDBoolLOF AIR POLLUTION PREWNTION AND CONTROL Burning gasoline in motor vehicles is the main source of smog in most regions of the world today Powered by sunlight, oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic... in rain, fog, or snow Approximately 20 million tons of SO, are emitted annually in the United States, mostly from the burning of fossil fuels by electric 6 HANDBOOK OF AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL utilities Acid rain damages lakes, harms forests and buildings, contributes to reduced visibility, and is suspected of damaging health The Clean Air Act Amendments result in a permanent 10 million... lead 18 HANDBOOK OF AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL The respiratory system is the major route of entry for airborne particulates The deposition of particulates in different parts of the human respiratory system depends on particle size, shape, density, and individual breathing patterns (mouth or nose breathing) The effect on the human organism is also influenced by the chemical composition of the... clean air is protection of health There are essentially only two general methods for ensuring high quality air These options are the application of control technologies that clean air or remove pollutants, and methods of prevention As a general rule of thumb, prevention is more costeffective than the application of so-called end -of- pipe treatment technologies However, there are many situations where control. .. thousands of chemical compounds that may pose potential air pollution problems It would be impossible to present all the pertinent data and information needed to evaluate each and every air pollution scenario There are, however, a wealth of information and data bases that are available on the World Wide Web, along with a number of standard hard copy references to obtain information on the chemical and . Handbook of Air Pollutio Prevention Control rg ’ HANDBOOK OF AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL HANDBOOK OF AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION. of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P. Handbook of air pollution prevention and control / Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff.