AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PETROLEUM POLLUTION by Peter H. Albers USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Beltsville Lab, c/o BARC-East, Building 308 10300 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville, MD 20705 palbers@usgs.gov Please cite this material as: Albers, P. H. 1998. An Annotated Bibliography on Petroleum Pollution. Version 2007. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD. INTRODUCTION Petroleum has been recognized as a potential environmental contaminant since shortly after the beginning of the Twentieth Century. Reports of the biological consequences of ship wrecks involving cargos of crude and fuel oil began to appear in the popular and scientific press. Scientific literature on the subject was sparse until after World War II when reports of the effects of oil pollution began to appear with greater frequency. The wreck of the Torrey Canyon off the coast of England in 1967 stimulated worldwide interest in the effects of petroleum and cleanup methods on environmental resources. Research on the environmental effects of petroleum peaked during the 1970s and early 1980s. A recent surge of interest in North America was induced by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The accumulated literature on this well-studied contaminant is vast, covering topics as diverse as analytical chemistry, chemical fate, oil spill prevention and response, mitigation and restoration, economic and social analysis, and biological effects on all forms of plant and animal life in saltwater, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. A small amount of literature on shale oil, synthetic (coal) oil, oil sands crude oil, and non-petroleum oils (animal and plant) are also included in this bibliography. The bibliography is based on a personal reference collection exceeding 2,000 citations and growing at an approximate rate of 50 citations per year. It is primarily a collection of published and readily accessible scientific reports appearing in journals, conference proceedings, serial publications, and books. Unpublished or poorly distributed reports are few. The collection is divided into13 categories and all categories receive new references on an annual basis. Presently, there are 2,107 references in the database. The collection does not contain everything published on the subjects represented by the 13 categories, but it is representative of the published English-language literature. Books, international meetings, workshops, handbooks, government reports, published bibliographies, or non-technical books dealing with various aspects of oil pollution are not well represented in this bibliography; the emphasis is on original reports and a selection of review articles and book chapters. As such, it is most useful for persons seeking detailed technical references or specialized reviews. Each record consists of the full citation, a list of keywords, and one or more lines of text describing the contents of the reference. The keywords will assist with retrieval of references specified by the search option. The "Notes" text describes the content of the reference. The 13 categories and their primary category identifier (a keyword) are Bird (Oone), Mammal (Otwo), Fish (Othree), Amphibian (OthreeA), Reptile (OthreeR), Marine Invertebrate (Ofour), Freshwater Invertebrate (Ofive), Marine Plant (Osix), Freshwater Plant (Oseven), General Effect (Oeight), Technical (Onine), Microbes (Oten), and Miscellaneous (Oeleven). If a reference contains information on chemical oil dispersants, it will have a "D" next to the "O"; for example, ODone is a petroleum and chemical dispersant reference with primary emphasis on birds. References on biodegradation of oil or bioremediation of oil spills have become abundant in recent years; these are classified as Microbes (Oten). Category Primary ID Secondary ID Bird Oone bird Mammal Otwo mammal Fish Othree fish Amphibian OthreeA amphibian Reptile OthreeR reptile Marine Invertebrate Ofour marine invertebrate Freshwater Invertebrate Ofive freshwater invertebrate Marine Plant Osix marine plant Freshwater Plant Oseven freshwater plant General Effect Oeight general effect Technical Onine technical Microbes Oten microbes Miscellaneous Oeleven miscellaneous References only have one primary category identifier; references containing relevant information but present in other primary categories can be retrieved by using the category name (also a keyword) which is used as a secondary category identifier for all references. Examples: (1) Retrieval of all references that have any information about petroleum, dispersants, and mammals will be accomplished with the search combination of "Otwo or ODtwo or mammal" or just the word "mammal". (2) Retrieval of all primary references that have information about petroleum and reptiles will be accomplished with the word "OthreeR "; if just the word "reptile" is used, all references presenting information on reptiles will be included. Retrievals based solely on keywords that are not primary or secondary identifiers are likely to miss relevant references. Consequently, it is recommended that the primary category identifiers and secondary category identifiers (category names) be used to help with your search. In addition to the references in this topical bibliography, the user should consider the following collections of papers and publication series. Except for Item 1, very few of the individual papers are listed in the bibliography. 1. The biennial “Oil spill conference” series has been published since 1973 by the American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. Each conference publication contains many articles on a wide range of topics relevant to worldwide petroleum contamination. 2. Proceedings of the international conferences on “Effects of oil on wildlife” are published by Tri-State Bird Rescue & Research, Inc., Newark, DE, and other wildlife rehabilitation organizations. The first 2 conference proceedings was published in 1982; the 9 th conference will be held in 2007. This series contains articles oriented toward the effects of petroleum on air-breathing vertebrates. 3. 1990. Sea otter symposium: proceedings of a symposium to evaluate the response effort on behalf of sea otters after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill into Prince William Sound, Anchorage, Alaska, 17-19 April 1990. K. Bayha and J. Kormendy (Eds.). Biological. Report. 90(12), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. A collection of 43 reports describing the capture, rehabilitation, and release of sea otters affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William sound, Alaska. 4. 1994. Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez. T.R. Loughlin (Ed.). Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY. Contains 21 chapters. 5. 1995. Exxon Valdez oil spill: fate and effects in Alaskan waters. P.G. Wells, J.N. Butler, and J.S. Hughes (Eds.). STP 1219, American Society for Testing and Materials, Conshohocken, PA. Contains an introduction and 25 papers from a symposium dealing with the fate and effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska. Most of the papers are by scientists employed by Exxon Corporation. 6. 1996. Proceedings of the Exxon Valdez oil spill symposium. S.D. Rice, R.B. Spies, D.A. Wolfe, and B.A. Wright (Eds.). American Fisheries Society Symposium 18, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD. Contains 62 papers from a symposium sponsored by the American Fisheries Society. Most of the papers are by scientists representing Trustees of the natural resources affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 7. 1997. Exxon Valdez oil spill seabird restoration workshop. K.I. Warheit, C.S. Harrison, and G.J. Divoky (Eds.). Pacific Seabird Group, Seattle, WA, 1995. Thirteen chapters describing the results of a workshop on restoration of seabirds affected by the 1989 Alaskan oil spill. The workshop was held in Girdwood, AK; participants wrote all or portions of the chapters. The workshop resulted in policy, research, and specific restoration recommendations. 8. 2000. Bioremediation of contaminated soils. D.L. Wise (Ed.). Environmental science and pollution control series, Vol. 22. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. Contains 12 papers on remediation of soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. 9. 2002. Environmental Forensics 3(3-4). A special issue containing 14 technical papers on the chemical analysis of petroleum, and three introductory articles. 10. 2003. Oil and California's Seabirds Symposium Issue. Marine Ornithology 31(1):1-70. Contains nine papers on the status of oil pollution and seabirds along coastal California. http://www.marineornithology.org/ 11. 2006. Marine Pollution Bulletin 53(5-7). The entire issue (13 articles, one editorial) is devoted to the 2003 Prestige oil spill off the coast of Spain. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aarab, N., C. Minier, S. Lemaire, E. Unruh, P D. Hansen, B. K. Larsen, O K. Andersen, J F. Narbonne, 2004. Biochemical and histological responses in mussel (Mytilus edulis) exposed to North Sea oil and to a mixture of North Sea oil and alkylphenols. Marine Environmental Research 58:437-441. Keywords: abnormalities/ biochemical/ bivalve/ crude oil/ flow-through/ marine invertebrate/ mussel/ North Sea/ North Sea crude oil/ Norway/ Ofour/ oil/ PAH/ protein/ salt water/ tissue Notes: Blue mussels from coastal Norway were exposed to 0.5 ppm North Sea crude oil, with or without a mixture of 0.1 ppm alkylphenols and 0.1 ppm extra PAH (undefined) for 3 weeks in a continuous flow- through system. Removed gonadal tissue at the end of the study; examined for tissue abnormalities and the presence of vitellin and vitellin-like proteins. 3 Abdullah, A. R., N. M. Tahir, L. K. Wei, 1994. Hydrocarbons in seawater and sediment from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53:618-626. Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ Malaysia/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ salt water/ sediment Notes: Samples of seawater (29) from a depth of 1 m and sediments (21) were collected along the west coast of Malayasia. Samples were analyzed for total aromatic hydrocarbons and compared to sites throughout the world. Abdullah, A. R., W. C. Woon, R. A. Bakar, 1996. Distribution of oil and grease and petroleum hydrocarbons in the Straits of Johor Penninsular Malaysia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 57:155-162. Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ crude oil/ Malaysia/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ Singapore Notes: Samples of seawater (31) from a depth of 1 m and sediment (19) were collected from the Straits of Johor between Malaysia and Singapore. Samples were analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons and expressed as chrysene, crude oil, and oil and gas equivalents. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were analyzed for presence but not quantified. Abraham, K. F. 1975. Waterbirds and oil-contaminated ponds at Point Storkersen, Alaska. Iowa State University. M.S. thesis. i-ii-39 leaves. Keywords: Alaska/ bird/ crude oil/ discharges/ effects/ fresh water/ freshwater invertebrate/ general effect/ invertebrate/ macroinvertebrate/ Oeight/ oil/ oil field/ oiled/ petroleum/ physical characteristics/ population/ Prudhoe Bay/ sampling/ sediment/ time/ tundra/ water column Notes: A Master's thesis dealing with an assessment of potential adverse effects of petroleum contamination in the Prudhoe Bay oil field of Alaska. Two years of field work consisting of oiling six tundra ponds, censusing birds, sampling macroinvertebrates in the water column and in the sediment, measuring the physical characteristics and some water chemistry characteristics of all ponds, and comparing the results to those from three reference ponds. Also sampled a pond contaminated by oil well discharges. Abu-Ashour, J., A. B. Shahalam, 2002. Water infiltration through diesel-contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Science and Health A37:1041-1049. Keywords: clay/ concentration/ diesel fuel/ distribution/ miscellaneous/ No.2 fuel oil/ Oeleven/ sand/ soil/ time Notes: Two soil types (clay loam and sand) were used in a laboratory assessment of the movement rates of water through soil columns containing varying proportions of diesel fuel. The diesel fuel proportions were 0, 1, 5, 10, and 15 % of the soil mass. Infiltration time was 3 hr. The diesel concentration distribution in the soil columns also was determined after the 3 hr period. Abu-Hilal, A. H., H. K. Khordagui, 1994. Petroleum hydrocarbons in the nearshore marine sediments of the United Arab Emirates. Environmental Pollution 85:315-319. Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ coast/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ organic carbon/ PAH/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ United Arab Emirates Notes: Sediment samples (46 ) from the coast of the United Arab Emirates were analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total organic carbon. Results were compared to sites throughout the world. Adam, G, H. Duncan, 2003. The effect of diesel fuel on common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) plants. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 25:123-130. Keywords: biomass/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ freshwater plant/ germination/ nitrogen/ Oseven/ plant/ rate/ roots/ ryegrass/ seed/ soil/ species/ time Notes: Seeds of the common vetch and a ryegrass species were planted in soil mixed with diesel fuel at a rate of 0, 5, 10, or 15 g /kg for 4 months. The number of root nodules was determined for the common vetch at 2 months. At 4 months, percent germination, shoot biomas, root biomass, plant height, and percent of diesel fuel remaining in the soil were determined. 4 Adam, G., K. Gamoh, D. G. Morris, H. Duncan, 2002. Effect of alcohol addition on the movement of petroleum hydrocarbon fuels in soil. Science of the Total Environment 286:15-25. Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ diesel/ diesel fuel/ ground water/ hydrocarbons/ leachate/ movement/ No.2 fuel oil/ Onine/ petroleum/ soil/ technical Notes: A soil column was treated with diesel fuel and leached by the continuous addition of distilled water for a period of 5 da. The process was repeated with the addition of 5% ethanol additive. The leached water was analyzed for the concentration of several aromatic hydrocarbons. Adams, G. G., P. L. Klerks, S. E. Belanger, D. Dantin, 1999. The effect of the oil dispersant Omni- Clean R on the toxicity of fuel oil No. 2 in two bioassays with the sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus. Chemosphere 39:2141-2157. Keywords: acute/ bioassay/ concentration/ dispersant/ fish/ fuel oil/ No.2 fuel oil/ ODthree/ oil/ ratio/ salt water/ sheepshead minnow/ static/ toxicity Notes: A series of toxicity tests employing the sheepshead minnow to determine toxicity of the chemical dispersant Omni-Clean. Experimental mixtures were No. 2 fuel oil alone, dispersant alone, and dispersant:oil ratios of 1:10, 1:5, 1:3, 1:2, and 1:1. Concentrations of mixtures were 0, 37.5, 75, 150, 300, and 600 ppm. Performed a 7-da early life stage bioassay (static renewal) and a 96-hr acute bioassay (static without renewal). Adams, N. J., 1994. Patterns and impacts of oiling of African penguins Spheniscus demersus: 1981- 1991. Biological Conservation 68:35-41. Keywords: bird/ distribution/ evaluation/ oiled/ Oone/ penguin/ population/ rehabilitation/ salt water/ seasonal/ size Notes: Evaluation of the oiling of African penguins during the period 1981-91. Information on distribution of penguins, distribution of oiled penguins, annual and seasonal patterns of oiling, frequency and size of oiling events, and an assessment of the consequences of the oiling. Addy, J. M., J. P. Hartley, P. J. C. Tibbetts, 1984. Ecological effects of low toxicity oil-based mud drilling in the Beatrice oilfield. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15:429-436. Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ benthic/ coast/ concentration/ drilling mud/ effects/ evaluation/ general effect/ hydrocarbons/ Oeight/ oil-based/ physical characteristics/ salt water/ sampling/ saturated hydrocarbons/ Scotland/ sediment/ toxicity/ transect/ water-based Notes: An evaluation of the effects of water-based and low-toxicity oil-based drilling muds off the northeast coast of Scotland. Four sampling transects were established radiating outward from the core drilling area; 20 sampling stations were established. Seabed sediments were sampled and analyzed for saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, physical characteristics, the number of benthic taxa, and the number of benthic individuals. Adeniyi, A. A., J. A. Afolabi, 2002. Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in soils within the vicinity of facilities handling refined petroleum products in Lagos metropolis. Environment International 28:79-82. Keywords: concentration/ hydrocarbons/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Nigeria/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ petroleum products/ pollution/ soil Notes: Soil samples were collected from two petroleum fueling stations, two auto mechanics shops, an electric power station, and two non-industrial locations in Nigeria. The soil was analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons (gravimetrically) and metals (AAS). Agard, J. B. R., M. Boodoosingh, J. Gobin, 1988. Petroleum residues in surficial sediments from the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:231-233. Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ coast/ concentration/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ Trinidad Notes: Surface sediments were collected from 80 sites along the west coast of Trinidad and analyzed for concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (aromatic hydrocarbons). Results were plotted as a concentration map along the coast and compared to several international sites. 5 Ahsanullah, M., R. R. C. Edwards, D. G. Kay, D. S. Negilski, 1982. Acute toxicity to the crab Paragrapsus quadridentatus (H. Milne Edwards), of Kuwait light crude oil, BP/AB dispersant, and an oil- dispersant mixture. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33:459-464. Keywords: acute/ Australia/ combination/ crab/ crude oil/ dispersant/ Kuwait/ Kuwait crude oil/ light/ marine invertebrate/ ODfour/ oil/ salt water/ species/ survival/ toxicity Notes: One species of crab exposed to Kuwait crude oil, BP/AB dispersant, or a combination for 96 hr; calculation of 96 hr LC 50s . Ainley, D., C. R. Grau, S. Morrell, T. Roudybush, and J. Dobbs 1978. Reproductive responses of Cassin's auklets to orally administered Bunker C oil and eliminative responses in seabirds. Pages 36-37 in Fourth Annual Meeting, Pacific Seabird Group. Pacific Seabird Group. Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ capsule/ Cassin's auklet/ dosed/ elimination/ female/ fuel oil/ hatching/ numbers/ oil/ Oone/ Pacific/ rate/ reproduction/ salt water/ species/ structure/ western gull Notes: Female Cassin's auklets fed capsules containing 0, 300, or 600 mg Bunker C fuel oil. Comparisons made with undosed controls for laying, hatching, yolk structure, and fledging success. Subsequently dosed small numbers of six species of birds with Bunker C in capsules to determine rates of regurgitation or fecal elimination. Ainley, D. G., C. R. Grau 1978. Influence of petroleum on egg formation and embryonic development in seabirds. Pages 188-198 in D. A. Wolfe, editor. Marine Biological Effects of OCS Petroleum Development: a program review of research supported under the NOAA Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, November 29 - December 1, 1977. NOAA technical memorandum ERL OCSEAP. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado. Keywords: biological effects/ bird/ Bunker C/ capsule/ Cassin's auklet/ development/ effects/ eggs/ ingestion/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ petroleum development/ reproduction/ salt water/ species/ western gull/ review/ technical Notes: Effect of ingested Bunker C oil on reproduction in several species of birds. Ainley, D. G., C. R. Grau, T. E. Roudybush, S. H. Morrell, J. M. Utts, 1981. Petroleum ingestion reduces reproduction in Cassin's auklet. Marine Pollution Bulletin 12:314-317. Keywords: bird/ Bunker C/ capsule/ Cassin's auklet/ crude oil/ eggs/ ingestion/ oil/ Oone/ petroleum/ Prudhoe Bay/ Prudhoe Bay crude oil/ reproduction/ salt water Notes: Effect of ingested Bunker C and Prudhoe Bay crude oil on reproduction in Cassin's auklet. Aisien, F. A., F. K. Hymore, R. O. Ebewele, 2003. Potential application of recycled rubber in oil pollution control. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 85:175-190. Keywords: cleaning/ crude oil/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ particle size/ petroleum/ pollution/ temperature Notes: Used tires, minus the steel threads, were ground up into particles, sorted by particle size, and used in a test of their ability to absorb spilled crude oil. The trials were performed at temperatures varying from 5 to 40 C and lasted 60 min. Aislabie, J., M. Balks, N. Astori, G. Stevenson, R. Symons, 1999. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fuel-oil contaminated soils, Antarctica. Chemosphere 39:2201-2207. Keywords: Antarctica/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ depth/ fresh water/ fuel oil/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ soil Notes: Determination of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil from three locations in Antarctica contaminated with fuel oil; the spilled fuel oil was up to 30 yrs old. Measured 18 aromatic hydrocarbons from two or three soil depths. Aislabie, J. M., M. R. Balks, J. M. Foght, E. J. Waterhouse, 2004. Hydrocarbon spills on Antarctic soils: effects and management. Environmental Science and Technology 38:1265-1274. Keywords: Antarctica/ microbes/ Oten/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ remediation/ review/ soil/ spill Notes: A review of hydrocarbon contamination in Antarctica. Sections on soils, hydrocarbons in soils, 6 effects of hydrocarbons on soil properties and biota, management of polluted sites, and gaps in current knowledge. Akaishi, F. M., H. C. Silva de Assis, S. C. G. Jakobi, D. R. Eiras-Stofella, S. D. St-Jean, S. C. Courtenay, E. F. Lima, A. L. R. Wagener, A. L. Scofield, C. A. Oliveira Ribeiro, 2004. Morphological and neurotoxicological findings in tropical freshwater fish (Astyanax sp.) after waterborne and acute exposure to water soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 46:244-253. Keywords: activity/ acute/ assay/ crude oil/ fish/ fresh water/ gill/ liver/ muscle/ oil/ Othree/ static/ tissue/ total hydrocarbons Notes: Water-soluble fractions (WSF; 15, 33, 50 %) of crude oil were used in a static laboratory assay lasting for 96 hrs. Fish were collected at 12, 24, and 96 hrs of exposure. Removed liver and gill tissue for histopathological assessment and muscle tissue for acetylcholinesterase activity. The WSF was measured for total hydrocarbons. Akintonwa, A., A. G. Ebere, 1990. Toxicity of Nigerian crude oil and chemical dispersants to Barbus Sp. and Clarias Sp. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 45:729-733. Keywords: crude oil/ dispersant/ effects/ eggs/ fingerling/ fish/ fresh water/ Nigeria/ Nigerian crude oil/ ODthree/ oil/ species/ toxicity Notes: Effects on fingerlings and eggs of two species of fish from experimental exposure to local Nigerian crude oil and two chemical dispersants. Al-Abdali, F., M. S. Massoud, A. N. Al-Ghadban, 1996. Bottom sediments of the Arabian Gulf III. Trace metal contents as indicators of pollution and implications for the effect and fate of the Kuwait oil slick. Environmental Pollution 93:285-301. Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ crude oil/ fate/ Gulf oil spill/ indicator/ Kuwait/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil slick/ pollution/ sediment Notes: Trace metals in sediments of the Arabian Gulf as an indicator of oil pollution. Al-Ghadban, A. N., P. G. Jacob, F. Abdali, 1994. Total organic carbon in the sediments of the Arabian Gulf and need for biological productivity investigations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 28:356-362. Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ carbon/ grain/ hydrocarbons/ inorganic/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ organic/ organic carbon/ productivity/ salt water/ sediment/ size/ total hydrocarbons Notes: Surface sediment samples from 78 sites in the Arabian Gulf were sampled and analyzed for grain size, total hydrocarbons, and inorganic and organic hydrocarbons. Al-Hadhrami, M. N., H. M. Lappin-Scott, P. J. Fisher, 1996. Effects of the addition of organic carbon sources on bacterial respiration and n-alkane biodegradation of Omani crude oil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32:351-357. Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ carbon/ composition/ Corexit 9130/ Corexit 9527/ crude oil/ degradation/ effects/ fertilizer/ hydrocarbons/ microbes/ molasses/ ODten/ oil/ organic/ organic carbon/ respiration/ salt water/ sources/ species Notes: Biodegradation of Omani crude oil by one bacterium or a mixture of eight species of bacteria after addition of fertilizer, cane sugar molasses, Corexit 9527, or Corexit 9130. Measured respiration during degradation and hydrocarbon composition after 16 to 30 hr. Al-Hadhrami, M. N., H. M. Lappin-Scott, P. J. Fisher, 1997. Studies on the biodegradation of three groups of pure n-alkanes in the presence of molasses and mineral fertilizer by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:969-974. Keywords: alkane/ bacteria/ biodegradation/ degradation/ evaluation/ fertilizer/ microbes/ molasses/ Oten/ species Notes: Laboratory evaluation of the influence of molasses and mineral fertilizer on the degradation of pure alkanes by a species of bacteria. Al-Hasan, R. H., D. A. Al-Bader, N. A. Sorkhoh, S. S. Radwan, 1998. Evidence for n-alkane consumption and oxidation by filamentous cyanobacteria from oil-contaminated coasts of the Arabian 7 Gulf. Marine Biology 130:521-527. Keywords: alkane/ Arabian Gulf/ bacteria/ coast/ consumption/ evaluation/ incubation/ microbes/ Oten/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ reduction/ salt water/ species Notes: Laboratory evaluation of the ability of two species of cyanobacteria from the Arabian Gulf to consume and oxidize n-alkanes. The contribution of associated organotrophic bacteria to the overall reduction of n-alkanes was assessed and compared to that of the cyanobacteria. Incubation periods of up to 7 da were utilized. Al-Hassan, J. M., M. Afzal, C. V. N. Rao, S. Fayad, 2000. Time-related increase of hydrocarbons in barnacles in the north-western waters of the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 65:646-653. Keywords: alkane/ Arabian Gulf/ barnacle/ hydrocarbons/ marine invertebrate/ Ofour/ PAH/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ species/ time Notes: Two species of barnacles were collected during 1996-99 from five locations in the northwestern part of the Gulf. Samples were analyzed for alkanes and PAHs. Authors compare results between years and infer temporal changes over the 3-yr collection period (two locations only); and provide causal explanations for some sites based on recent events in the Gulf. Al-Hassan, J. M., M. Afzal, C. V. N. Rao, S. Fayad, 2000. Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in sharks in the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 65:391-398. Keywords: alkane/ analysis/ Arabian Gulf/ fish/ gill/ liver/ muscle/ Othree/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ salt water/ shark/ tissue Notes: Twelve sharks, including three newly born and one unborn, were collected at various locations in the Arabian Gulf and the gills, liver, and muscle tissue were removed for petroleum analysis. All sharks were analyzed for 15 PAHs and seven sharks were analyzed for 18 alkanes. Al-Hassan, J. M., M. Afzal, V. N. R. Chava, S. Fayad, 2001. Hydrocarbon pollution in the Arabian Gulf catfish (Arius bilineatus Val.). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 66:646-652. Keywords: alkane/ Arabian Gulf/ catfish/ concentration/ fish/ gill/ liver/ muscle/ Othree/ PAH/ pollution/ salt water/ tissue Notes: Arabian Gulf catfish were collected from seven sites in the northwestern part of the Gulf during 1997 and 1999. Liver, gills, and muscle were analyzed for alkane and PAH concentrations. [Tables 1 & 2 have a summed total for the concentrations of the three tissue types (makes no sense) as well as totals for all analytes within each tissue]. Al-Hassan, J. M., M. Afzal, C. V. N. Rao, S. Fayad, 2003. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs) in edible fish from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 70:205-212. Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ fish/ gill/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ liver/ marine invertebrate/ muscle/ offshore/ Othree/ PAH/ salt water/ shrimp/ species/ tissue Notes: Eleven species of fish and a species of shrimp were collected from three areas in offshore Kuwait and a Kuwaiti fish market. Tissues (liver, muscle, gills) were analyzed for 14 PAHs and 20 alkanes. Al-Hubail, J., K. El-Dash, 2006. Managing disposal of water produced with petroleum in Kuwait. Journal of Environmental Management 79:43-50. Keywords: cost/ effluent/ injection/ Kuwait/ methods/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil field/ petroleum/ pollution/ pressure/ produced water/ rate/ water Notes: A questionnaire was sent to petroleum field managers requesting them to rate four methods of produced water disposal (seepage pits, sealed pits, underground effluent injection, underground injection to recover reservoir pressure). Ratings were based on a sliding scale of 1-5 for categories of cost, pollution, and efficiency. Al-Lihaibi, S. S., L. Al-Omran, 1996. Petroleum hydrocarbons in offshore sediments from the Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32:65-69. Keywords: analysis/ Arabian Gulf/ carbon/ grain/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ offshore/ organic/ organic carbon/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ region/ salt water/ sampling/ sediment/ size/ 8 transect Notes: Surface sediments were collected from five transects containing 21 sampling sites in the Arabian Gulf and analyzed for grain size, organic carbon, and total petroleum hydrocarbons. Results were compared with similar studies in the Gulf region. Al-Lihaibi, S. S., S. J. Ghazi, 1997. Hydrocarbon distributions in sediments of the open area of the Arabian Gulf following the 1991 Gulf War oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:941-948. Keywords: analysis/ Arabian Gulf/ distribution/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil spill/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ spill/ survey/ total hydrocarbons/ war Notes: Survey of petroleum hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of the off shore portions of the central Arabian Gulf. Measured total hydrocarbons and performed detailed analysis of the saturated hydrocarbons. Al-Saad, H., 1987. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in surficial sediments from Shatt Al-Arab River and the north-west region of the Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:248-251. Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ carbon/ distribution/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ organic/ organic carbon/ PAH/ region/ river/ salt water/ sediment Notes: Surface sediments from 29 sites in the northwest Arabian Gulf and the Shatt Al Arab River were collected and analyzed for nine PAHs and total organic carbon. Al-Saad, H. T., A. Ak.Al-Timari, 1993. Seasonal variations of dissolved normal alkanes in the water marshes of Iraq. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:207-212. Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ alkane/ concentration/ dissolved/ distribution/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ Iraq/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ seasonal/ sources Notes: An assessment of the distribution and seasonal variation of n-alkanes (C13-C34 plus squalene, pristane and phytane) in the marshes of southern Iraq. Water samples were collected from seven locations during the winter, spring, and summer of 1987. Results were interpreted in terms of the likely sources of these hydrocarbons. Al-Saad, H. T., A. Ak.Al-Timari, 1993. Sources of hydrocarbons and fatty acids in sediment from Hor Al- Hammar marsh, Shatt Al-Arab, and north-west Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26:559-564. Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ Arabian Gulf/ concentration/ fatty acids/ fresh water/ hydrocarbons/ Iraq/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ origin/ salt water/ sediment/ sources Notes: An assessment of n-alkanes in sediments of the lower Hor Al-Hammar marsh, the Shat Al-Arab River, and two locations in the northern end of the Arabian Gulf. The four locations were sampled during 1988-89 and analyzed for n-alkanes (C11-C36 plus squalene, phytane, and pristane) and a range of fatty acids (C6-C36). Results were interpreted in terms of the likely origin of the hydrocarbons and fatty acids. Al-Saad, H. T., S. M. Shamshoom, J. K. Abaychi, 1998. Seasonal distribution of dissolved and particulate hydrocarbons in Shatt Al-Arab estuary and the north-west Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:850-855. Keywords: analysis/ Arabian Gulf/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ dissolved/ distribution/ estuary/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ particulate/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sampling/ seasonal/ time Notes: Water was sampled at seven locations in the Shatt Al-Arab estuary and the north-west portion of the Arabian Gulf and analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons (aromatics via UVF analysis) in the dissolved and particulate phases. Sampling conducted five times between June 1993 and July 1994. Al-Saleh, E. S, C. Obuekwe, 2005. Inhibition of hydrocarbon bioremediation by lead in a crude oil- contaminated soil. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 56:1-7. Keywords: activity/ bacteria/ bioremediation/ concentration/ crude oil/ degradation/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ lead/ metals/ microbes/ mineralization/ naphthalene/ nitrate/ oil/ Oten/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ soil/ war Notes: Soil from petroleum-contaminated and uncontaminated areas in Kuwait were used in an assessment of the effect of lead on the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Determined the amount 9 of lead and lead-tolerant bacteria capable of degrading naphthalene, hexadecane, and overall crude oil in the soils. Added lead nitrate (0, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/g) to clean soil and cultured each concentration for 14 da in the presence of either naphthalene, hexadecane, or crude oil. Measured total residual hydrocarbons at study termination. Determined effect of lead on hydrocarbon mineralization and dehydrogenase activity in the naphthalene and hexadecane soils. Al-Sarawi, M., M. S. Massoud, S. A. Wahba, 1998. Physical properties as indicators of oil penetration in soils contaminated with oil lakes in the greater Burgan oil fields, Kuwait. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 102:1-15. Keywords: crude oil/ indicator/ Kuwait/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil field/ oil lakes/ soil/ soil profile Notes: Eight soil profiles were dug in oil contaminated and oil-free portions of the Burgan oil fields of Kuwait. Sixty soil samples were taken from the profiles and analyzed for soil characteristics. Al-Sarawi, M., M. S. Massoud, F. Al-Abdali, 1998. Preliminary assessment of oil contamination levels in soils contaminated with oil lakes in the Greater Burgan oil fields, Kuwait. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 106:493-504. Keywords: carbon/ crude oil/ hydrocarbons/ Kuwait/ metals/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil field/ oil lakes/ organic/ organic carbon/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ region/ soil/ soil profile Notes: Assessment of the extent of petroleum contamination in the soils of the Southen Oil Lakes region of Kuwait. Two sites sampled and analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons, total organic carbon, and trace metals. Oil penetration through soil profiles measured also. Al-Senafy, M. N., M. N. Viswanathan, Y. Senay, A. Sumait , 1997. Soil contamination from oil lakes in northern Kuwait. Journal of Soil Contamination 6:481-494. Keywords: depth/ fresh water/ ground water/ Kuwait/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ oil/ oil lakes/ petroleum/ soil/ war Notes: An assessment of the petroleum contamination of soil in northern Kuwait that resulted from the 1991 Gulf War. Soil was sampled in 1992 and 1995 at surface, 4 m, and 10 m depths. Much concern about oil penetration to the important subsurface freshwater lenses. Al-Thukair, A. A., K. Al-Hinai, 1993. Preliminary damage assessment of algal mats sites located in the western Gulf following the 1991 oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:229-238. Keywords: algae/ Arabian Gulf/ damage assessment/ estimate/ Gulf oil spill/ marine plant/ oil/ oil spill/ Osix/ salt water/ spill/ war Notes: Algal mats in the western portion of the Arabian Gulf were surveyed prior to (1990) and after (1991) the Gulf War. Satellite images were used to locate the mats and estimate damage. Six major sites were visited for sample collection in 1992. Al-Thukair, A. A., 2002. Effect of oil pollution on euendolithic cyanobacteria of the Arabian Gulf. Environmental Microbiology 4:125-129. Keywords: Arabian Gulf/ bacteria/ coast/ community/ crude oil/ depth/ microbes/ oil/ oil spill/ Oten/ pollution/ population/ salt water/ Saudi Arabia/ species/ spill/ survey/ war Notes: A survey of the presence of euendolithic (boring) cyanobacteria in the Arabian Gulf. Sample of ooids (spherical calcium carbonate nodules) were collected in 1989 and 1992 at three depths from four locations along the Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia and examined for the presence of bore holes and live bacteria. Identified the species of bacteria and focused on six common species. Results were compared between years and the changes attributed to the Gulf War oil spill of 1991. Al-Wadae, A. E. J., E. Raveendran, 1993. Determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment, fish and air following the Gulf crisis in 1991. Environmental Technology 14:673-679. Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ Bahrain/ concentration/ fish/ hydrocarbons/ Othree/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ salt water/ sediment/ war Notes: Concentration of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in fish caught in the waters around Bahrain in 1991, shortly after the Gulf War ended. 10 [...]... 1995 Petroleum and chlorinated hydrocarbons in water from Lake Manzala and associated canals Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 55:258-263 Keywords: aliphatic hydrocarbons/ analysis/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ Egypt/ hydrocarbons/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ salt water/ survey/ total hydrocarbons Notes: A survey of petroleum hydrocarbon and organochlorine concentrations... inhibited, methanogenesis inhibited, and made abiotic with formaldehyde Measured CO2 production, nitrate and phosphate concentration, and methane production Atagana, H I., R J Haynes, F M Wallis, 2003 Optimization of soil physical and chemical conditions for the bioremediation of creosote-contaminated soil Biodegradation 14:297-307 Keywords: bioremediation/ combination/ concentration/ condition/ creosote/... crude oil and two distillation fractions of the crude oil Chemically dispersed and water soluble fractions of each were used in the exposure trials Anderson, R D 1975 Petroleum hydrocarbons and oyster resources of Galveston Bay, Texas Pages 541-548 in 1975 Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC Keywords: accumulation/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ bivalve/... the bioremediation of petroleum from oil spills Sections on general microbial degradation, rates of petroleum degradation, bioremediation of contaminated soil and groundwater, and bioremediation of oil in the marine environment Atlas, R M., 1995 Petroleum biodegradation and oil spill bioremediation Marine Pollution Bulletin 31:178-182 Keywords: biodegradation/ bioremediation/ degradation/ microbes/ oil/... invertebrate/ marine plant/ microbes/ miscellaneous/ Oeight/ PAH/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant/ reptile/ salt water/ sources/ treatment Notes: A general treatment of petroleum and PAHs including presentations on composition and characteristics, sources, environmental fate, and effects on plants, invertebrates, fish, reptiles and amphibians, birds, and mammals Albers, P H 2003 Petroleum and individual... with either of two concentrations of Alaskan crude oil, placed in pots, and replaced in the creek sediment Pots were removed after 4, 8, and 16 wks Measured ethylene (nitrogen fixation), methane, and carbon dioxide production rates, phosphatase concentrations, and glucose mineralization Baker, J M., 1978 Marine ecology and oil pollution Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 50:442-449 Keywords:... miscellaneous/ monitoring/ Oeleven/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ pollution/ region/ salt water/ tar ball Notes: A petroleum pollution monitoring project focused on the Caribbean region was initiated in 1979 Three types of measurement include tar on beaches, floating tar, and total dissolved and dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons in surface water Augenfeld, J M., J W Anderson, D L Woodruff, J L Webster,... discharges/ distribution/ hydrocarbons/ mangrove/ miscellaneous/ Oeleven/ origin/ salt water/ saturated hydrocarbons/ sediment/ urban Notes: Assessment of aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of two lagoons on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe; one lagoon receives river drainage from an agricultural area and the other receives discharges and runoff from industry, urban areas, and shipping... body condition index Anderson, J W., S L Kiesser, J W Blaylock, 1980 The cumulative effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine crustaceans during constant exposure Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 179:62-70 Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons/ concentration/ crude oil/ crustacean/ experiment/ hydrocarbons/ index/ marine invertebrate/ monoaromatic/... Oten/ petroleum/ salt water/ spill Notes: A lucid and uncomplicated assessment and description of natural and enhanced biodegradation of spilled petroleum Sections on basic petroleum degradation, biodegradation after oil spills, and efforts to enhance biodegradation at spill sites 21 Atlas, R M., C E Cerniglia, 1995 Bioremediation of petroelum pollutants BioScience 45:332-338 Keywords: bioremediation/ . 1975 Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. Keywords: accumulation/ aromatic hydrocarbons/. diverse as analytical chemistry, chemical fate, oil spill prevention and response, mitigation and restoration, economic and social analysis, and biological