Optimisation of Artemia biomass production in salt ponds in Vietnam and use as feed ingredient in local aquaculture Nguyen Thi Ngoc Anh Promoter: Prof. Dr. Patrick Sorgeloos Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Co-promoter: Dr. Nguyen Van Hoa College of Aquaculture & Fisheries, Can Tho University, Vietnam Dean: Prof. Dr. ir. Guido Van Huylenbroeck Rector: Prof. Dr. Paul Van Cauwenberge Examination Committee and Reading Committee (*): Prof. Dr. ir. Jacques Viaene (Chairman) Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University. Jacques.Viaene@UGent.be Prof. Dr. Peter Goethals (Secretary) Department of Applied ecology and environmental biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University. peter.goethals@ugent.be Prof. Dr. Patrick Sorgeloos (Promoter), Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University), patrick.sorgeloos@ugent.be Prof. Dr. ir. Peter Bossier (Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University), peter.bossier@ugent.be *Dr. Nguyen Van Hoa (Co-promoter), College of Aquaculture & Fisheries, Can Tho University, Vietnam. nvhoa@ctu.edu.vn *Prof. dr. Johan Mertens (Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University) johan.mertens@ugent.be *Prof. Dr. Josse De Baerdemaeker (Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery & Processing, Department of Agro-Engineering and Economics, Katholic University of Leuven). josse.debaerdemaeker@biw.kuleuven.be *Dr. Roeland Wouters (INVE Technologies, Belgium), r.wouters@inve.be Nguyen Thi Ngoc Anh Optimisation of Artemia biomass production in salt ponds in Vietnam and use as feed ingredient in local aquaculture Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences Dutch translation of the title: Optimalisatie van Artemia biomassa productie in zoutpannes in Vietnam and gebruik als voeder-ingredient in lokale aquacultuur To cite this work: Anh, N.T.N. (2009) Optimisation of Artemia biomass production in salt ponds in Vietnam and use as feed ingredient in local aquaculture. PhD thesis, Ghent University, Belgium. The author and the promoters give the authorisation to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. ISBN 978-90-5989-308-5 This study was funded by Vietnamese government, PhD scholarship of the Vietnamese Overseas Scholarship Program (322 project), and the CWO scholarship of the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium. Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my promoter, Prof. dr. Patrick Sorgeloos for giving me the opportunity to study at Ghent University. His scientific orientation, encouragement, and support during my four year study, especially his patience in correcting the papers and final thesis drafts during his already busy time. Special thank to my co-promoter Dr. Nguyen Van Hoa (Can Tho University, Vietnam) for his scientific guidance, encouragement and experience on Artemia research. My sincere thanks go to my supervisors Dr. Gilbert Van Stappen and Mathieu Wille for their devoted and thoughtful revision and recommendations in the preparation and completion of all chapters of the thesis. I sincerely thank Prof. Dr. Josse De Baerdemaeker (Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium), Nguyen Thuan Nhi (College of Technology, Can Tho University) for giving me the basic knowledge and critical suggestions in the design of the experimental solar drier, and Dr. Vu Quang Thanh for instruction in indoor drying techniques and allowing me to utilize the drying machines and equipment, and Phan Thanh Dung for his help during the drying experiment in the College of Technology, Can Tho University. I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Truong Quoc Phu, Dr. Tran Thi Thanh Hien, Dr. Vu Ngoc Ut and Duong Thuy Yen (College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University) for their proper suggestions on experimental designs, feed formulation and for providing me with facilities and space to perform the feeding trials. I am greatly indebted to Peter Baert for his valuable recommendations with data-processing on the Artemia experiments and also willing to help me whenever needed. I am especially thankful to the members of the examination and reading committee, Prof. Dr. ir. Jacques Viaene; Prof. Dr. Patrick Sorgeloos, Prof. Dr. ir. Peter Bossier, Prof. Dr. Johan Mertens, Prof. Dr. Peter Goethals (Ghent University), Prof. Dr. Josse De Baerdemaeker (Catholic University of Leuven), Dr. Nguyen Van Hoa (Can Tho University) and Dr. Roeland Wouters (INVE Technologies NV, Belgium) for their critical reviews and extremely valuable suggestions to improve this thesis. My warmest thanks go to Magda Vanhooren, who kindly helped me whenever needed. I am greatly indebted to Geert Van de Wiele and Anita De Haese for HUFA and proximate composition analyses of the Artemia samples. I deeply thank the staff of ARC: Dorina Tack, Alex Pieters, Marc Verschraeghen, Jean Dhont, Bart Van Delsen, Kristof Dierckens, Marijke Van Speybroeck, Christ Mahieu, Sebastiaan Vanopstal, Brigitte Van Moffaert, Tom Baelemans, Jorg De Smyter, for their help with administrative matters. Special acknowledgements are due to Prof. Dr. Nguyen Anh Tuan, the rector of Can Tho University and Prof. Dr. Nguyen Thanh Phuong, the dean of the College of Aquaculture & Fisheries, for allowing me to study abroad. Many thanks to Dr. Duong Nhut Long, Dr. Nguyen Van Kiem, Dr. Tran Ngoc Hai and Dr. Ngo Thi Thu Thao from the College of Aquaculture & Fisheries for their support and providing me enough free time to accomplish this thesis. I owe special thanks to my colleagues Huynh Thanh Toi for his endless kindness and all his help in Ghent and in Vietnam, Nguyen Thi Hong Van for her provision of scientific journals, encouragement and supporting experimental equipment, Tran Huu Le and Le Van Thong for helping me with filtering chlorophyll a samples, transporting water samples to Can Tho for analysis and biomass collection. I greatly appreciate Le Van Nhieu, Phan Thanh Phuoc, Giang Van Nghiep, Giang Van Hay, Nguyen Duyen Hai, Nguyen Thi Phuong, Tran Thi Yen who have been devoted hard workers in Bac Lieu salt works and for their enthusiasm and efficient support during my field study in Vinh Hau station, Bac Lieu province. Many thanks to my PhD colleagues: El-Magsodi Mohamed, Natrah Ikhsan, Kartik Sri Barua, Gunasekara Asanka, Dang To Van Cam, Le Hong Phuoc, Dinh The Nhan, Nguyen Duy Hoa, Nhu Van Can, Ho Manh Tuan and others for their encouragement and support during my study in Ghent. To all Vietnamese students in Ghent, I thank you for your moral support during my stays in Ghent. I would like to express my warmest feelings to all my friends and my colleagues in various institutions and universities, Can Tho University and College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, who always were concerned about my PhD completion. I am very grateful to the Ministry of Education & Training, Vietnamese Government for providing me with a scholarship to pursue my PhD study and the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium through the CWO scholarship for the defence of this thesis. My great gratefulness goes to my grandmother, my aunts, my brothers and sisters who always encouraged me to finish my PhD, especially my mother who always gave me all physical and moral support, but unfortunately does not live anymore. I wish to dedicate this thesis to my husband Phan Huu Tam, who has sacrificed a lot during my four years intensive study. This thesis is a present for him. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 General introduction 1 Chapter 2 Literature review 7 Chapter 3 Culture of Artemia biomass Section I Effect of partial harvesting strategies on Artemia biomass production in salt works 31 Section II Effect of different food supplements on proximate compositions and Artemia biomass production in salt works 47 Secttion III Effect of different ratios of N:P on primary productivity: its combination with feeding strategies for Artemia biomass production in salt ponds 69 Chapter 4 Drying Artemia biomass Section I Total lipid and fatty acid contents of Artemia biomass dried using different drying techniques 109 Section II Effect of solar drying on lipid and fatty acid composition of dried Artemia biomass 117 Chapter 5 Application of Artemia biomass for target aquaculture species Section I Formulated feeds containing fresh or dried Artemia biomass as live food supplement for larval rearing of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon 151 Section II Effect of fishmeal replacement with Artemia biomass as protein source in practical diets for the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii 141 Section III Effect of different forms of Artemia biomass as a food source on survival, molting and growth rate of mud crab, Scylla paramamosain 157 Section IV Substituting fishmeal with Artemia meal in diets for goby Pseudapocryptes elongatus: effects on survival, growth and feed utilization 173 Chapter 6 General discussion and conclusions 207 Chapter 7 References 216 Summary/Samenvatting 239 Curriculum vitae 247 ii List of abbreviations Σ Total °C Degree Cencius ANOVA Analysis of variance AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists APHA American Public Health Association ARA Arachidonic acid BHT Butylated hydroxytoluene C:N C-to-N ratio C1 First crab stage Ca Calcium CF Commercial feed cm Centimeter CMI Cumulative mortality index DA Dried Artemia DHA Docosahexaenoic acid DIN Dissolved inorganic nitrogen DRP Dissolved reactive phosphorus DW Dry weight EFA Essential fatty acid EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid FA Fresh/frozen Artemia FAME Fatty acid methyl easters FAO Food and agriculture organization FFA Free fatty acid FM Fish meal g Gram GW Green water h Hour HA Hot air HUFA Highly unsaturated fatty acid L Liter [...]... general principles of Artemia biomass pond production in this area, and its various applications in local aquaculture It also provides a summary of drying methods currently used in food and feed processing technology Chapter 3 (Culture of Artemia biomass) describes the experimental work aiming to optimize Artemia biomass production in salt ponds This chapter consists of three parts: - Effect of partial... partial harvesting strategies on Artemia biomass production in salt works (Section I) - Effect of different food supplements on proximate compositions and Artemia biomass production in salt works (Section II) - Effect of different ratios of N:P on primary productivity: its combination with feeding strategies for Artemia biomass production in salt ponds (Section III) Chapter 4 (Drying Artemia biomass) describes... an increasing trend with the amount of biomass feeding Moreover, the two forms of processed Artemia biomass, frozen and ensiled, which were tested in nutritional bioassays with various aquatic species, only frozen Artemia biomass showed an intermediate potential for application According to recent researches, live Artemia biomass can be used as a feed for nursing mud crabs Scylla paramamosain from instar... water and marine areas In parallel, applied research, education and training activities have been developed to meet the need for the sustainable and effective development of the fisheries sector, particularly in aquaculture during the period 20052010 2 Trends in the use of fishmeal in Vietnam Since aquaculture is developing rapidly in Vietnam, the future demand for fish meal (FM) as an ingredient in aquafeeds... Chapter 5 (Application of Artemia biomass for some target aquaculture species) evaluates the potential uses of different Artemia biomass preparations as feeds in the larviculture and nursery phases of the important cultured species in the Mekong delta It contains four parts - Formulated feeds containing fresh or dried Artemia biomass as live food supplement for larval rearing of black tiger shrimp,... (Final report of Ministry of Fisheries (MoFI) and World Bank, 2005) In 2006, the total area of water surface used for aquaculture in Vietnam was 1,050 thousand ha, which represents a 64% increase over the 641.9 thousand ha used in 2000 A variety of species are cultivated in these waters, but shrimp and catfish are by far the most prevalent Total aquatic production increased almost 7% in 2006, while aquaculture. .. shrimp in the local market in Vietnam 19 Chapter 2 6 History of Artemia study in Vietnam 6.1 Geographic areas of field study The area of Vinh Hau salt works, is situated at latitude of 9o38'9"N and longitude of 105o51'45"E and belongs to Bac Lieu province, South of Vietnam (Figure 3) Field study Figure 3 Location of the study area in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam Similar to other coastal areas in the... performance and larval quality (Babu et al., 2008) In Vietnam, previous investigation on the nutritional value of different forms of Artemia biomass was reported by Brands et al (1995), live Artemia biomass can be used as a complete replacement of trash fish (fresh or cooked) for nursing of penaeid postlarvae Although the survival did not show any relation with the amount of biomass feeding, growth of nursed... generated from Asian countries, with China and Vietnam ranking as the first and third global producers Among the top ten Asian producers, Vietnam experienced the fastest growth between 1985 and 2005, which has raised concerns among several stakeholders concerning the sustainability of the aquaculture sector in Vietnam (Corsin, 2007) Vietnam has great potential for aquaculture development including marine, brackish... biomass) describes tests aiming to work out a simple and cheap drying method for Artemia biomass, resulting in a product with appropriate quality for use in aquafeeds It comprises two parts: - Total lipid and fatty acid contents of Artemia biomass dried using different drying techniques (Section I) - Effect of solar drying on lipid and fatty acid composition of dried Artemia biomass (Section II) 4 Chapter . Optimisation of Artemia biomass production in salt ponds in Vietnam and use as feed ingredient in local aquaculture Nguyen. biomass production in salt ponds in Vietnam and use as feed ingredient in local aquaculture Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements