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AWS d11 (WELDING CODE)
AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2002 An American National Standard Structural Welding Code— Steel COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services Menu 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126 AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2002 An American National Standard Approved by American National Standards Institute August 31, 2001 Structural Welding Code— Steel 18th Edition Supersedes AWS D1.1:2000 Prepared by AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding Under the Direction of AWS Technical Activities Committee Approved by AWS Board of Directors Abstract This code covers the welding requirements for any type of welded structure made from the commonly used carbon and low-alloy constructional steels. Sections 1 through 8 constitute a body of rules for the regulation of welding in steel construction. There are twelve mandatory and fifteen nonmandatory annexes in this code. A Commentary of the code is included with the document. Key Words — Allowable stress, cyclically loaded structures, structural details, statically loaded structures, steel welding, stud welding, tubular structures, welded joint details, welded steel structures COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services Menu Statement on Use of AWS American National Standards All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American Welding Society are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the American National Standards Institute. When AWS standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties. International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-659-3 American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 © 2002 by American Welding Society. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards. AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe- cial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this standard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition. Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of any patent resulting from the use or reliance on this standard. Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so. On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly (errata). Such errata, when discovered, are shown on the American Welding Society web page (www.aws.org) under “Technical” in the Departments column. Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in writ- ing, to the Managing Director Technical Services, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex F). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpre- tations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding. It must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, it must be either reapproved or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committee’s response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400; online: http://www.copyright.com. COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services Menu iii *Advisor Personnel AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding D. L. McQuaid, Chair D. L. McQuaid and Associates D. D. Rager, Vice Chair Rager Consulting, Inc. D. K. Miller, Vice Chair The Lincoln Electric Co. A. W. Sindel, Vice Chair Sindel and Associates H. H. Campbell III, Secretary American Welding Society *W. G. Alexander Consultant N. B. Altebrando Hardesty and Hanover A. Anderson Alcotec Wire Co. F. G. Armao The Lincoln Electric Co. R. E. Avery Nickel Development Institute D. K. Baird Argonne National Laboratory E. M. Beck Law Engineering and Environmental Services, Inc. *F. R. Beckmann Consultant R. M. Bent Bent Engineering E. L. Bickford J. Ray McDermott, Inc. R. D. Block Diamond Power International, Inc. *O. W. Blodgett The Lincoln Electric Co. R. Bonneau Canadian Welding Bureau F. C. Breismeister Bechtel Corp. C. R. Briden Consultant B. M. Butler Walt Disney World Co. *S. Camo Weidlinger Associates, Inc. J. J. Cecilio Consultant H. A. Chambers TRW Nelson Stud Welding Division C. B. Champney TRW Nelson Stud Welding Division L. E. Collins Team Industries, Inc. S. Cook Michigan Department of Transportation R. B. Corbit Amer Gen S. L. Cotham Quality Engineering and Inspection M. V. Davis Consultant D. A. DelSignore Sr. Metallurgical and Welding Engineer R. A. Dennis Consultant *P. B. Dickerson Consultant W. Doukas Maine Department of Transportation *J. D. Duncan Bechtel Corp. J. L. Ellerman Wyoming Department of Transportation *G. L. Fox Consultant *A. R. Fronduti Rex Fronduti & Associates R. D. Fry Georgia Department of Transportation R. S. Funderburk The Lincoln Electric Co. J. A. Grewe Omaha Public Power District M. A. Grieco Massachusetts Highway Department D. P. Gustafson Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute R. Hamburger EQE International, Inc. COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services Menu iv AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding (Continued) M. J. Harker Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratories E. Hartwell Consultant C. W. Hayes The Lincoln Electric Co. C. R. Hess High Steel Structures, Inc. G. J. Hill G. J. Hill and Associates, Inc. M. L. Hoitomt Consultant E. R. Holby IFR Engineering C. W. Holmes Modjeski and Masters, Inc. W. Jaxa-Rozen Bombardier Transportation M. J. Jordan Bergen Southwest Steel A. J. Julicher A. J. Julicher and Associates S. Kern Tru-Weld Division TFP Corp. J. H. Kiefer Conoco, Inc. J. R. Kissell The TGB Partnership L. A. Kloiber LeJeune Steel Co. S. W. Kopp High Steel Structures J. E. Koski Stud Welding Products, Inc. *R. M. Kotan Omaha Public Power District D. J. Kotecki The Lincoln Electric Co. V. Kuruvilla Havens Steel Co. K. Landwehr Schuff Steel Co. D. R. Lawrence II Butler Manufacturing D. L. Long PDM Strocal, Inc. D. R. Luciani Canadian Welding Bureau H. W. Ludewig Caterpillar, Inc. *S. Mahin Earthquake Engineering Research Center J. Malley Degenkolb Engineers P. W. Marshall MHP Systems Engineering D. M. Marudas Morrison Knudsen Corp. M. J. Mayes Mayes Testing Engineers, Inc. J. W. McGrew Babcock & Wilcox R. D. Medlock Texas Department of Transportation J. K. Merrill Law Engineering and Environmental Services, Inc. J. K. Mieske PDM Bridge W. A. Milek, Jr. Consultant R. W. Miller State of Alaska Department of Transportation R. C. Minor Hapco Aluminum Poles J. L. Munnerlyn Consultant J. E. Myers SMI Owen Steel Co., Inc. C. K. Nicholson Law Engineering and Environmental Services, Inc. T. Niemann Minnesota Department of Transportation J. C. Nordby Consumers Energy T. Omura Kawada Industries J. A. Packer University of Toronto, Canada F. J. Pa lme r Steel Tube Institute C. C. Pease C P Metallurgical *T. Pekoz Cornell University D. C. Phillips ITW-Hobart Brothers Co. R. Pietrowski Pietrowski and Associates C. W. Pinkham S. B. Barnes and Associates *Advisor COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services Menu v AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding (Continued) J. W. Post J. W. Post and Associates, Inc. D. Rees-Evans Nucor-Yamato Steel J. E. Roth James E. Roth, Inc. *W. W. Sanders, Jr. Iowa State University T. Schlafly American Institute of Steel Construction D. R. Scott Scott Associates L. Seum Sheedy Drayage Co. D. Shapira LGT Limited (Morrison-Knudsen) J. G. Shaw Mountain Enterprises, Inc. R. E. Shaw, Jr. Steel Structures Technology Center, Inc. *D. L. Sprow Consultant R. W. Stieve Greenman-Pederson, Inc. R. G. Stobaugh Carolina Steel Corp. P. J. Stolarski California Department of Transportation C. R. Stuart Shell Offshore, Inc. P. J. Sullivan Massachusetts Highway Department (Retired) W. A. Svekric Welding Consultants, Inc. G. R. Swank State of Alaska M. M. Tayarani Massachusetts Highway Department A. A. Taylor J. M. Consulting Group *S. J. Thomas VP Buildings, Inc. W. Thornton Cives Corp. R. H. R. Tide Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates C. Uang University of California—San Diego J. E. Uebele Waukesha County Technical College B. M. Urbany Professional Services Industries K. K. Verma Federal Highway Administration B. D. Wright Advantage Aviation Technologies O. Zollinger Copeland Corp. *Advisor COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services Menu vi Main Committee D. L. McQuaid, Chair C. R. Hess D. D. Rager, 1st V.C. G. J. Hill* D. K. Miller, 2nd V.C. M. L. Hoitomt A. W. Sindel, 3rd V.C. C. W. Holmes H. H. Campbell III, Secretary A. J. Julicher* W. G. Alexander* J. H. Kiefer E. M. Beck R. M. Kotan* F. R. Beckmann* P. W. Marshall E. L. Bickford M. J. Mayes R. D. Block R. D. Medlock O. W. Blodgett* W. A. Milek, Jr. R. Bonneau J. L. Munnerlyn F. C. Breismeister J. E. Myers B. M. Butler C. C. Pease L. E. Collins J. W. Post R. B. Corbit J. E. Roth M. V. Davis T. J. Schlafly R. A. Dennis R. E. Shaw, Jr. J. D. Duncan* D. L. Sprow* G. L. Fox* R. W. Stieve A. R. Fronduti* P. J. Sullivan M. A. Grieco B. D. Wright D1x—Executive Committee/General Requirements D. L. McQuaid, Chair C. R. Hess D. D. Rager, 1st V.C. M. L. Hoitomt D. K. Miller, 2nd V.C. J. H. Kiefer A. W. Sindel, 3rd V.C. M. J. Mayes H. H. Campbell III, Secretary R. P. Medlock F. G. Armao C. C. Pease R. D. Block D. Phillips B. M. Butler T. J. Schlafly M. A. Grieco R. E. Shaw, Jr. D1a—Subcommittee 1 on Design T. J. Schlafly, Chair P. W. Marsha ll N. J. Altebrando W. A. Milek, Jr. R. M. Bent* J. A. Packer O. W. Blodgett* F. J. Palmer B. M. Butler J. G. Shaw W. Jaxa-Rozen R. E. Shaw, Jr. M. J. Jordan D. L. Sprow* A. J. Julicher* W. Thornton L. A. Kloiber R. H. R. Tide R. M. Kotan* D1b—Subcommittee 2 on Qualification D. D. Rager, Chair D. L. Long R. A. Dennis, V.C. H. W. Ludewig E. L. Bickford J. Mieske R. D. Block D. K. Miller R. Bonneau J. C. Nordby F. C. Breismeister R. Pietrowski J. J. Cecilio D. Phillips R. B. Corbit J. W. Post D. A. DelSignore D. Shapira J. D. Duncan* A. W. Sindel A. R. Fronduti* D. L. Sprow* M. A. Grieco C. R. Stuart M. J. Harker G. R. Swank* M. L. Hoitomt M. M. Tayarani E. R. Holby* J. E. Uebele J. H. Kiefer K. K. Verma V. J. Kuruvilla B. E. Wright* R. D. Lawrence II O. Zollinger D1c—Subcommittee 3 on Fabrication R. D. Medlock, Chair V. J. Kur uvi lla D. Shapira, V.C. D. L. Long W. G. Alexander* W. A. Milek, Jr. F. R. Beckmann* D. K. Miller B. L. Bickford* J. L. Munnerlyn L. E. Collins J. E. Myers R. A. Dennis J. W. Post G. L. Fox* D. D. Rager M. A. Grieco A. W. Sindel C. R. Hess R. H. R. Tide G. J. Hill K. K. Verma C. W. Holmes D1d—Subcommittee 4 on Inspection J. H. Kiefer, Chair D. M. Marudas C. W. Hayes, V.C. J. K. Merrill W. G. Alexander* W. A. Milek, Jr.* E. M. Beck* J. L. Munnerlyn F. R. Beckmann* D. R. Scott L. E. Collins R. W. Stieve S. L. Cotham P. J. Sullivan G. L. Fox* W. A. Svekric G. J. Hill B. M. Urbany M. L. Hoitomt K. K. Verma P. W. Mar shall D1e—Subcommittee 5 on Stud Welding C. C. Pease, Chair A. R. Fronduti* H. Chambers S. A. Kern C. B. Champney J. Koski S. Cotham M. M. Tayarani AWS Structural Welding Committee and Subcommittees *Advisor COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services Menu vii D1f—Subcommitee 6 on Strengthening and Repair R. E. Shaw, Jr., Chair S. Kopp N. J. Altebrando, V.C. M. J. Mayes E. M. Beck J. W. Post R. M. Bent* L. Seum J. J. Cecilio D. L. Sprow* C. R. Hess* R. W. Stieve G. J. Hill W. Thornton C. W. Holmes R. H. R. Tide D1g—Subcommittee 7 on Aluminum Structures F. G. Ar mao, Chair D. R. Luciani T. Anderson, V.C. R. C. Minor R. C. Briden, V.C. C. K. Nicholson M. V. Davis D. D. Rager P. B. Dickerson* W. W. Sanders, Jr.* C. W. Hayes P. J. Sullivan J. R. Kissell J. L. Uebele D1h—Subcommittee 8 on Sheet Steel R. D. Block, Chair W. Jaxa-Rozen J. E. Roth, V.C. R. D. Lawrence II O. W. Blodgett* D. R. Luciani R. B. Corbit T. Pekoz* J. D. Duncan* C. W. Pinkham* S. Funderburk J. L. Uebele J. A. Grewe B. D. Wright D1i—Subcommittee 9 on Reinforcing Bars M. J. Mayes, Chair K. Landwehr J. K. Merrill, V.C. R. Miller S. L. Cotham J. E. Myers D. P. Gustafson C. K. Nicholson R. M. Kotan* D. R. Scott D1j—Subcommittee 10 on AASHTO/AWS Bridge Welding Committee C. R. Hess, Cochair, AWS M. A. Grieco, Cochair, AASHTO AWS D1 Representatives W. G. Alexander* J. K. Mieske N. J. Altebrando* D. K. Miller F. R. Beckmann* J. E. Myers L. E. Collins* D. C. Phillips A. R. Fronduti* T. J. Schlafly D. L. McQuaid* R. J. Stobaugh J. Merrill* M. M. Tayarani AASHTO Representatives S. Cook R. D. Medlock W. Doukas T. Niemann L. Ellerman R. W. Stieve* R. D. Fry P. J. Stolarski E. Hartwell K. K. Verma C. W. Holmes* D1k—Subcommittee 11 on Stainless Steel Welding B. M. Butler, Chair M. L. Hoitomt R. E. Avery* E. R. Holby* D. Baird W. Jaxa-Rozen R. D. Block R. M. Kotan* R. Bonneau D. Kotecki F. C. Breismeister J. W. McGrew H. Chambers J. Merrill R. B. Corbit J. E. Roth D. A. DelSignore D. Shapira J. D. Duncan* A. W. Sindel M. J. Harker B. D. Wright G. J. Hill O. Zollinger D1l—Subcommittee 12 on Seismic Welding Issues D. K. Miller, Chair J. Malley R. Hamburger, V.C. M. J. Mayes N. J. Altebrando* D. L. McQuaid* G. Axmann* J. K. Merrill* E. M. Beck W. A. Milek R. M. Bent* D. C. Phillips* F. C. Breismeister J. W. Post B. M. Butler* D. Rees-Evans S. Camo* T. Schlafly L. E. Collins R. E. Shaw, Jr. S. L. Cotham A. A. Taylor* M. L. Hoitomt S. Thomas R. M. Kotan* R. H. R. Tide K. Landwehr C. M. Uang D. L. Long K. K. Verma* S. Mahin* D1m—Standing Task Group on New Materials D. Phillips, Chair W. A. Milek, Jr. T. Schlafly, V.C. J. W. Post F. C. Breismeister D. Rees-Evans B. M. Butler D. Shapira M. L. Hoitomt A. W. Sindel R. D. Medlock *Advisor COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services Menu COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services Menu ix Foreword (This Foreword is not a part of AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2002, Structural Welding Code—Steel, but is included for information purposes only.) The first edition of the Code for Fusion Welding and Gas Cutting in Building Construction was published by the American Welding Society in 1928. The first bridge welding specification was published separately in 1936. The two documents were consolidated in 1972 in the D1.1 document but were once again separated in 1988 when the joint AASHTO/AWS D1.5, Bridge Welding Code, was published to address the specific requirements of State and Federal Transportation Departments. Coincident with this, the D1.1 code changed references of buildings and bridges to stati- cally loaded and dynamically loaded structures, respectively, in order to make the document applicable to a broader range of structural configurations. Underlined text in the subsections, tables, or figures indicates an editorial or technical change from the 2000 edition. A vertical line in the margin next to a figure drawing indicates a revision from the 2000 edition. The following is a summary of the most significant technical revisions contained in D1.1/D1.1M:2002 : Section 1—New provisions have been added describing the responsibilities of Contractors, Inspectors, Engineers, Owners, and OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers). Section 2—Parts A, B, and C have been extensively reorganized. Many provisions have been modified or expanded, including new commentary and fatigue design parameters. Annex P has been created in order to facilitate correlating the previous edition’s Section 2 provisions with the 2002 edition. Subsections 3.14 and C3.14—A new provision on PWHT has been added. Figures 4.7, 4.8, 4.10, and 4.11—Modifications have been made to address CVN testing. Tables 4.5—Shielding gas flow rate variables have been changed. Table 4.6—A supplementary essential variable table for WPSs requiring CVN testing has been added. Table 5.2—Holding times for stress relief have been adjusted. Subsections 6.26.12 and C6.26.12—Provisions have been added describing UT of CJP groove welds with backing. Tables 6.2 and 6.3, Note 3—This note has been modified to address UT of backgouged, two-sided CJP groove welds. Annex III—Modifications have been made to expand the scope of requirements when CVN testing is contractually required. Annex IX—Changes have been made to address stud welding on decking. Annex B—Acronyms for the most commonly used terms in the code have been added. Users should note that, beginning in this edition, the tables and figures for each section will be located at the end of each section. AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds, provides additional details of test specimen prepa- ration and details of test fixture construction. Commentary. The Commentary is nonmandatory and is intended only to provide insight information into provision rationale. Mandatory Annexes. These additions to the code are requirements that supplement the text. Nonmandatory Annexes. These annexes are not requirements but are provided as options that are allowed by the code. Though they are not mandatory, it is essential that all provisions of these annexes be followed when the option to use them is exercised. Index. As in previous codes, the entries in the Index are referred to by subsection number rather than by page number. This should enable the user of the Index to locate a particular item of interest in minimum time. Errata. It is the Structural Welding Committee’s Policy that all errata should be made available to users of the code. Therefore, in the Society News Section of the AWS Welding Journal, any errata (major changes) that have been noted will be published in the July and November issues of the Welding Journal. Suggestions. Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, Structural Welding Committee, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road., Miami, FL 33126. Interpretations. Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex F). COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc. Licensed by Information Handling Services Menu