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HEMATOLOGY – SCIENCE
AND PRACTICE
Edited by Charles H. Lawrie
Hematology – Science and Practice
Edited by Charles H. Lawrie
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published February, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org
Hematology – Science and Practice, Edited by Charles H. Lawrie
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0174-1
Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Blood Physiology 1
Chapter 1 Mechanisms Controlling Hematopoiesis 3
Katja Fiedler and Cornelia Brunner
Chapter 2 Negative Regulation of Haematopoiesis:
Role of Inhibitory Adaptors 47
Laura Velazquez
Chapter 3 The Role of EMT Modulators
in Hematopoiesis and Leukemic Transformation 101
Goossens Steven and Haigh J. Jody
Chapter 4 Asymmetric Division in
the Immuno-Hematopoietic System 121
Daniel Jimenez-Teja, Nadia Martin-Blanco and Matilde Canelles
Chapter 5 Nitric Oxide / Cyclic Nucleotide Regulation
of Globin Genes in Erythropoiesis 135
Vladan P. Čokić, Bojana B. Beleslin-Čokić, Gordana Jovčić,
Raj K. Puri and Alan N. Schechter
Chapter 6 Mechanisms of αIIbβ3 Biogenesis in the Megakaryocyte:
A Proteomics Approach 171
Amanda Chen, Haiqiang Yu, Haiteng Deng and W. Beau Mitchell
Chapter 7 SATB1: Key Regulator of T Cell
Development and Differentiation 195
Kamalvishnu P. Gottimukkala, Mithila Burute and Sanjeev Galande
Chapter 8 Neutrophil Chemotaxis and Polarization:
When Asymmetry Means Movement 211
Doris Cerecedo
VI Contents
Chapter 9 Intravascular Leukocyte Chemotaxis:
The Rules of Attraction 229
Sara Massena and Mia Phillipson
Chapter 10 Membrane Trafficking and Endothelial-Cell
Dynamics During Angiogenesis 253
Ajit Tiwari, Jae-Joon Jung,
Shivangi M. Inamdar and Amit Choudhury
Part 2 Hematological Pathologies 281
Chapter 11 Translational Control in Myeloid Disease 283
Nirmalee Abayasekara and Arati Khanna-Gupta
Chapter 12 Molecular Mechanisms in Philadelphia
Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasia 299
Ciro Roberto Rinaldi, Ana Crisan and Paola Rinaldi
Chapter 13 Physiological and Pathological
Aspects of Human NK Cells 337
Chiara Vitale, Renato Zambello, Mirna Balsamo,
Maria Cristina Mingari and Massimo Vitale
Chapter 14 Stratification of Patients with Follicular Lymphoma 371
Hasan A. Abd El-Ghaffar, Sameh Shamaa, Nadia Attwan,
Tarek E. Selim, Nashwa K. Abosamra, Dalia Salem,
Sherin M. Abd El-Aziz
and Layla M. Tharwat
Chapter 15 MicroRNA Expression in Follicular Lymphoma 393
Charles H. Lawrie
Chapter 16 Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded miRNAs
in Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Malignancy 409
Jun Lu, Bidisha Chanda and Ai Kotani
Chapter 17 Animal Models of Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Focusing on Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia 425
Anastasia S. Tsingotjidou
Chapter 18 Systemic Mastocytosis: An Intriguing Disorder 467
Antonia Rotolo, Ubaldo Familiari, Paolo Nicoli,
Daniela Cilloni, Giuseppe Saglio and Angelo Guerrasio
Part 3 Hematology in the Clinic 487
Chapter 19 Targeting the Minimal Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid
Leukemia: The Role of Adoptive Immunotherapy with
Natural Killer Cells and Antigen-Specific Vaccination 489
Sarah Parisi and Antonio Curti
Contents VII
Chapter 20 The Ubiquitin-Proteasomal System and
Blood Cancer Therapy 497
Xinliang Mao and Biyin Cao
Chapter 21 Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia 517
Kazuo Nakamura
Chapter 22 Converting Hematology Based Data
into an Inferential Interpretation 541
Larry H. Bernstein, Gil David,
James Rucinski and Ronald R. Coifman
Chapter 23 The Effects of Splenectomy and Autologous
Spleen Transplantation on Complete Blood Count
and Cell Morphology in a Porcine Model 553
Nina Poljičak-Milas, Anja Vujnović, Josipa Migić,
Dražen Vnuk and Matko Kardum
Chapter 24 Physiological Factors in the Interpretation
of Equine Hematological Profile 573
K. Satué, A. Hernández and A. Muñoz
Preface
‘Blood, blood, glorious blood,
Thicker than water and nicer than mud’
Humphrey Kay - The Hematologist’s Song
Hematology encompasses the physiology and pathology of blood and of the blood-
forming organs. In common with other areas of medicine, the pace of change in
hematology has been breathtaking over recent years. There is now a plethora of
treatment options available to the hematologist which happily coincides with a greatly
improved outlook for the vast majority of patients with blood disorders, in particular
those with hematological malignancies. Improvements in the clinic reflect, and in
many respects are driven by, advances in our scientific understanding of
hematological processes under both normal and disease conditions. This book which
consists of a selection of essays aims to inform both specialist and non-specialist
readers about some of the latest advances in hematology, in both laboratory and clinic.
The first section of this book (Section 1 - Blood Physiology) is concerned with the
study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind the physiological functioning
of the blood system. The first three chapters deal with the mechanisms behind early
hematopoiesis, the process occurring almost exclusively in the bone marrow by which
all mature blood cells are generated from multi-potent hematopoietic stem cells
(HSCs). This is a finely balanced process that is tightly controlled by a complex
network of inter-related signaling pathways and molecular components. In Chapter 1,
Fiedler and Brunner review some of the intricate regulatory mechanisms involved in
this process, in particular focusing on the role of transcription factors in early lineage
control and lineage commitment. In Chapter 2, Velazquez describes the role that
negative regulation plays in hematopoiesis, and in particular the function of members
of the inhibitory adaptor family such as DOK, Lnk and SOCS, their role in cytokine
signaling pathways and hematological pathologies. This chapter also explores the
potential therapeutic use of these inhibitors and associated regulators. Expanding
upon the theme of hematopoiesis, Goossens and Jody, in Chapter 3, discuss the role of
modulators of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway focusing on
the function of SNAI family members, snail and slug, and interestingly how they can
be involved in leukemic transformation.
X Preface
The ability of the HSC (and other cells along the hematopoietic pathway) to divide
into two functionally distinct daughter cells, one that is differentiated whilst the other
retains self-renewal properties and can continue to proliferate, is crucial to the
maintenance of the hematopoietic system. So-called asymmetric division is discussed
in Chapter 4 by Jimenez-Teja et al. The authors outline the historical perspective
behind this field before going into a detailed review of the function of asymmetric
division in both hematopoietic and immune systems, as well as the latest evidence to
suggest that asymmetric division and in particular abnormal functioning of cell fate
determinant molecules can lead to cancer.
After the initial commitment step the HSC loses its ability to self-renew and the
hematopoietic pathway bifurcates with formation of either the common lymphoid
progenitor (CLP) or common myeloid-erythroid progenitor (CMEP) cells. CLPs can
give rise to mature NK, B and T cells, whilst the CMEPs can form erythrocyte,
megakaryocyte, granulocyte and monocyte populations. In Chapter 5, Čokić et al.
describe the role of nitric oxide/cyclic nucleotide regulation in erythropoiesis, the
formation of red blood cells (erythrocytes). In this chapter the authors provide an
overview of the erythropoietic pathway including the crucial role that GATA1/2 plays
in hemoglobin switching. They present some novel findings whereby they used
microarrays to measure changes in expression levels of globin-related genes during
ontogenesis, and later on provide evidence to show that NO and cGMP can induce
globin gene expression.
Platelets play an essential role in hemostasis and thrombosis, initiating clot formation
in response to cellular damage. Central to the clotting process is platelet aggregation
mediated by the cross-linking of intergrin αIIbβ3 to fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor
and other soluble ligands. Aside from their role in physiological processes, platelets
may also form pathological thrombi which can lead to myocardial infarction or stroke.
Therefore inhibitors of αIIbβ3 are of great clinical interest. In Chapter 6, Chen et al. use
a proteomic approach to identify binding partners to αIIb and the αIIbβ3 heterodimer
expressed in cord-blood derived megakaryocytes. Using this technique they identified
and validated DNAJC10 as a novel binding partner of the immature form of αIIbβ3,
and showed that it binds early on in the biogenic pathway. Furthermore, the authors
found that silencing of DNAJC10 could modulate levels of αIIbβ3 in megakaryocytes
as well as HEK293 cells transfected with aIIb and b3 cDNA constructs.
Chapter 7 by Gottimukkala, Burute and Galande concerns the role of the transcription
factor SATB1 in the development and differentiation of T-cells, in particular, the key
role that this molecule plays in T
H differentiation. The authors also describe how the
loss of SATB1 function may be associated with the T-cell lymphoma, Sézary
syndrome.
Cell polarization is necessary for the migration of cells in many processes including
embryogenesis, inflammation and tumor metastasis. Chemoattractant recruitment of
neutrophils to trauma sites is an essential process of the inflammatory response.
[...]... only give rise to pDC and mDC (Geissmann et al., 2010; Naik et al., 2007; Onai et al., 2007) Besides the characterization of MDP and CDP by several studies, further progenitor populations for eosinophils, basophils and mast cells have been isolated downstream of the GMP and their position in the hematopoietic hierarchy is depicted in Figure 1 Moreover, 6 Hematology – Science and Practice Fig 1 Model... antigen exposure is regulated by key transcription factors (bold) that activate cell-specific genes and mutually repress transcription factors necessary for alternative cell differentiation 16 Hematology – Science and Practice In B cells, the lineage commitment and the maintenance of the B cell fate throughout B cell development is achieved by a single transcription factor – Pax5 (Cobaleda et al., 2007;... Preface In summary, these essays cover a wide range of subjects pertaining to hematology, both theoretical and clinical, and aptly illustrate both the complexity and challenges that face the hematologist today and in the future This book is dedicated to my wonderful and understanding wife María, and my two beautiful children, Julia and Carlos Special thanks should also be given to Dr Chris Hatton (Director... macrophages as well as dendritic cells and involves again the selection of specific gene expression programs to 12 Hematology – Science and Practice Fig 3 Terminal granulopoiesis in the bone marrow The terminal granulopoiesis that is characterized by sequential formation of different granule types and segmentation of the nucleus starts at the myeloblast/promyelocyte stage and ends with mature neutrophils... the pre-BCR signaling by promoting the V to DJ recombination at the IgH locus (Nutt, S L et al., 1997) and also by regulating directly the expression of the signaling molecule BLNK (Schebesta et al., 2002) Additionally, Pax5 is essential for the upregulation of CD19 and Iggene expression (Kozmik et al., 1992; Nutt, S L et al., 1997) Pax5-deficient 14 Hematology – Science and Practice B cells are arrested... hematopoiesis and takes place primarily in the bone marrow, where few hematopoietic stem cells give rise to a differentiated progeny following a series of more or less well-defined steps of multipotent progenitors and lineage-restricted 4 Hematology – Science and Practice precursors leading to a hierarchical structure of the process During the course of hematopoiesis cells lose their proliferative potential... differentiation pathways by blocking Blimp1 (Johnston et al., 2009) In the periphery, CD4+ effector T cells can be converted by exposure to TGF and IL-2 to inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs) expressing CD25 at the surface and, like nTregs, FoxP3 as a master transcription factor necessary for Treg function (Davidson et al., 2007; Zheng et al., 2007) (Figure 7) 20 Hematology – Science and Practice Fig 7 Terminal... multipotent progenitors with myelolymphoid or myelo-erythroid potential, such as the lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor (LMPP) (Iwasaki & Akashi, 2007) Additionally, a lot of research concerning prospective isolation and characterization of HSC and multipotent progenitors has provided insight into the surface marker expression on these types of cells leading to the definition of HSC and multipotent... phenotype characterized by the production of large amounts of IFN, IL-2 and TNF TH1 cells mediate the defense against infections by intracellular microbes and the isotype switching to IgG2a and IgG2b In contrast, TH2 cells are generated in the presence of IL-4 and also secrete, depending on the upregulation of the transcription factor GATA-3, IL-4 together with IL-5 and IL-13 Thereby, humoral responses... parasites and extracellular pathogens are supported and also the class switching to IgG1 and IgE (Mosmann et al., 1986; Mowen & Glimcher, 2004; Szabo et al., 2003) A third TH subpopulation was described, the TH17 cells that is characterized by the secretion mainly of IL-17A and IL17F, but also IL-21 and IL-22, protecting the host against bacterial and fungal infections Their differentiation is induced by . HEMATOLOGY – SCIENCE
AND PRACTICE
Edited by Charles H. Lawrie
Hematology – Science and Practice
Edited by Charles H. Lawrie.
Thicker than water and nicer than mud’
Humphrey Kay - The Hematologist’s Song
Hematology encompasses the physiology and pathology of blood and of the
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