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REPORTED SPEECH LÝ THUYẾT I Direct speech vs reported speech (Phân biệt lối nói trực tiếp và gián tiếp) Câu trực tiếp là lời nhắc lại những từ ngữ chính xác 1 ai đó phát ngôn ra,,,,Lý thuyết câu tường thuật Bài tập về câu tường thuật từ dễ đến khó, đa dạng bài tập phù hợp với học sinh và các bạn học sinh đang ôn thi đại học
REPORTED SPEECH LÝ THUYẾT I Direct speech vs reported speech (Phân biệt lối nói trực tiếp gián tiếp) - Câu trực tiếp lời nhắc lại từ ngữ xác phát ngơn Khi viết, câu trực tiếp đặt dấu ngoặc kép (quotation marks) Ví dụ: Mai said, "I want to be a designer." (Mai nói, "Tớ muốn trở thành nhà thiết kế.") Câu tường thuật hay câu gián tiếp lời nhắc lại nội dung, ý nói (nhưng khơng cần phải xác từ ngữ) Khi viết, câu tường thuật không đặt dấu ngoặc kép, thay vào sử dụng động từ giới thiệu nội dung tường thuật (reporting verb) say, tell Ví dụ: Mai said she wanted to be a designer (Mai nói muốn trở thành nhà thiết kế.) II Direct to reported speech (Quy tắc chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp) Khi chuyển từ lối nói trực tiếp sang lối nói gián tiếp, em cần xác định: • Lùi • Biến đổi ngơi, đổi tân ngữ • Biến đổi cụm từ thời gian, nơi chốn 2.1 Changes in verb tenses (Biến đổi động từ) Khi động từ tường thuật (reporting verb) chia khứ, bạn cần lùi (backshift) động từ chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp sau: Direct speech Reported speech Present simple (hiện đơn) Past simple (quá khứ đơn) Present continuous (hiên tiếp diễn ) Past continuous (quá khứ tiếp diễn) Present perfect/ Past simple (hiện hoàn thành/ khứ đơn) Past perfect (quá khứ hoàn thành) Present perfect continuous/ Past continuous Past perfect (hiện hoàn thành tiếp diễn/ khứ tiếp diễn) continuous (quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn) will would can could may might must had to Ví dụ 1: • Direct: Mary said, "I am tired." (Mary nói, “Tơi cảm thấy mệt mỏi.”) • Indirect: Mary said she was tired (Mary nói cảm thấy mệt mỏi.) Vì câu sử dụng động từ tường thuật said (chia khứ), nên chuyển sang câu gián tiếp, ta cần lùi động từ câu nói trực tiếp Cụ thể, động từ “to be” chia đơn “am” chuyển lùi thì, thành khứ đơn “was” tương ứng với chủ ngữ ngơi thứ ba số “she” - Ví dụ 2: • Direct: “I can swim,” Kate told me (“Tơi biết bơi.”, Kate nói với tơi.) • Indirect: Kate told me she could swim (Kate nói với tơi biết bơi.) Tương tự, ta thấy động từ tường thuật tell chia khứ đơn told Nên chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, ta cần lùi động từ khuyết thiếu “can” thành “could” Động từ “swim” sau “can/ could” giữ nguyên 2.2 Changes in pronouns/ other words (Biến đổi đại từ/ số từ khác) Thông thường, cần biến đổi đại từ, tính từ sở hữu số từ khác câu trực tiếp cho phù hợp với câu gián tiếp sau: Direct speech Subject pronouns (Đại từ chủ ngữ) Object pronouns (Đại từ tân ngữ) Possessive adjectives (Tính từ sở hữu) Possessive pronouns (Đại từ sở hữu) Demonstratives (Từ định) Reported speech I he/ she you I/ he/ she/ we/ they we we/ they me him/ her you me/ him/ her / us/ them us us/ them my his/ her your my/ his/ her/ our/ their our our/ their mine his/ hers yours mine/ his/ hers/ ours/ theirs ours ours/ theirs this the/ that these the/ those - Ví dụ: • Direct: Lan said, “I borrowed this pen from my friend.” (Lan nói, “Tơi mượn bút từ bạn tơi.”) • Indirect: Lan said she had borrowed that pen from her friend (Lan nói mượn bút từ bạn ấy.) 2.3 Changes in time and place expressions (Biến đổi trạng ngữ thời gian nơi chốn) Direct speech Reported speech Here There now then today/ tonight that day/ that night tomorrow the next day/ the following day next + Time e.g next week the following + Time e.g the following week this + Time e.g this week that + Time e.g that week yesterday the previous day/ the day before last + Time e.g last week the + Time + before/ the previous + Time e.g the week before/ the previous week ago before Ví dụ: • Direct: “We will visit you this week,” my parents told me (“Bố mẹ đến thăm tuần này,” bố mẹ nói với tơi.) • Indirect: My parents told me they would visit me that week (Bố mẹ bảo họ đến thăm tơi vào tuần đó.) Tóm lại, nhớ ba quy tắc sau: - Lùi động từ câu trực tiếp lại so với lúc ban đầu (khi động từ giới thiệu say, tell…ở khứ) cần thiết - Đổi chủ ngữ đại từ, tính từ sở hữu từ định câu trực tiếp cho phù hợp với câu gián tiếp - Biến đổi trạng từ/ trạng ngữ thời gian địa điểm theo quy tắc II Some types of reported speech (Một vài loại câu tường thuật) Reported statements (câu tường thuật câu trần thuật) Cấu trúc: Ví dụ: • Direct: Kate said, "I will study harder.” (Kate nói, “Tơi học hành chăm hơn.”) • Indirect: Kate said that she would study harder (Kate nói học hành chăm hơn.) - Lưu ý khác biệt cách sử dụng “said” and “told” sau: + Sau “said”, có khơng có tân ngữ Trường hợp có tân ngữ kèm, ta cần sử dụng giới từ “to” xen “said” tân ngữ + Cịn “told” ln cần tân ngữ theo sau, khơng cần giới từ kèm Ví dụ: • Direct: "I want to go home." √ ("Tôi muốn nhà.") • Indirect: She said she wanted to go home √ (Cơ nói muốn nhà) She said to me that she wanted to go home √ (Cơ nói với tơi muốn nhà.) She told me she wanted to go home.√ (Cô bảo cô muốn nhà.) She told she wanted to go home Χ She said me that she wanted to go home Χ Reported questions (Câu hỏi tường thuật) 2.1 Yes/ No questions: - Cấu trúc: - Ví dụ: • Direct: "Do you study English well?", Mary asked Mai (“Bạn học tiếng Anh có giỏi khơng?”, Mary hỏi Mai.) • Indirect: Mary asked Mai if she studied English well Mary asked Mai whether she studied English well (Mary hỏi Mai xem cô học tiếng Anh có giỏi khơng.) 2.2 Wh-questions: - Cấu trúc: - Ví dụ: • Direct: "What did you say?", she asked (“Bạn nói vậy?”, hỏi.) • Indirect: She asked what I had said (Cô hỏi tơi nói gì.) Reported requests/ orders (Câu tường thuật yêu cầu/ mệnh lệnh) - Cấu trúc: Tùy vào sắc thái ý nghĩa văn cảnh câu mà em lựa chọn sử dụng asked (yêu cầu, bảo), told (bảo, lệnh), begged (van xin, nài nỉ), requested (yêu cầu, đề nghị), urged (cố thuyết phục) cho phù hợp - Ví dụ 1: • Direct: "Can you help me with my homework, please?", she asked me “Bạn giúp làm tập nhà khơng?”, hỏi tơi • Indirect: She asked me to help her with her homework Cô nhờ giúp cô làm tập nhà - Ví dụ 2: • Direct: "Don’t play computer games!", my mother told me “Khơng chơi trị chơi điện tử !”, mẹ lệnh cho tơi • Indirect: My mother told me not to play computer games Mẹ lệnh cho tơi khơng chơi trị chơi điện tử Reported advice (Câu tường thuật lời khuyên) Cấu trúc: - Ví dụ: • Direct: “You should see the dentist,” said Mai ("Bạn nên khám nha sỹ," Mai nói.) • Indirect: Mai advised me to see the dentist Mai advised that I should see the dentist (Mai khuyên nên khám nha sĩ.) BÀI TẬP I Choose the most suitable picture for the sentence (Chọn tranh phù hợp với câu cho sẵn.) Lan said that she wanted to be a fashion designer Lien told me that she had been studying hard for the exam 3 The teacher asked me not to chat in class His parents advised him to get a medical degree Taylor asked me if I could play basketball II Choose the correct option to complete the second sentence Chọn đáp án để hoàn thành câu thứ hai Our teacher asked us, “What are you most worried about?” => Our teacher asked us _ A what we were most worried about B what you were most worried about C what were we most worried about? "I got a very high score in my last test, Mum," she said => She told her mother _ A she had got a very high score in my last test B she had got a very high score in her last test C she got a very high score in her last test "Do you sleep at least eight hours a day?" the doctor asked him => The doctor asked him _ A whether he sleeps at least eight hours a day B did he sleep at least eight hours a day? C if he slept at least eight hours a day "You should visit this company’s website", he told me => He advised me _ A to visit this company’s website B to visit that company's website C visited that company’s website "I sent you the book last week," my mother told me => My mother said _ A she had sent me the book the week before B she had sent me the book the previous week C Both A & B are correct III Decided whether the indirect speech is correct or incorrect Xác định xem câu gián tiếp (correct) hay sai (incorrect) Direct: "Kate can keep calm even when she has lots of pressure," Tom said to me Indirect: Tom told that Kate could keep calm even when she had lots of pressure A Correct B Incorrect Direct: "Tell Peter I miss him very much," she told me Indirect: She told me to tell Peter she missed him very much A Correct B Incorrect Direct: "I am on my way home now," he said Indirect: He said he was on his way home now A Correct B Incorrect Direct: "Have you ever tried calling a helpline?" the teacher asked Ngoc Indirect: The teacher asked Ngoc if she had ever tried calling a helpline A Correct B Incorrect Direct: "We want to send our son to a university in the UK," they said Indirect: They said they wanted to send our son to a university in the UK A Correct B Incorrect IV Rewrite the following sentences in reported speech Viết lại câu sau sang lối nói gián tiếp "The support service was set up yesterday," Nick told me => _ She said, "I don't know why I am so tired today." => _ They said, "We are taking English classes here." => _ He asked me, "Can you lend me your bike this morning?" => _ "If I were you, I would get some sleep", she advised me => _ V Change the direct speech into reported speech Use 'she said' at the beginning of each answer It's the same day, so you don't need to change the time expressions (Present Simple) 1) "He works in a bank." => _ 2) "Julie doesn't like going out much." => _ 3) "I don't have a computer." => _ 4) "They never arrive on time." => _ 5) "We often meet friends in London at the weekend." => _ 6) "David doesn't have any children." => _ 7) "I don't go to the gym very often." => _ 8) "Lucy owns three flats in the city." => _ 9) "I never get up early on Sundays." => _ 10) "Jill meets her boyfriend at the cinema every Friday night." => _ 11) "We don't travel much." => _ 12) "John doesn't live in Japan any more." => _ 13) "They work in Hong Kong." => _ 14) "I have to work until seven or eight pm every night." => _ 15) "I don't want to go to the theatre next weekend." => _ 16) "We like working in Paris." => _ 17) "She doesn't have enough time to everything." => _ 18) "Tony hates mushrooms." => _ 19) "They often go on holiday in July." => _ 20) "I live in New York." => _ VI Make the direct speech into reported speech Use 'he told me' at the beginning of your answer It's the same day, so you don't need to change the time expressions (Present Continuous) 1) "We're working." => _ 2) "She's coming to the party." => _ 3) "She's talking on the telephone." => _ 4) "Lucy is reading a book in front of the fire." => _ 5) "I'm not going out." => _ 6) "We are not visiting Paris during our trip." => _ 7) "I'm listening to my new CD." => _ 8) "John is working in a bar for the summer." => _ 9) "I'm not going to go on holiday." => _ 10) "He isn't living in Beijing." => _ 11) "I'm taking the train to Berlin." => _ 12) "She is never coming back." => _ 13) "Jill is studying a lot." => _ 14) "I'm not meeting Julie." => _ 15) "We aren't renting a flat." => _ 16) "They are visiting the museum." => _ 17) "She's eating dinner." => _ 18) "We aren't going to the library." => _ 19) "I'm coming." => _ 20) "I'm sleeping." => _ VII Make reported statements Remember, with the past simple you can change to the past perfect or keep to the past simple In this exercise you should change to the past perfect Start each sentence with 'he told me' It's the same day, so you don't need to change the time expressions (Past Simple) 1) "Jane left the party early." => _ 2) "I didn't go out at the weekend." => _ 3) "He didn't like chocolate as a child." => _ 4) "They visited Japan." => _ 5) "She didn't buy the dress." => _ 6) "I travelled through India and Pakistan." => _ 7) "He met his girlfriend in a café." => _ 8) "David didn't arrive until 10 o'clock." => _ 9) "We went to the park to have a picnic." => _ 10) "We ate Chinese food, then we walked home." => _ 11) "She forgot to bring the CDs." => _ 12) "I didn't like the food in the restaurant." => _ 13) "He didn't take a shower." => _ 14) "I worked until six." => _ 15) "We went to Paris for the weekend." => _ 16) "The plane left at seven." => _ 17) "I came to London in 2004." => _ 18) "Lucy didn't go to university." => _ 19) "John never studied German." => _ 20) "I went to the cinema yesterday." => _ VIII Make reported speech from the direct speech Use 'she said' at the beginning of each It's the same day, so you don't need to change the time expressions (Present Perfect) 1) "She has visited Paris three times." => _ 2) "He has read War and Peace." => _ 3) "I haven't seen Julie for ages." => _ 4) "He hasn't been to school this week." => _ 5) "We haven't seen The Lord of the Rings." => _ 6) "They've eaten in a lot of different restaurants." => _ 7) "I've never tried skateboarding." => _ 8) "Lucy has drunk six cups of coffee today." => _ 9) "Mr Black has written three books." => _ 10) "It hasn't rained much this year." => _ 11) "She has never swum in the sea." => _ 12) "He has studied Latin." => _ 13) "I've been sick all week." => _ 14) "Robert has been to China five times." => _ 15) "I haven't met Richard before." => _ 16) "Julie has never studied music." => _ 17) "He has eaten too much chocolate." => _ 18) "We haven't seen the new play." => _ 19) "I haven't tried the new restaurant yet." => _ 20) "I've never been to Brazil." => _ IX Make reported statements Start each sentence with 'she said' (don't use 'that') It's the same day, so you don't need to change the time expressions (Future Simple) 1) "I'll go to the cinema later." => _ 2) "We'll meet the children at six." => _ 3) "She'll be late." => _ 4) "Lucy will definitely come." => _ 5) "I will stop smoking on Tuesday." => _ 6) "John won't it." => _ 7) "They won't be able to arrive early." => _ 8) "I won't come with you." => _ 9) "He won't remember to buy milk." => _ 10) "It won't rain later I'm sure." => _ 11) "The Conservatives will win the next election." => _ 12) "The girl will never pass the exam." => _ 13) "John will arrive before David." => _ 14) "It will be cold tonight." => _ 15) "Jenny will cook dinner." => _ 16) "We will get married next year." => _ 17) "I won't be able to afford a new car." => _ 18) "She won't want to attend the meeting." => _ 19) "Richard won't drink coffee." => _ 20) "I won't vote at the next election." => _ X Change the direct speech into reported speech Use 'she said' at the beginning of each answer It's the same day, so you don't need to change the time expressions (mix tenses) 1) "He works in a bank." => _ 2) "We went out last night." => _ 3) "I'm coming!" => _ 4) "I was waiting for the bus when he arrived." => _ 5) "I'd never been there before." => _ 6) "I didn't go to the party." => _ 7) "Lucy will come later." => _ 8) "He hasn't eaten breakfast." => _ 9) "I can help you tomorrow." => _ 10) "You should go to bed early." => _ 11) "I don't like chocolate." => _ 12) "I won't see you tomorrow." => _ 13) "She's living in Paris for a few months." => _ 14) "I visited my parents at the weekend." => _ 15) "She hasn't eaten sushi before." => _ 16) "I hadn't travelled by underground before I came to London." => _ 17) "They would help if they could." => _ 18) "I'll the washing-up later." => _ 19) "He could read when he was three." => _ 20) "I was sleeping when Julie called." => _ XI Make reported questions Use 'she asked me' at the beginning of each answer It's the same day, so you don't need to change the time expressions (mix questions) 1) "Where is he?" => _ 2) "What are you doing?" => _ 3) "Why did you go out last night?" => _ 4) "Who was that beautiful woman?" => _ 5) "How is your mother?" => _ 6) "What are you going to at the weekend?" => _ 7) "Where will you live after graduation?" => _ 8) "What were you doing when I saw you?" => _ 9) "How was the journey?" => _ 10) "How often you go to the cinema?" => _ 11) "Do you live in London?" => _ 12) "Did he arrive on time?" => _ 13) "Have you been to Paris?" => _ 14) "Can you help me?" => _ 15) "Are you working tonight?" => _ 16) "Will you come later?" => _ 17) "Do you like coffee?" => _ 18) "Is this the road to the station?" => _ 19) "Did you your homework?" => _ 20) "Have you studied reported speech before?" => _ XII Make reported requests or orders Start each sentence with 'she asked me' or 'she told me' It's the same day, so you don't need to change the time expressions 1) "Please help me carry this." => _ 2) "Please come early." => _ 3) "Please buy some milk." => _ 4) "Could you please open the window?" => _ 5) "Could you bring the book tonight?" => _ 6) "Can you help me with my homework, please?" => _ 7) "Would you bring me a cup of coffee, please?" => _ 8) "Would you mind passing the salt?" => _ 9) "Would you mind lending me a pencil?" => _ 10) "I was wondering if you could possibly tell me the time?" => _ 11) "Do your homework!" => _ 12) "Don't smoke!" => _ 13) "Don't be late!" => _ 14) "Go to bed!" => _ 15) "Tidy your room!" => _ 16) "Wait here!" => _ 17) "Don't that!" => _ 18) "Eat your dinner!" => _ 19) "Don't make a mess!" => _ 20) "Do the washing-up!" => _ ... thời gian địa điểm theo quy tắc II Some types of reported speech (Một vài loại câu tường thuật) Reported statements (câu tường thuật câu trần thuật) Cấu trúc: Ví dụ: • Direct: Kate said, "I will... following week this + Time e.g this week that + Time e.g that week yesterday the previous day/ the day before last + Time e.g last week the + Time + before/ the previous + Time e.g the week before/... wanted to go home Χ Reported questions (Câu hỏi tường thuật) 2.1 Yes/ No questions: - Cấu trúc: - Ví dụ: • Direct: "Do you study English well?", Mary asked Mai (“Bạn học tiếng Anh có giỏi khơng?”,