Thông tin tài liệu
PSYCHOSOCIAL CONDITIONS OF
ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE
CHILDREN
IN TWO ZIMBABWEAN DISTRICTS
Simba Rusakaniko, Alfred Chingono, Stanford Mahati,
Pakuromunhu F Mupambireyi, & Brian Chandiwana
Edited by Parkie S Mbozi, M Boy Sebit & Shungu Munyati
NATIONAL
INSTITUTE
OF
HEALTH
RESEARCH,
MINISTRYOF
HEALTHAND
CHILDWELFARE
BIOMEDICAL
RESEARCH&
TRAINING
INSTITUTE
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Prepared by the Biomedical Research and Training Institute (BRTI) and
the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) of the Ministry of Health and Child
Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Published by HSRC Press
Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
www.hsrcpress.ac.za
© 2006 HSRC, BRTI, NIHR & FACT
First published 2006
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, including photocopying
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publishers.
ISBN 0-7969-2147-4
Print management by comPress
Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver
PO Box 30370, Tokai, Cape Town, 7966, South Africa
Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477
Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302
email: orders@blueweaver.co.za
www.oneworldbooks.com
Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS)
3 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2E 8LU, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856
Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609
email: orders@edspubs.co.uk
www.eurospanonline.com
Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG)
Order Department, 814 North Franklin Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741
All other enquiries: +1 (312) 337 0747
Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985
email: frontdesk@ipgbook.com
www.ipgbook.com
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
iii
TABLEOFCONTENTS
About the contributors iv
Acknowledgements vi
Operational definitions of concepts vii
List of tables & figures viii
Acronyms and abbreviations x
Executive summary xi
Chapter1Introduction1
1.1 The Situation of OVC in sub-Saharan Africa 1
1.2 HIV/AIDS and orphanhood in Zimbabwe 3
1.3 Zimbabwe OVC project 4
1.4 The baseline psychosocial survey (of OVC and their guardians) 4
Chapter2Methodology7
2.1 Study design 7
2.2 Study areas 7
2.3 Questionnaire development 8
2.4 Pre-testing of the instruments 9
2.5 Field work activities 10
2.6. Sampling procedures 10
2.7. Field monitoring activities 12
2.8. Data management 12
Chapter3Results:Chimanimani15
3.1 OVC aged 6–14 years 15
3.2 OVC aged 15–18 years 24
3.3 Guardians of OVC in Chimanimani 39
Chapter4Results:Bulilimamangwe51
4.1 OVC aged 6–14 years 51
4.2 OVC aged 15–18 years 59
4.3 Guardians of OVC 82
Chapter5Conclusions&recommendationsfor
ChimanimaniandBulilimamangwe93
5.1 Conclusions 95
5.2 Recommendations 95
AppendicesandReferences
Appendix 1: Vulnerability Score Assessment 97
References 98
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
iv
Authors
Mr Alfred Chingono: MSc, Clinical Psychologist, College of Health Sciences, University
of Zimbabwe, Team Leader for PSS (Zimbabwe)
Professor Simba Rusakaniko: PhD, Consultant Biostatistician, College of Health
Sciences, University of Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe)
Stanford T. Mahati: MPhil, BSc (Hons) Sociology & Anthropology, Social Scientist,
National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Ministry of Health & Child Welfare, Harare
(Zimbabwe)
Pakuromunhu Freddie Mupambireyi: MSc Demography, BSc (Hons) Econs Statistician,
University of Zimbabwe, Deputy Dean, Faculty of Commerce, Harare (Zimbabwe)
Brian Chandiwana: BSc Econs, MBA, Health Economist, Biomedical Research & Training
Institute, Harare, OVC Research Project Manager (Zimbabwe)
Editors
Shungu Munyati: MSc, PhD (Cand), OVC Research Project Director, Acting Director,
National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), Ministry of Health & Child Welfare
(Zimbabwe)
Mr Parkie S. Mbozi: Communications Consultant, World Agroforestry Centre CRAF
Dr M. Boy Sebit, Senior Lecturer, Clinical Psychologist, College of Health Sciences,
University of Zimbabwe
Other Contributors
Peter P. Chibatamoto: MBA, MSc Infectious Diseases, Biological Sciences; HIV/AIDS
(Mainstreaming) Technical Advisor UNDP, Windhoek (Namibia)
Natsayi Chimbindi: BSc HEP, (Health Education), Biomedical Research & Training
Institute Harare (Zimbabwe)
Stephen Buzuzi: MSc, BSc (Hons) Sociology & Anthropology, Biomedical Research &
Training Institute, Harare (Zimbabwe)
Stella Gwini: BSc (Hons) Statistics, Biomedical Research & Training Institute, Harare
(Zimbabwe)
Wilson Mashange: Dip Med Lab Tech, Medical Laboratory Technologist, National Institute
of Health Research (NIHR), Ministry of Health & Child Welfare, Harare (Zimbabwe)
George Chitiyo: MSc, BSc Econs; Catholic Relief Services, Harare (Zimbabwe)
Maxwell Chirehwa: BSc (Hons) Applied Maths (Cand), National University of Science
and Technology, Bulawayo (Zimbabwe)
ABOUTTHECONTRIBUTORS
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
v
Timothy Mutsvari: BSc (Hons) Applied Maths, Biomedical Research & Training Institute,
Harare (Zimbabwe)
Teramai A. Moyana: BSc (Hons) Sociology & Anthropology; Biomedical Research &
Training Institute, Harare (Zimbabwe)
Chenjerai K. Mutambanengwe: BSc (Hons) Applied Maths (Cand), National University of
Science & Technology, Bulawayo (Zimbabwe)
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Biomedical Research and Training Institute (BRTI)
together with the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) former Blair Research
Institute, of the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare for all the support it received from
staff, through contributions of their time, skills, expertise and resources during the survey.
Special thanks go to the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), in particular the
new President and Chief Executive Officer, Consultant and Project Champion of OVC
Project, Dr Olive Shisana, who together with the Principal Investigator of the Research
Component of the project, Professor Leickness Simbayi and the Overall Project Manager,
Dr Donald Skinner, supported the OVC research project.
The team would like to thank Mr Rogers Sango from the Zimbabwe Central Statistics
Office and a former employee of the same organisation, Mr Tichaona Chirimanyemba
for their valuable technical input during the development of the research instruments,
mapping, training of fieldworkers and fieldwork.
The District Administrator for Bulilimamangwe, Mr Mzingaye Sithole, the Rural District
Council Chairman for Bulilima (Mr Christopher Ndlovu), Plumtree (Mr Patrick Mabuza)
and Mangwe (Mr Grey Ncube), traditional Chiefs and Councillors, are saluted for their
facilitatory role in ensuring the successful implementation of the field data collection
exercise. The research team appreciates the support they received from the Bulilima,
Mangwe and Plumtree OVC Local Liaison Team: Mr Irvine Ncube, Mrs. Melta Moyo, Mr
Frank Ngwenya, Mr Lincolin Ncube, Mrs. Sifiso Dube and Mr Alois Sibanda during the
whole exercise of data collection. Gratitude is also extended to Mr Andrew Nleya and Mr
Khumbulani Tshuma for their assistance during the fieldwork.
In Chimanimani, we are grateful to the then District Administrator of Chimanimani
Mr Edgar Nyagwaya, Chimanimani Rural District Council Chairman of Chimanimani
Mr Joseph Harahwa, Traditional Chiefs and Councillors who facilitated the exercise.
We acknowledge the support received from the Chimanimani OVC local liaison team
members Mr Jobes Jaibesi, Mr Brian Muchinapo, the then District Nursing Officer the
late Sister Mistress Ndhlovu and the new District Nursing Officer Sister Sifovo during the
whole exercise.
Our thanks are extended to the headmasters, teachers and nurses in all districts who
readily assisted the research team, including supervisors and interviewers, with free
training venues, accommodation and logistical support. We are also greatly indebted
to the communities of Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani for their co-operation and
hospitality throughout.
The field supervisors are highly commended for their sterling work. We also thank the
interviewers who industriously collected the data. We would like to further acknowledge
the work undertaken by the data entry clerks under the supervision of Mr Tendai Madiro
and Mr Lowence Gomo.
Sincere gratitude is also extended to the implementing partners, the Grant Maker FACT
Mutare for their support during the entire psychosocial survey, and the WK Kellogg
Foundation who generously funded the project.
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
vii
In the context of the OVC project in Zimbabwe, the following definitions were used:
Care-giver: a person who regularly voluntarily assists a household, whose members
are related or not related to him/her, in doing household chores, offering advice, giving
spiritual, psycho-social and material support.
Child: a person under the age of 18 years.
Child-headed household: a household in which a person aged 18 years and below is
responsible for making day-to-day decisions for a group of persons who stay or who
usually reside together and share food from the same pot, whether or not they are related
by blood.
Enumeration area: the smallest demarcation of a district that is a cluster of about 100
households.
Guardian: parent/someone who assumes responsibility for someone else’s welfare on a
day-to-day basis.
Grant maker: organisation that sources resources and rolls out grants to community-
based organisations to implement OVC interventions. Family AIDS Caring Trust (FACT) is
the grant maker for the OVC project in Zimbabwe.
Head of household: a person, regardless of age, who is responsible for making day-to-
day decisions for a group of persons who stay or who usually reside together and share
food from the same pot, whether or not they are related by blood.
Household: a group of persons who stay or who usually reside together and share food
from the same pot, whether or not they are related by blood.
Local liaison teams: key people selected from the districts where research is being
conducted who spearhead the OVC project activities.
Orphan: a person under the age of 18 who has lost either one or both parents.
Vulnerable Child: A child is considered vulnerable if he/she is living under difficult
circumstances. These include children living in poor households, those receiving
inadequate care, those with sick and terminally ill parents, those living in child-headed
households, those dependent on old, frail or disabled care-givers, and children in
households that assume additional dependency by taking in orphaned children. There is
no direct relationship between orphanhood and vulnerability. One can be an orphan and
yet not vulnerable and another can be vulnerable and not necessarily be an orphan.
Ward: a ward is a composition of 500 to 600 households.
OPERATIONALDEFINITIONSOFCONCEPTS
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
viii
Table 2.1: Targeted and actual sample sizes of guardians by district 11
Table 2.2: Targeted and actual sample sizes of OVC by district 12
Table 3.1: Distribution of OVC by Household standard of living 16
Table 3.2: Inheritance-related issues as reported by orphans 17
Table 3.3: Distribution of family items inherited by people other than orphans/siblings 18
Table 3.4: Psychological issues (emotions) 19
Table 3.5: Psychological issues or experiences expressed by OVC 20
Table 3.6: Reported sexual experiences and abuse of OVC 22
Table 3.7: Distribution of reported indices of psychological well-being 26
Table 3.8: Distribution of orphans by the things that made them happy 28
Table 3.9: Distribution of OVC by their reported coping strategies 29
Table 3.10: Agencies and forms of assistance received by OVC or orphans? 31
Table 3.11: Reported sexual experiences of OVC 33
Table 3.12: Discussions held with OVC concerning parents’ illness 35
Table 3.13:Distribution of guardians by employment status and source of income 40
Table 3.14: Distribution of guardians according to what they perceived to be the main
needs of OVC 41
Table 3.15: Guardians’ perceptions of the community’s concerns with regards to HIV/AIDS 42
Table 3.16: Distribution of guardians by reported communication on HIV/AIDS with children 43
Table 3.17: Perceptions about OVC situation in their neighbourhood 43
Table 3.18: Children’s reactions to the coming in of OVC into their households 44
Table 3.19: Demographic characteristics of child heads of households 45
Table 3.20: Household situation and sources of income 46
Table 3.21: Needs and problems within child-headed households 46
Table 4.1: Distribution of OVC according to their kinship to current Guardian 52
Table 4.2: Level of the OVC’s satisfaction with living in current households 52
Table 4.3: Distribution of family Items inherited by people other than orphans/siblings 53
Table 4.4: Psychological issues (emotions) as reported by OVC 55
Table 4.5: Psychological issues (experiences) 56
Table 4.6: Distribution of OVC by reported household economic situation 60
Table 4.7: Distribution of OVC by food consumption patterns 60
Table 4.8: Distribution of OVC by food consumed the day preceding the survey 61
Table 4.9: Distribution of OVC according to their relatedness to and their relationships
with guardian and other household members 62
Table 4.10: Distribution of OVC by district according to reported treatment by their guardian 63
Table 4.11: Distribution of orphans’ expectations of their guardians 65
Table 4.12: Distribution of how orphans felt about their parent(s)’ death 66
Table 4.13: Orphans’ feelings and wishes with respect to inherited items 67
Table 4.14: Distribution of family items inherited by relatives other than orphans and their
siblings 69
Table 4.15: Distribution of reported indices of psychological well being 70
Table 4.16: Reported usual coping strategies following parent(s)’ death 72
Table 4.17: OVC perceptions about how society members treated them 73
Table 4.18: Reported life changes following parent(s) death 74
Table 4.19: Agencies assisting OVC 75
Table 4.20: Forms of assistance received by OVC 75
Table 4.21: Reported sexual experiences of OVC 77
Table 4.22: Discussions held with OVC concerning parent(s)’ illness 78
Table 4.23: OVC’s educational level they attained by age group 83
Table 4.24: Distribution of perceptions of guardians on the impact of taking OVC into
their household 84
LISTOFTABLESANDFIGURES
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Chapter1
ix
Table 4.25: Distribution of guardians according to what they perceived to be the main
needs of OVC 85
Table 4.26: Distribution of guardians as per perceived challenges of heading a household 86
Table 4.27: Children’s reactions to the coming of OVC into their households 87
Table 4.28: Distribution of guardians by kind of support received 88
Table 4.29: Duration of OVC assuming responsibility of being head of household 88
Table 4.30: Household situation, sources of income and ways of making ends meet for
child-headed households. 89
Table 4.31: Needs, challenges, problems and concerns for child-headed households 89
LISTOFFIGURES
Figure 2.1: Location of Bulilimamanywe and Chimanimani Districts 8
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
x
AIDS AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome
BRTI BiomedicalResearchandTrainingInstitute
CBO Community-basedorganisation
CIHP CentreforInternationalHealthandPolicy
FACT FamilyAIDSCaringTrust
FBO Faith-basedorganisation
FHI FamilyHealthInternational
HIV HumanImmunodeficiencyVirus
HSRC HumanScienceResearchCouncil
IRDP IntegratedRuralDevelopmentProgramme
KABP
KAP Knowledge,attitudesandpractices
MRCZ MedicalResearchCouncilofZimbabwe
NGO Non-governmentalorganisation
NIHR NationalInstituteforHealthResearch
OVC OrphansandVulnerableChildren
PSS PsychosocialSurvey
RH ReproductiveHealth
SAfAIDS SouthernAfricaHIV/AIDSInformationDisseminationService
SADC SouthernAfricaDevelopmentCommunity
STI Sexuallytransmittedinfection
UNAIDS JointUnitedNationsProgrammeonHIV/AIDS
UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
WKKF WKKellogFoundation
ZHDR ZimbabweHumanDevelopmentReport
ACRONYMSANDABBREVIATIONS
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
. PSYCHOSOCIAL CONDITIONS OF
ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE
CHILDREN
IN TWO ZIMBABWEAN DISTRICTS
Simba Rusakaniko, Alfred Chingono, Stanford. strengthening existing OVC interventions
and in evaluating the effectiveness of new interventions that would be implemented in
the districts at the mid-point and
Ngày đăng: 07/03/2014, 09:20
Xem thêm: Psychosocial conditions of orphans and vulnerable children in two Zimbabwean districts doc, Psychosocial conditions of orphans and vulnerable children in two Zimbabwean districts doc