Piv. TRONG TAC PHAM CUA NAM CAO O ThS. DirONG THI THUY VINH* T rong nhd trudng phd thdng, cdc phuong tien tu ngCr bieu thj tinh hnh thdi duqc nghien CUU nhu Id mot loqi tinh thdi tu, thudc nhdm trq tu (heu tu) nhdn mqnh. Viec nghien euu ddc diem vd gid trj su dyng cuo chung se giup cho gido vien vd hqc sinh phd thdng khdng chi ndm bdt duqc mdt loqi tu loqi trong tieng Viet md cdn biet vdn dyng chung trong qud trinh gidng dqy vd gioo hep mdt cdch hieu qud (chdng hqn nhu phdn tich cdu, Hm hieu phong cdch cuo mot so nhd vdn, hm hieu net vdn hod Viet Nam quo ngdn ngCr cuo qudn chung nhdn ddn, ). Trong bdi viet ndy, chung tdi ehi de cdp mot khto cqnh, dd Id hm hieu vdi net phong cdch cuo nhd vdn Nam Coo quo viec su dyng cdc phuang hen tu ngu (PTTN) chi do tin cdy. 1. Khdi qudt ve hnh thdi chi do tin cqy vd cdc PTTN bieu hien tinh thdi chi do tin cdy trong tde phdm cua Nam Cao Tinh thdi chi do tin cdy (TTCOTC) Id hnh thdi neu len muc do tin cdy trong niem tin cua ngudi ndi ddi vdi ndi dung sy viec duqc neu d trong cdu. Cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC trong tde phdm eua Nam Coo ed the duqc phdn loqi theo cdc tieu chi khde nhou nhu: vj tri trong cdu, ddc diem cdu tqo vd sdc thdi y nghTo md chung bieu dqt. Khi phdn loqi cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC theo sdc thdi y nghTo, cd the chio ro thdnh cdc nhdm sau: 1) Khdng djnh tinh chdn li duong nhien cua ndi dung menh de trong cdu, gdm: tdt nhien, le dinhiin, li duong nhiin, cdnhiin, dt, chdc chdn, chinh dung, qud, that, qud that, that qud, qud tinh, that tinh, ki tinh, phdi ndi, su that (Id/thi), fhucte(ld/fhi), Vi dy 1: Cdi mat my chac chdn Id si khdng dugc tuoi tinh ldm (1; 201). 2) Khdng djnh ndi dung cua menh de nhu cd mdt gid trj tuong ddi hodc mdt khd ndng xdc thyc hqn che nhu: that ra, ke ra, xem ra, xem chung, chung, thiiu chut nua, mdt ti nua Vi dy 2: KM nhu the thi cung re (2; 14d). 3) Thien ve khdng djnh ndi dung menh de h-ong cdu Id cd thdt, gdm: chdc, chdc id, chdc hdn, hdn Id, cd the, rdt cd the, y hdn. Id thudng, Vi dy 3: Han Id San dd cd dieu gi bdt mdn ve vg y ddy (2; ld5). 4) Thien ve nghi ngd hnh chdn thyc cuo nqi dung menh de trong cdu, gdm: chua chdc, chd chdc, chang le (nhe), khdng le, chdc gi, Idm nhu thi, hog (Id), chua han, chd le (nhe), le ndo, Vi dy 4: Khdng le vi mdt dua md cd mdy dua cung e mudn (1; 401). 5) Nua hn nuo ngd ve Hnh chdn thyc cuo nqi dung menh de trong cdu, gdm: chua biet chung, cd le, khdng cd le, cd khi, biit ddu, dudng nhu, hog chdng, hinh nhu, nghe ddu, Vi dy 5: Khdng mdy chieu hg khdng dn, dudng nhu dd nghiin roi (2; 208). 2. Vdi net ve phong cdch Nam Cao duqc the hien qua viec su dung cdc PTTN bieu hien nCDTC 2.1. Qua viec su dyng cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC, nhd vdn Nam Coo dd bde Id mdt trong nhung net ddc trung cuo phong cdch Id hnh chdt tru hnh. Ngodi viec su dyng but phdp hien thyc mdt cdch nghiem ngdt, nhd vdn cdn the hien edi Tdi cuo minh thdng quo nhi/ng y kien ddnh gid, quo thdi do, Hnh cdm ddi vdi cdc sy vdt, hien tuqng. Nhung ddnh gid cua dng cd khi vdi h/ cdch Id Idi tde gid nhung phdn Idn Id dn trong sy ddnh gid cuo cdc nhdn vdt chinh, nhdn vdt phy bdi dng mudn de hien thyc ty edt len tieng ndi cuo minh. Nhung Id ngudi dqe, chung to van nhdn ro nhCrng ddnh gid mong ddm ddu dn cd nhdn cuo tde gid de to biet rdng, ddng sou nhCrng nhdn # * Tnrcing Dai hoc sir pham - OH Thai Nguyen Tap chi Giao due s6 217 (ki i • 7/2009) djnh tudng chung nhu rdt khdch quon dy Id mdt trdi hm ludn biet dau cung ndi dau cuo nhdn vqt, ludn biet se chio vdi nhCrng niem hqnh phuc mong manh, nhd nhoi cuo nhdn vdt. Vi du 6: Cd le tdi bdn con chd ddy, dng gido q.'(l;405). Trong truyen «Ldo Hgc", khi ldo Hqe bde bqeh vol dng gido suy nghT tren thi bdn thdn ldo dd cd nhCrng li do de cho rdng cdn phdi bdn chd. Nhung dng gido biet ldo ndi vdy thdi vd dd nghe ldo ndi edu dd nhdm rdi, «ehdng bao gid ldo bdn ddu" vi dd Id con chd md eon trai ldo mua ve nudi ddnh de luc cudi vq thi thjt; ldo quy nd nhu con vd chi cd nd Id bqn. Vdy Id ldo Hqc dd ed nhCrng li do rdt thuyet phyc de bdn chd nhung Iqi khdng du can ddm bdn nd di. Ldo tdm sy vdi dng gido cd the chi Id mong sy chio se vd xem xet Iqi nhCrng li do ddn den quyet djnh bdn chd hoy khdng bdn cuo minh. Cung bdi vi tde gid rdt hieu noi Idng cuo nhdn vqt ldo Hqc nen mdi de ldo cd sy bdn khodn, day dut nhu vdy thdng qua viee dung tu «cd le". 2.2. Khdng chi vdy, viee su dyng ede PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC cdn giup cho Idi vdn Nam Coo mong phong cdch khdu ngCr. Ldi vdn cuo dng thdm dam hoi thd cuo cudc sdng, gdn gui vdi Idi dn tieng ndi hdng ngdy cuo qudn chung nhdn ddn. Chinh vi the, nhd vdn dd the hien duqc giqng dieu, tdm li, tinh cdch cuo tung nhdn vdt vd phdn biet duqc nhung cdnh ngd, tinh edeh, sd phdn khde nhou, ngdn ngi/ ndo thi tinh cdch dy. Vi dy 7: Chdc Id rugu bo (1; 220). Ody Id Idi binh ludn cuo nhdn vdt bd dd Cdnh ve choi ruqu md nhdn vdt Sinh mang bieu dng dd trong truyen «Ddn khdch". Bd thdy «Cdi cd choi ed bqe gidy vdng cdn thdn. Cdi nhdn hieu in dep ldm". Tu hinh thuc bdt mdt vd duqc Idm cdn thdn, bd duo ro mdt nhdn djnh ve ehdt luqng cuo chai ruqu. Nhung bd dd khdng ddm khdng djnh dut khodt vi dng bd ehuo duqc nem thu, chua duqe kiem nghiem nen khdng biet ed «bd" thdt hoy khdng. Khi nghe nhdn xet cuo bd dd chdc rdng ngudi dqe oi eung mim cudi. Cudi vi thdy bd dd dung Id ngudi ndng ddn chdt phdc sdng trong cdn nhd «cd bo gion cot tre, mdi rq". Vdi nhi/ng hieu biet rdt it di cua minh, bd ehi cd the ddnh gid chdt luqng quo hinh thue. Thyc te thi dd Id chai ruqu ddu, «chua nhu the tuong oi" theo nhu Idi nhdn xet cuo Sinh khi nem thu ruqu trong choi bj roi vd. Tap ehi Giao due so 217 (ki i • 7/2009) Vol nhi/ng ngudi tri thuc thi Iqi khde. Nhung nhdn djnh, ddnh gid euo hq ed sy phdn tich chqt che, lo gic hon. Vi dy 8: Rdt ed the ngudi fa khdng Idy ddng ndo ed (2; 151). Ody Id nhdn xet cuo Son trong tde phdm «Sd'ng mdn". Khi Son ndi edu ndy, ngudi nghe hieu rdng San dd phdn tich thyc te kT cdng vd cd CO sd de tin vdo dieu dd. Theo Son, Thu vd Son Id thdy gido cua con trai cy Hdi Nam, cd the ngudi to cdn mudn hoi thdy gido d de kem them cho con nen se khdng Idy tien trq. Od Id dieu hqp le thudng. Nhung vi giuy, khdng mudn mang tieng Id «lqi dyng" chdng hqn, nen Son mdi dua nhdn djnh cuo minh vdo the khd ndng xdy ro khd coo: «rdt cd the". Neu Son khdng djnh Id «chdc chdn" thi onh dd khdng phdi Id mdt onh thdy gido duqc hqc hdnh tu te. Nhung khi nghe Son ndi dieu ndy thi Thu Iqi cd suy nghT khde, dd Id «Nhung Iqi eung rdt ed the nguoi to ddi mdi thdng bo ehye ddng". 3. Vdi nhi/ng sdc thdi bieu cdm phong phu vd tinh te, cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC dd giup cho viec dien dqt khdng ehi trong gioo tiep md cdn trong cdc trong vdn trd nen sdng ddng, hdp ddn hon bdi ngudi nghe, ngudi doc cd the thdy duqe thdi do, cdch ddnh gid cung nhu nhi/ng edm xue md ngudi ndi, ngudi viet gui gdm trong dd. Trong gidi hqn cho phep, chung tdi moi chi de cdp den mdt hudng hm hieu cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC. Hi vqng cdn cd djp bdn ludn sdu vd rdng hon ve nhi/ng phuong tien ndy. Vdi Nam Coo, viee su dyng vdi tdn so coo cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC trong cdc tde phdm dd giup dng them mdt Idn ni/o khdng djnh sy phong phu, tinh te cuo ngdn ngu ddn tqc vd td ddm them nhCrng net phong edeh.ddc ddo cuo minh. Hieu gid trj cuo nhCrng bieu thue hnh thdi md dng su dyng, ta Iqi edng them yeu quy vd trdn trqng nhung trong vdn cuo dng. • (1) Tuyen tap Nam Cao, tap 1. NXB Vdn hpe, H 1987. (2) Tuyen tap Nam Cao, tap 2. NXB Vdn hpe, H 2002. Tai lieu tham khao 1. Diep Quang Ban (chu bien) - Hoang Dan. Nguphap tieng Viet (saeh CDSP). NXB Gido due, H 2000. 2. Le Bien. Tur loai tieng Viet hien dai. NXB Gido ducH 1999. 3. Hoang Phe (chu bien). Tudien tieng Viet. Trung tam tCr die'n ngOn ngO, H 1992. .# . tinh thdi chi do tin cdy trong tde phdm cua Nam Cao Tinh thdi chi do tin cdy (TTCOTC) Id hnh thdi neu len muc do tin cdy trong niem tin cua ngudi ndi. yeu quy vd trdn trqng nhung trong vdn cuo dng. • (1) Tuyen tap Nam Cao, tap 1. NXB Vdn hpe, H 1987. (2) Tuyen tap Nam Cao, tap 2. NXB Vdn hpe,