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The
GALE
E
NCYCLOPEDIA
o
f
Surgery
A GUIDE FOR PATIENTS AND CAREGIVERS
VOLUME
A-F
ANTHONY J. SENAGORE, M.D., EXECUTIVE ADVISOR
CLEVELAND CLINIC FOUNDATION
The
GALE
E
NCYCLOPEDIA
o
f
Surgery
A GUIDE FOR PATIENTS AND CAREGIVERS
1
Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery: A Guide for Patients and Caregivers
Anthony J. Senagore MD, Executive Adviser
Project Editor
Kristine Krapp
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10987654321
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Gale encyclopedia of surgery : a guide for patients and caregivers /
Anthony J. Senagore, [editor].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-7721-3 (set : hc) — ISBN 0-7876-7722-1 (v. 1) — ISBN
0-7876-7723-X (v. 2) — ISBN 0-7876-9123-2 (v. 3)
Surgery—Encyclopedias. 2. Surgery—Popular works. I. Senagore,
Anthony J., 1958-
RD17.G34 2003
617’.91’003—dc22 2003015742
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY
v
CONTENTS
List of Entries vii
Introduction xiii
Contributors xv
Entries
Volume 1: A-F 1
Volume 2: G-O 557
Volume 3: P-Z 1079
Glossary 1577
Organizations Appendix 1635
General Index 1649
A
Abdominal ultrasound
Abdominal wall defect repair
Abdominoplasty
Abortion, induced
Abscess incision and drainage
Acetaminophen
Adenoidectomy
Admission to the hospital
Adrenalectomy
Adrenergic drugs
Adult day care
Ambulatory surgery centers
Amniocentesis
Amputation
Anaerobic bacteria culture
Analgesics
Analgesics, opioid
Anesthesia evaluation
Anesthesia, general
Anesthesia, local
Anesthesiologist’s role
Angiography
Angioplasty
Anterior temporal lobectomy
Antianxiety drugs
Antibiotics
Antibiotics, topical
Anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs
Antihypertensive drugs
Antinausea drugs
Antiseptics
Antrectomy
Aortic aneurysm repair
Aortic valve replacement
Breast reduction
Bronchoscopy
Bunionectomy
C
Cardiac catheterization
Cardiac marker tests
Cardiac monitor
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cardioversion
Carotid endarterectomy
Carpal tunnel release
Catheterization, female
Catheterization, male
Cephalosporins
Cerebral aneurysm repair
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
Cervical cerclage
Cervical cryotherapy
Cesarean section
Chest tube insertion
Chest x ray
Cholecystectomy
Circumcision
Cleft lip repair
Club foot repair
Cochlear implants
Collagen periurethral injection
Colonoscopy
Colorectal surgery
Colostomy
Colporrhaphy
Colposcopy
Colpotomy
Appendectomy
Arteriovenous fistula
Arthrography
Arthroplasty
Arthroscopic surgery
Artificial sphincter insertion
Aseptic technique
Aspirin
Autologous blood donation
Axillary dissection
B
Balloon valvuloplasty
Bandages and dressings
Bankart procedure
Barbiturates
Barium enema
Bedsores
Biliary stenting
Bispectral index
Bladder augmentation
Blepharoplasty
Blood donation and registry
Blood pressure measurement
Blood salvage
Bloodless surgery
Bone grafting
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
Bone marrow transplantation
Bone x rays
Bowel resection
Breast biopsy
Breast implants
Breast reconstruction
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY
vii
LIST OF ENTRIES
Complete blood count
Cone biopsy
Corneal transplantation
Coronary artery bypass graft
surgery
Coronary stenting
Corpus callosotomy
Corticosteroids
Craniofacial reconstruction
Craniotomy
Cricothyroidotomy
Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy for cataracts
CT scans
Curettage and electrosurgery
Cyclocryotherapy
Cystectomy
Cystocele repair
Cystoscopy
D
Death and dying
Debridement
Deep brain stimulation
Defibrillation
Dental implants
Dermabrasion
Dilatation and curettage
Discharge from the hospital
Disk removal
Diuretics
Do not resuscitate order (DNR)
E
Ear, nose, and throat surgery
Echocardiography
Elective surgery
Electrocardiography
Electroencephalography
Electrolyte tests
Electrophysiology study of the heart
Emergency surgery
Endolymphatic shunt
Gastrostomy
General surgery
Gingivectomy
Glossectomy
Glucose tests
Goniotomy
H
Hair transplantation
Hammer, claw, and mallet toe
surgery
Hand surgery
Health care proxy
Health history
Heart surgery for congenital defects
Heart transplantation
Heart-lung machines
Heart-lung transplantation
Hemangioma excision
Hematocrit
Hemispherectomy
Hemoglobin test
Hemoperfusion
Hemorrhoidectomy
Hepatectomy
Hip osteotomy
Hip replacement
Hip revision surgery
Home care
Hospices
Hospital services
Hospital-acquired infections
Human leukocyte antigen test
Hydrocelectomy
Hypophysectomy
Hypospadias repair
Hysterectomy
Hysteroscopy
I
Ileal conduit surgery
Ileoanal anastomosis
Ileoanal reservoir surgery
Endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography
Endoscopic sinus surgery
Endotracheal intubation
Endovascular stent surgery
Enhanced external counterpulsation
Enucleation, eye
Epidural therapy
Episiotomy
Erythromycins
Esophageal atresia repair
Esophageal function tests
Esophageal resection
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Essential surgery
Exenteration
Exercise
Extracapsular cataract extraction
Eye muscle surgery
F
Face lift
Fasciotomy
Femoral hernia repair
Fetal surgery
Fetoscopy
Fibrin sealants
Finding a surgeon
Finger reattachment
Fluoroquinolones
Forehead lift
Fracture repair
G
Gallstone removal
Ganglion cyst removal
Gastrectomy
Gastric acid inhibitors
Gastric bypass
Gastroduodenostomy
Gastroenterologic surgery
Gastroesophageal reflux scan
Gastroesophageal reflux surgery
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY
viii
List of Entries
Ileostomy
Immunoassay tests
Immunologic therapies
Immunosuppressant drugs
Implantable cardioverter-
defibrillator
In vitro fertilization
Incision care
Incisional hernia repair
Informed consent
Inguinal hernia repair
Intensive care unit
Intensive care unit equipment
Intestinal obstruction repair
Intravenous rehydration
Intussusception reduction
Iridectomy
Islet cell transplantation
K
Kidney dialysis
Kidney function tests
Kidney transplantation
Knee arthroscopic surgery
Knee osteotomy
Knee replacement
Knee revision surgery
Kneecap removal
L
Laceration repair
Laminectomy
Laparoscopy
Laparoscopy for endometriosis
Laparotomy, exploratory
Laryngectomy
Laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK)
Laser iridotomy
Laser posterior capsulotomy
Laser skin resurfacing
Laser surgery
Laxatives
Leg lengthening/shortening
N
Necessary surgery
Needle bladder neck suspension
Nephrectomy
Nephrolithotomy, percutaneous
Nephrostomy
Neurosurgery
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs
Nursing homes
O
Obstetric and gynecologic surgery
Omphalocele repair
Oophorectomy
Open prostatectomy
Operating room
Ophthalmologic surgery
Orchiectomy
Orchiopexy
Orthopedic surgery
Otoplasty
Outpatient surgery
Oxygen therapy
P
Pacemakers
Pain management
Pallidotomy
Pancreas transplantation
Pancreatectomy
Paracentesis
Parathyroidectomy
Parotidectomy
Patent urachus repair
Patient confidentiality
Patient rights
Patient-controlled analgesia
Pectus excavatum repair
Pediatric concerns
Pediatric surgery
Limb salvage
Lipid tests
Liposuction
Lithotripsy
Liver biopsy
Liver function tests
Liver transplantation
Living will
Lobectomy, pulmonary
Long-term care insurance
Lumpectomy
Lung biopsy
Lung transplantation
Lymphadenectomy
M
Magnetic resonance imaging
Mammography
Managed care plans
Mastoidectomy
Maze procedure for atrial
fibrillation
Mechanical circulation support
Mechanical ventilation
Meckel’s diverticulectomy
Mediastinoscopy
Medicaid
Medical charts
Medical errors
Medicare
Meningocele repair
Mentoplasty
Microsurgery
Minimally invasive heart surgery
Mitral valve repair
Mitral valve replacement
Modified radical mastectomy
Mohs surgery
Multiple-gated acquisition
(MUGA) scan
Muscle relaxants
Myelography
Myocardial resection
Myomectomy
Myringotomy and ear tubes
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY
ix
List of Entries
Pelvic ultrasound
Penile prostheses
Pericardiocentesis
Peripheral endarterectomy
Peripheral vascular bypass surgery
Peritoneovenous shunt
Phacoemulsification for cataracts
Pharyngectomy
Phlebography
Phlebotomy
Photocoagulation therapy
Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)
Physical examination
Planning a hospital stay
Plastic, reconstructive, and
cosmetic surgery
Pneumonectomy
Portal vein bypass
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Post-surgical pain
Postoperative care
Power of attorney
Preoperative care
Preparing for surgery
Presurgical testing
Private insurance plans
Prophylaxis, antibiotic
Pulse oximeter
Pyloroplasty
Q
Quadrantectomy
R
Radical neck dissection
Recovery at home
Recovery room
Rectal prolapse repair
Rectal resection
Red blood cell indices
Reoperation
Retinal cryopexy
Retropubic suspension
Surgical instruments
Surgical oncology
Surgical team
Sympathectomy
Syringe and needle
T
Talking to the doctor
Tarsorrhaphy
Telesurgery
Tendon repair
Tenotomy
Tetracyclines
Thermometer
Thoracic surgery
Thoracotomy
Thrombolytic therapy
Thyroidectomy
Tonsillectomy
Tooth extraction
Tooth replantation
Trabeculectomy
Tracheotomy
Traction
Transfusion
Transplant surgery
Transurethral bladder resection
Transurethral resection of the
prostate
Tubal ligation
Tube enterostomy
Tube-shunt surgery
Tumor marker tests
Tumor removal
Tympanoplasty
Type and screen
U
Umbilical hernia repair
Upper GI exam
Ureteral stenting
Ureterosigmoidoscopy
Ureterostomy, cutaneous
Rhinoplasty
Rhizotomy
Robot-assisted surgery
Root canal treatment
Rotator cuff repair
S
Sacral nerve stimulation
Salpingo-oophorectomy
Salpingostomy
Scar revision surgery
Scleral buckling
Sclerostomy
Sclerotherapy for esophageal
varices
Sclerotherapy for varicose veins
Scopolamine patch
Second opinion
Second-look surgery
Sedation, conscious
Segmentectomy
Sentinel lymph node biopsy
Septoplasty
Sex reassignment surgery
Shoulder joint replacement
Shoulder resection arthroplasty
Sigmoidoscopy
Simple mastectomy
Skin grafting
Skull x rays
Sling procedure
Small bowel resection
Smoking cessation
Snoring surgery
Sphygmomanometer
Spinal fusion
Spinal instrumentation
Spirometry tests
Splenectomy
Stapedectomy
Stereotactic radiosurgery
Stethoscope
Stitches and staples
Stress test
Sulfonamides
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY
x
List of Entries
Urinalysis
Urinary anti-infectives
Urologic surgery
Uterine stimulants
V
Vagal nerve stimulation
W
Webbed finger or toe repair
Weight management
White blood cell count and
differential
Wound care
Wound culture
Wrist replacement
Vagotomy
Vascular surgery
Vasectomy
Vasovasostomy
Vein ligation and stripping
Venous thrombosis prevention
Ventricular assist device
Ventricular shunt
Vertical banded gastroplasty
Vital signs
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY
xi
List of Entries
The Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery is a medical ref-
erence product designed to inform and educate readers
about a wide variety of surgeries, tests, drugs, and other
medical topics. The Gale Group believes the product to
be comprehensive, but not necessarily definitive. While
the Gale Group has made substantial efforts to provide
information that is accurate, comprehensive, and up-to-
date, the Gale Group makes no representations or war-
ranties of any kind, including without limitation, war-
ranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular pur-
pose, nor does it guarantee the accuracy, comprehensive-
ness, or timeliness of the information contained in this
product. Readers should be aware that the universe of
medical knowledge is constantly growing and changing,
and that differences of medical opinion exist among au-
thorities.
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY
xii
PLEASE READ—
IMPORTANT INFORMATION
[...]... on the area of interest As an imaging tool, abdominal ultrasound generally is indicated for patients afflicted with chronic or acute abdominal pain; abdominal trauma; an obvious or suspected abdominal mass; symptoms of liver or biliary tract disease, pancreatic disease, gallstones, spleen disease, kidney disease, and urinary blockage; evaluation of ascites; or symptoms of an abdominal aortic aneurysm... implant into the breast, most often behind the breast tissue or chest muscle wall A breast reduction may be performed on patients who have large breasts that cause an array of symptoms such as back and neck pain Breast reduction removes excess breast skin and fat and moves the nipple and area around the nipple (called the areola) to a higher position A breast lift, also called a mastopexy, is performed... has lost a large amount of weight or is obese A large area of overhanging skin is called a pannus Older patients are at an increased risk of developing a pannus because skin loses elasticity as one ages Problems with hygiene or wound formation can result in a patient who has multiple hanging folds of abdominal skin and fat If a large area of excess tissue is removed, the procedure is called a panniculectomy... radiology department and emergency department, as well as in physician offices, for a number of clinical applications Ultrasound has a great advantage over x-ray imaging technologies in that it does not damage tissues with ionizing radiation Ultrasound is also generally far better than plain x rays at distinguishing the subtle variations of soft tissue structures, and can be used in any of several modes,... eligible to take the Pediatric Surgery examination Other credentials may include membership in the American College of Surgeons, the American Pediatric Surgical Association, and/ or the American Academy of Pediatrics Each of these organizations require that fellows meet well-established standards of training, clinical knowledge, and professional conduct If prenatal screening indicates that abdominal wall defects... Infection may occur DILATATION AND EVACUATION Some second trimester abortions are performed as a dilatation and evacuation (D & E) The procedures are similar to those used in a D & C, but a larger suction tube must be used because more material must be removed This increases the amount of cervical dilation necessary and increases the risk and discomfort of the procedure A combination of suction and manual... procedure can take up to a week, and final closure may be performed a few weeks later More surgery may be required to repair the abdominal muscles at a later time Diagnosis/Preparation Prenatal screening can detect approximately 85% of abdominal wall defects Gastroschisis and omphalocele are usually diagnosed by ultrasound examinations before birth These tests can determine the size of the abdominal wall... pelvis It contains a cavity with many organs Amniotic membrane A thin membrane that contains the fetus and the protective amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus Anesthesia A combination of drugs administered by a variety of techniques by trained professionals that provide sedation, amnesia, analgesia, and immobility adequate for the accomplishment of the surgical procedure with minimal discomfort, and without... structure GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SURGERY • Abdominal trauma After a serious accident such as a car crash or a fall, internal bleeding from injured abdominal organs is often the most serious threat to survival Neither the injuries nor the bleeding may be immediately apparent Ultrasound is very useful as an initial scan when abdominal trauma is suspected, and it can be used to pinpoint the location, cause, and. .. hypertension, particularly in the heart, but also in the abdominal aorta and the portal vein of the liver The actual procedure for a patient undergoing an abdominal ultrasound is relatively simple, regardless of the type of scan or its purpose Fasting for at least eight hours prior to the procedure ensures that the stomach is empty and as small as possible, and that the intestines and bowels are relatively inactive .
GALE
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NCYCLOPEDIA
o
f
Surgery
A GUIDE FOR PATIENTS AND CAREGIVERS
1
Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery: A Guide for Patients and Caregivers
Anthony J. Senagore. SURGERY
xii
PLEASE READ—
IMPORTANT INFORMATION
The Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery: A Guide for
Patients and Caregivers is a unique and invaluable
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