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This book has to have a twin dedication. First, to my wife Philippa and to my three children, Abby, Theo and Sandy, without whose support and understanding nothing would ever have been achieved. Secondly, to my rich global village of work friends, made in over 50 years of work and travel in Poland, Slovakia, the Netherlands, Wales, New Zealand, Scotland, the USA, Canada, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, England, Norway, Ireland, Hungary, China, Australia, Albania, Austria, Estonia, the Maldives, Algeria, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Italy, France, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Romania, Greece, Cyprus, Spain, Belgium and Bulgaria. The shared learning has grown thanks to them
Planning for Tourism, Leisure and Sustainability International Case Studies This page intentionally left blank Planning for Tourism, Leisure and Sustainability International Case Studies Anthony S Travis International Tourism Consultant CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Nosworthy Way Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8DE UK CABI 875 Massachusetts Avenue 7th Floor Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 E-mail: cabi@cabi.org Website: www.cabi.org Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: cabi-nao@cabi.org © T Travis 2011 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Travis, Anthony S Planning for tourism, leisure and sustainability : international case studies/Anthony S Travis p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-84593-742-3 (alk paper) Sustainable tourism–Case studies I Title G156.5.S87T73 2011 910.68’4 dc22 2011011312 ISBN-13: 978 84593 742 Commissioning editor: Sarah Hulbert Editorial assistants: Alexandra Lainsbury, Gwenan Spearing, Katherine Dalton Production editor: Fiona Chippendale Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Contents Dedication and Aims ix Contributors xi Tourism Foreword Jeff Hamblin xiii Heritage Foreword Neil Cossons xv Introduction PART I INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL SCALES OF TOURISM AND LEISURE PLANNING xvii World and National Systems of Heritage Resource Classification (RMP) Planning for Tourism in a Post-industrial Society – a National Case Study from the UK (RMP) 6 Planning for Economic Reconstruction and Change in a Post-war Communist State: Case Study of Poland (RMP) The Pilbara: a Sub-national Australian Study in 21st Century Resource Development Planning Jim and Wanda Kaucz 22 29 The Netherlands: a European Case Study of a Nation Planning with an Over Abundance of Water 38 Israel: a Middle Eastern Case Study of Planning in a Mediterranean/Desert Edge Location (RMP) 54 Denmark: a Scandinavian Case Study of Regional Conservation Planning for Tourism and Recreation 1960–1980 (RMP) 64 v vi Contents Maldives’ Tourism Development: a Test Case in the Indian Ocean for Conservation and Economic Development in an Islamic State (RMP towards STP) 70 Sustainable Transport to Tourist Destination Countries 75 PART II REGIONAL TOURISM PLANNING AND NATURAL RESOURCE PLANNING 81 10 Introduction to Mountain Region Planning for Conservation and Tourism 83 11 Introduction to the High Tatras and the Slovak High Tatras Case Study 88 12 The Polish Part of the High Tatras: the High Tatras and the Zakopane Areas 95 13 Subregional Resource Conservation Planning: the Firth of Clyde, 1970 – the First New European Strategy for Integrated Leisure and Tourism Development 103 Upland Classical National Park Eco-model: the Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia, 1990 112 14 15 16 17 18 116 118 Community-based Desert Ecotourism, Ancient Cities and Nomadic Cultures Case Study 1: Petra, Wadi Rum and Aqaba, Jordan Case Study 2: Tamanrasset and the Hoggar Mountains of the Sahara, Southern Algeria Case Study 3: Incense Trail of Nabbatean Cities in the Negev, Southern Israel Case Study 4: Egyptian Ecotourism and Desert Tourism 119 120 120 Introduction to UK Upland Planning for Countryside Conservation, Recreation and Tourism Case Study 1: National Park Planning and Management Case Study 2: The Upper Derwent Valley in the Peak District National Park Case Study 3: The Tarka Project in Devon 122 123 125 127 Post-industrial Regional Tourism Planning: the South Wales Valleys – Strategy for Development and Conservation in the 1980s 129 Nature and Culture: Developing a Rural Region’s Heritage Trails Through Dolenjska and Bela Krajina in Slovenia Marko Koscak and Anthony S Travis 134 19 Host Cultures and Tourism: Is a Culture Sustainable? 141 20 Mid-Wales Festival of the Countryside: a Model of Events to Reinforce Rural Culture and Life Arwel Jones 150 Den Norske Turistforening – a Voluntary Sector Sustainable Programme in Norway Jan Vidar Haukeland 154 21 22 Cycling in the Netherlands – a Sustainable Move Forward for a Whole Nation Ton van Egmond 157 Contents PART III 23 COASTAL AND MARITIME PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT vii 159 Adriatic Coastal Development Planning by Federal Yugoslavia (Now Croatia), 1960–1980 161 24 Planning the Coastline: England and Wales 1960–1970 165 25 Mediterranean Action Plan and Blue Plan 169 26 Tourism Carrying Capacity Assessment in the Mediterranean 1980–2009 Ivica Trumbic 175 27 ‘Working with the Sea’: the 2008 Dutch National Response to Global Warming and Sea Rise PART IV HISTORIC CITIES AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PLANNING 181 187 28 Historic Cities as Sustainable Tourist Destinations 189 29 Edinburgh: Post-war Urban Planning and Conservation in a World Heritage City 193 30 Urban Event Tourism: Edinburgh – the Festivals and Many ‘Tourisms’ 201 31 Salzburg: Management and Tourism in an Austro-Hungarian Festival City 206 32 Colonial Williamsburg: a Conserved and Renovated Settlement as a Managed Cultural, Educational and Tourist Centre 212 33 The Sustainable Historic City Centre: Munich as a Model 219 34 Post-industrial Urban Centre Landscape Transformation: Central Birmingham (UK) as a Test Case 1960–2010 223 Sustainable Transport in and at Tourist Destination Areas (TDAs) 229 35 PART V 36 LOCAL AND SITE SCALE OF TOURISM AND LEISURE SERVICES PLANNING 231 Heritage Conservation Planning, at the Site Scale: Management and Interpretation 233 37 Historic Sites: Case Studies of Three Battlefields Case Study 1: Gettysburg, Virginia, USA Case Study 2: Culloden, Scotland, UK Case Study 3: Waterloo, Belgium 236 236 237 239 38 Tivoli: a Unique Danish ‘Pleasure Ground’ and Theme Park 241 39 US Heritage Parks and High-capacity Theme Parks in Virginia 245 40 The New Museumology – Site Interpretation and Animation 249 41 Regional Park Systems, Identity and Outdoor Recreation in Metropolitan Areas Case Study: The Huron–Clinton Metropolitan Authority (HCMA), Detroit 253 255 Beaulieu, UK: Recycling an Historic Private Estate as a Major Tourist Attraction 262 42 viii Contents 43 Integrated Community Building Complexes: Experimental Provisions in the Netherlands and the UK Case Study 1: The Pioneer Health Centre, Peckham, London (1935) Case Study 2: The ‘Meerpaal’, Dronten in Flevoland (1967) Case Study 3: ‘t Karregat in Eindhoven (1973) Case Study 4: The ‘Agora’, Lelystad in Flevoland (1977) PART VI ‘SLICING THE CAKE DIFFERENTLY’ – RESORTS, SPAS, PILGRIMAGES AND CITY TOURISM 268 268 270 271 272 275 44 Introduction 277 45 Resorts are Not Forever Case Study 1: The Scheveningen Story Case Study 2: UK ‘Sea-Change Programme 2008’ Case Study 3: Bournemouth – a Sustainable Resort? 279 284 285 285 46 Long-life Pilgrimage Tourism and its Destinations 287 47 Cities as Sustainable Tourism Destinations 292 Appendix Sources and Acknowledgements 298 Bibliography 303 Index 319 Dedication This book has to have a twin dedication First, to my wife Philippa and to my three children, Abby, Theo and Sandy, without whose support and understanding nothing would ever have been achieved Secondly, to my rich global village of work friends, made in over 50 years of work and travel in Poland, Slovakia, the Netherlands, Wales, New Zealand, Scotland, the USA, Canada, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, England, Norway, Ireland, Hungary, China, Australia, Albania, Austria, Estonia, the Maldives, Algeria, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Italy, France, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Romania, Greece, Cyprus, Spain, Belgium and Bulgaria The shared learning has grown thanks to them Aims In looking back over a span of 50 years’ worldwide experience as a tourism planner, my aims in this book are not only to remind readers of how this new field has developed in its own right, and of the creative planning responses to identified problems as opportunities, but also to it in a comparative way I will this by comparing: · · · the integrated planning response to water threat and needs for leisure and tourism in a crowded capitalist country like the Netherlands, with economic- and tourist-development responses in a water-short immigrant nation with a mixed economy like Israel; the socialist planning for sport and social tourism of a post-war Poland, in dire economic circumstances, with capitalist regional development in the 2000s in a huge, hot, dry, remote region of North West Australia (which is twice the size of Poland!); and tourism planning and development of an island archipelago state in the Indian Ocean that is barely above sea level (the Maldives), with hi-tech planning for global warming and sea rise in a below sea-level state such as the Netherlands Whether the issues have been maritime and coastal tourism that are compared, or the changing urban or resort condition, or looking at scales of planning (ranging from the national and regional, down to the local and site scales of application), the book fully employs this comparative approach, for the benefit of the reader Tourism planning may be linked to or integrated in urban and regional planning, or tackled as a separate system of planning On the national scale, tourism may be planned via National Master Plans, Comprehensive Development Plans, as Facet Plans or Indicative Plans On the regional scale Tourism Strategies or Indicative Plans may be done, while below this level subregional proposals may be for Tourist Destination Areas, or local plans, resort plans, down to project and site development plans A primary purpose here is thus a comparative and evaluative one, approaching both current and retrospective case studies, contrasting them so as to get important long-term lessons out of specific and time-related situations The book is targeted both at planners and at tourism planners, whether in training or in practice, as well as those who hold key interests in planning as decision makers, advocates and stakeholders ix 316 Bibliography World Tourism Organization (WTO) (2000) Sustainable Development of Tourism: a Compilation of Good Practices WTO, Madrid, Spain World Tourism Organization (WTO) and World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) (1995) Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry: Towards Environmentally Sustainable Development WTO, Madrid, Spain WWF International (2001) Guidelines for Community-based Eco-tourism Development WWF International, Gland, Switzerland Young, G (1973) Tourism: Blessing or Blight? Pelican, London, UK Youngson, A.J (1966) The Making of Classical Edinburgh 1750–1840 Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Websites www.algeria-tourism.org www.amsterdampromotion.nl www.beaulieu.co.uk www.brindleyplace.com www.beaulieu.co.uk www.colonialwilliamsburg.com/visit/ www.deltacommissie.com www.dnt.org www.e-architect.co.uk/convention_centres_htm www.edfringe.com www.edinburghfestivals.co.uk www.egypt.travel www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/skansen www.farmholidays.com www.foc.org.uk www.forum.turystyke-goroka.pl www.garethhoskinsarchitects.co.uk www.goisrael.com www.haj.co.uk www.hajjinfo.org www.holland.com www.2holland.com/uk www.iguide.travel.Negev www.jordanholidays.co.uk www.london2012.com www.metroparks.com www.muenchen.de www.muenchen.de/rathaus/tourist_office www.nbt.nl www.np-plitvice.tel.nr www.nps.gov/gett www.olympiclegacycompany.co.uk www.peakdistrict.gov.uk www.planbleu.org www.planning.wa.gov.au www.poland.travel www.salzburg.info www.salzburgfestival.at www.scheveningenbad.nl www.skansen.se www.slovakia.travel www.slovenia-heritage.net www.slovenia.info Bibliography www.sustainabletourism.co www.tanap.sk www.tarka-country.co.uk www.thenewforest.co.uk/greenleafscheme.html www.tivoli.dk www.tourism.gov.mv www.travelmaldives.com www.turistforeningen.no www.unwto.org www.ustravelservices.com www.visitamsterdam.nl www.visitbritain.co.uk www.visit.egypt.travel www.visitisrael.com www.visitjordan.com/en www.visitlondon.co.uk www.visitscotland.co.uk www.visitwales.co.uk www.vrom.nl www.waterloo1815.be www.wikipedia.org/wiki/sahara www.world-tourism.org 317 This page intentionally left blank Index Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables accommodation High Tatras (Slovakia) 92 London tourism 11, 12 North Pennines (UK) 20 acculturation effect 145–146 Adriatic coastal development by Yugoslavia 161–164 eco-planning 1975—1985 163 Jadran I, II and III 162–163, 164 sustainable tourism 163 visitor management 1975—1985 163 Agora (Lelystad, Netherlands) 272, 273, 274 air transport 78 climate change impact 77, 78, 79 long-haul 77, 79 Albania, tourism carrying capacity assessment 177 Algeria 299–300 ecotourism 119–120 Alpine zone European 85–86 sustainability 86–87 antiquities, Netherlands 49 Aqaba (Jordan) 119 archaeology, Israel 54, 55 Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) 123, 124 Tarka Project (Devon, England) 127–128 artefacts, interpretation 234 Bath (England) 280, 282, 294 battlefields, interpretation 236–240 Beaulieu (England) 262–267, 296–297 accessibility 263 communications 262, 263 management 266 markets 263 museum 262–263 museum complex development 263, 264, 265–266 resources 262–263 staffing 266 visitors 267 Bedouin people 120 Belgium 300 see also Waterloo (Belgium) Birmingham (England) 223–228, 297 arts development 226–227 Brindley Place development 224, 225 building realization 226 canal improvements 224, 228 conservation 224 cultural facilities 226–227 economic development 224, 225 events strategies 226–227 industrial collapse 223 International Convention Centre 224, 226, 227 landscape treatment 227 National Exhibition Centre 223, 226, 227 National Indoor Arena 226, 227 pedestrianized areas 224, 226, 227, 228 shopping malls 224 superstructures 226 Symphony Hall 226, 227 319 320 Index Birmingham (England) (continued) tourist attractions 227 transformation process 224, 225, 226–227 urban air cleaning 228 Blue Plan (Mediterranean) 169–170, 171, 172, 173, 174 evaluation 174 investigations 170 Man’s interaction with natural systems 171 perspectives 2006—2025 170, 172 phases of action 169–170, 171 Boston/Baltimore effect 293–294 Bournemouth (England) 285–286 Brighton (England) 280–281 British Tourist Authority (BTA) Buddhism 287 built heritage Beaulieu (England) 262 conservation in Netherlands 49–50 Edinburgh 193–194, 195, 196 Israel 54 London South Wales valleys 130 Busch Gardens theme park (Virginia, US) 246, 247 business tourism, London Butler’s resort cycle 279, 280, 281–282, 294 car use 79 carbon dioxide, transport impact 78 carbon footprint, theme parks 247, 248 carrying capacity 98–100 Mediterranean 175–180 tourism 175 Central Park (New York, US) 253–254 Christianity 287, 288–289, 290–291 cities 278 Boston/Baltimore effect 293–294 changes 293–294 historic phases 190 humanizing 294 opportunities 293 physical resource life cycles 295, 296 planning 197–198 population size 293 problems 292–293 quality 294 quality of life 294 size 294 variations 190 sustainability 190, 192 sustainable tourism 292–297 destinations 295–297 nature 293–295 variety 293 see also historic cities; megalopolises climate change air transport impact 77, 78, 79 Maldives 72 Netherlands response 181–185 Clyde see Firth of Clyde (Scotland) Clyde Recreation Resource Classification (CRRC) 106, 107, 110 coastal areas, Mediterranean 175 degradation 172 coastal planning 159 Adriatic coastal development by Yugoslavia 161–164 clearance of eyesores 167 coastal plan for England and Wales 166–167 England 165–168 evaluation 167 Heritage Coasts 167 holiday centres 166–167 industry 167 marina development 166 national parks 167 recreational use 166 regional parks 167 regional report phase for England and Wales 165–166 resorts 166 retirement at the coast 166 under-developed coast 167 United Kingdom 165–168 Wales 165–168 evaluation 167 see also Mediterranean COLIFET theory of sustainability 295 Colonial National Historical Park (CNHP, Virginia, US) 245–248 theme parks 246–247 Colonial Williamsburg (Virginia, US) 212–216, 217, 218, 245–246, 296–297 animation project 216, 217, 252 benefits 216, 218 conservation 212, 213, 214 costs 216, 218 development 214, 215, 216, 217 environmental conservation/restoration 213, 214 evaluation 218 landscape conservation 216 objectives of Trust 212–213 planning 214, 215, 216, 217 restoration 213, 214 traffic management 216 visitor management 216 commercial tourism, communications 281 communications Beaulieu (England) 262, 263 commercial tourism 281 Israel 55–56 Index Maldives 71–72 Tatra National Park (Poland) 96 see also transport community building complexes Netherlands 270, 273, 274 UK 268–270 conference tourism London Salzburg 210 conservation Birmingham (England) 224 built heritage in Netherlands 49–50 Colonial Williamsburg (Virginia, US) 212, 213, 214 landscape 216 heritage resources in Israel 56–60, 56–63, 61 heritage sites 233–235 landscape in Williamsburg (Virginia, US) 216 linking to development xix natural environment in Netherlands 49–50, 52 planning Denmark 64–69 Edinburgh 198–199 planning in Edinburgh 200 Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia) 115 resource xviii subregional planning 103–111 Salzburg (Austria) 208–209 United Kingdom 123 see also heritage conservation crime, urban destination 296 Croatia 299 see also Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia); Yugoslavia cruising 76, 78 expansion xxii Culloden (Scotland), battlefield interpretation 236, 237–238, 239 cultural change, generation by tourists 145–146 cultural commoditization 146 cultural heritage London reinforcement 150–153 rural 150–153 South Wales valleys 130 cultural impacts of tourism 141–142 political issues 147–148 see also socio-cultural impacts cultural resources, Edinburgh 194, 195 cultural sustainability 141–149 London tourism 13 cultural tourism, Munich (Germany) 222 cultural understanding xxii adaptation to local norms 144 Maldives 72 cultures, tripartite relationship 143 cycle coach 158 321 cycle lanes/paths, Netherlands 157–158 cycling, Netherlands 157–158 Cyprus, tourism carrying capacity assessment 178–179 demographic impacts of tourism 142–145 Den Norske Turistforening (DNT) 154–156 aims 154 challenges 155–156 environmental protection 155–156 evaluation 156 experiences 155–156 philosophy 154, 156 Denmark 64–69, 299 Århus region 68 conservation planning 64–69 regional 67–68 Copenhagen region 67–68 environmental resources 64 Friluftsradet 68 map 65 recreation planning 67–68 regional planning 67–68 Silkeborg Lake District National Park 66–67, 68 tourist bodies 65 desert ecotourism 116–121 Detroit (USA), parks 255–256, 257–261 development, linking to conservation xix Development Areas (UK) 17–19 Disneyland 246, 247, 252 Dolenjska—Bela Krajina heritage trail (Slovenia) 134–140 commercial product adaptation/ implementation 138–140, 139 evaluation 139–140 international team of consultants 136–138 location 135 models 137 site design/management/animation 139 transport 138 Eastern Scheldt (Netherlands) 182, 184 eco-travel/ecotourism 79 community-based 117–118 desert 116–121 economic globalization xx economic transformation, Maldives 72–73 Edinburgh 193–200 area conservation planning 198–199 built heritage 193–194, 195, 196 city planning 197–198 conservation planning 200 cultural resources 194, 195 festivals 203–205 322 Edinburgh (continued) heritage resources 193–195, 196 inner ring road proposal 198 leisure services management 199–200 Leith waterfront development 201, 202 Military Tattoo 203 natural resources 194, 195 New Town 194, 196, 197, 198–199, 200 Old Town 194, 197, 200 planning 193 pressure groups 196–197 Salzburg comparison 210–211 socio-economic structure 196 tourism planning 199 tourist attractions 201–202 transport planning 198–199 urban design 197–198 urban event tourism 201–205 visitor patterns 202–203 Edinburgh Festival 203 Edinburgh Fringe 203–205 educational tourism 293 Egypt, ecotourism 120–121 energy consumption, population growth xxi England 300–301 coastal planning 165–168 environmental impact, transport 77–78 reduction 79 environmental protection Den Norske Turistforening (DNT) 155–156 High Tatras (Slovakia) 92 Maldives 72 mountain zones 85 Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia) 115 Poland 26, 27 environmental resources, Denmark 64 environmental sustainability, London tourism 13 Euro-Mediterranean interconnection/interdependence 172 Europe Alpine zone 85–86 mountain region planning 85–86 European Strategy for Integrated Leisure and Tourism Development 103–111 exploitation xviii–xix fairs 249 festivals Edinburgh 203–205 Salzburg (Austria) 210 Firth of Clyde (Scotland) 103–111 accessibility 104–105 coastal control policies 108, 110 heritage site 106 marina development 106, 108 model studies 106, 108–109 Index outdoor recreation 106, 108, 109 recreation centre 106, 107 recreation demand model 105 recreation planning model 105 resort improvement 106, 108 resource capacity 104–105 resource classification 106, 107, 110 scenic routes 106 study 104–106 evaluation 109–111 flood protection, Netherlands 182 flotilla sailing 163 Friluftsliv 154 Friluftsradet (Denmark) 68 Garden City movement 294 gas extraction coastal industry 167 The Pilbara (Western Australia) 34 Sahara desert 116–117 Gettysburg (Virginia, US), battlefield interpretation 236–237 Glasgow (Scotland) 103–104 global warming see climate change Grand Tour 279, 293 green infrastructure 255 greenhouse gases air transport 79 transport impact 77, 78 Hadrian’s Wall (UK) 20 Hajj pilgrimage 289–290 health tourism Salzburg (Austria) 210 see also spas/spa towns heritage classification, national systems 4–5 Heritage Coasts 167 heritage conservation Maldives 72 national systems 4–5 planning at site scale 233–235 heritage parks, United States 245–248 heritage resources xxi classification 3–5 Israel 55 conservation 56–63 Salzburg 206, 207, 208–211 heritage sites conservation 233–235 interpretation 233–235 battlefields 236–240 roles 247 High Tatras (Poland) 88, 95–102 agencies 96–97 carrying capacity 98–100 Index development implementation 98 extent 88–89 flora and fauna 89 location 88–89 management strategy/techniques 98–100 motivation for change 95–96 physical characteristics 89 plans 97–98 problems 96 High Tatras (Slovakia) 88–94 area divisions 92 cultural heritage conservation 91 development planning 91–92 environmental protection 92 extent 88–89 flora and fauna 89 heritage conservation planning 91–92 historical development of recreation/ tourism 89–91 hotels 90 location 88–89 national park development 90–91 physical characteristics 89 protected zone 90–91 skiing 90 spa towns 90 tourism development evaluation 92–94 tourist capacity 93–94 trails 91 transport 93 visitor accommodation capacity 92 Hinduism 287, 288 historic cities 189–190, 191, 192 Birmingham 223–228 Edinburgh 193–200, 201–205 future city reality 189–190 Munich 219–222 past image 189 Salzburg 206, 207, 208–211 Williamsburg 212–216, 217, 218 historic monuments/settlements, Netherlands 49 historic sites, Israel 55 holiday centres coastal planning 166–167 see also resorts Holy Land 54, 290 host cultures 141–149, xxii host economy impact 145 hotels, concentration in Central London 9, 10 Huron—Clinton Metropolitan Authority (HCMA, Detroit, US) 255–256, 257–261 hygiene 145 responses of cities 190 Ijsselmeer (Netherlands) 185 Incense Trail (Negev desert) 120 323 indigenous peoples ecological wisdom xvii The Pilbara 29–30 industrialization 190 industry, coastal planning 167 Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Mediterranean) 176, 179, 180 integrated community building complexes Netherlands 270, 273, 274 UK 268–270 integrated leisure services 254–255 Integrated Rural Development and Village Renovation (Slovenia) 135–136 inter-cultural communication 146 Islam 287, 288, 289–290 Israel 54–63, 299 archaeology 54, 55 built heritage 54 capacity problems 57–58 cities 55 communications 55–56 conservation work 58–60 heritage 61–63 heritage resources 55 conservation 56–63 historic sites 55 investment in tourism 57 national parks 58, 59 national planning 55–56 Negev desert 120 settlement 55–56 tourism development 61–63 sustainability 62–63 tourism planning 56–60, 61 water supply 55–56 IUCN (Internation Union for Conservation of Nature) xix protected areas 3–4, 122 definition xxiv Jordan, ecotourism 118–119 Judaism 288, 289, 290 Karregat (Eindhoven, Netherlands) 271–272 kibbutz stays 120 Kings Dominion theme park (Virginia, US) 246, 247 Krammer-Volkerak Zoomeer (Netherlands) 183 land planning xviii landscape conservation, Williamsburg (Virginia, US) 216 language, tourism impact 141, 142, 146–147 leisure activities, London tourism 13 324 leisure revolutions 190 leisure services, integrated 254–255 Local Agenda 21 285–286 local norms, adaptations to 144 London parks 253 Pioneer Health Centre (Peckham) 268–270 London tourism 7–14, 15, 16 accommodation 11, 12 benefits 7–8 boroughs suffering impact cultural sustainability 13 de-concentration 9, 11 decentralization 12 decongestion 11, 12 economic sustainability 13 economic value 11, 12 environmental sustainability 13 hotel concentration in Central London 9, 10 leisure activities 13 management mechanisms 9, 11 museums 13 national tourism planning 9–11 Olympic Games 2012 14 planning mechanisms pressure points 7, problems 8–9 services planning 12 shopping 13 sports tourism 13 sustainability 12–13 transportation management 12 sustainable 13–14 London Tourist Board Maldives 70–73, 74, 299 availability of islands 71 city 73, 74 communications 71–72 cultural understanding 72 economic transformation 72–73 environmental protection 72 global warming 72 heritage conservation 72 impact of tourism 73 natural resources 70 resort development 73 sea level rise 72 tourism development 70–71 constraints 72–73 evaluation 73 transport infrastructure 71 Malé (Maldives) 73, 74 Malta, tourism carrying capacity assessment 177–178 Index marina development 166 Firth of Clyde (Scotland) 106, 108 markets 249 maximum destination community benefit (MSM-CB) xxiii North Pennines 14, 16–21 Mecca (Saudi Arabia) 289–290 Mediterranean Blue Plan 169–170, 171, 172, 173, 174 carrying capacity 175–180 evaluation 179–180 coastal areas 175 coastal degradation 172 Euro-Mediterranean interconnection/ inter-dependence 172 Integrated Coastal Zone Management 176, 179, 180 over-development 172 over-use of coastal areas 175 pollution prevention 169 population changes 172 sustainability constraints 172 sustainable development 170 tourism carrying capacity assessment models (TCCA) 175–180 urban areas 173 waste water treatment 172 water resources 172 Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) 169–170, 171, 172, 173, 174 carrying capacity 175–176 evaluation 174 Man’s interaction with natural systems 171 perspectives 2006—2025 170, 172 Meerpaal (Dronten, Netherlands) 270–271 megalopolises 189, 190, 292, xx metropolitan areas, regional parks 253–256, 257–261 Mid-Wales Festival of the Countryside 150–153 constraints 153 economic benefits 151 evaluation 153 funding 151 organization 151 recreational opportunities 151–152 support level 153 models of tourism xxiii, xxv moral conduct 146 mountain region planning 83–87 Europe 85–86 mountain zones 83–85 accessibility/environmental protection 85 see also High Tatras (Poland); High Tatras (Slovakia); Tatra National Park (Poland); Tatra National Park (Slovakia) Index Munich (Germany) 219–222, 296–297, 300 change process 219 cultural tourism 222 environmental improvement 220–221 pedestrian zone creation 219 evaluation 222 tourism 222 museums 249–250, 251, 252 Beaulieu (England) 262–267 convergence of ideas 252 Gettysburg (Virginia, US) 236–237 innovation 250, 252 interpretation 234 London tourism 13 risk containment 252 South Wales valleys 130, 131 storytelling 235 Waterloo (Belgium) 238 music tourism, Salzburg (Austria) 210, 211 National Nature Reserves (NNRs), North Pennines (UK) 19 national parks accessibility 85 coastal planning 167 Croatia 112–115 Israel 58, 59 movement 83 Netherlands 49 UK upland planning 122–127 national tourism planning, UK 9–11 National Tourist Boards (UK) natural disasters, risk to transport 76 natural environment conservation, Netherlands 49–50, 52 natural resources critical problems xvii Edinburgh 194, 195 Maldives 70 management xvii–xviii Netherlands 47 Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia) 115 South Wales valleys 130 natural upland zone protection 83 nature conservation movements xvii nautical tourism 163 Negev desert (Israel) 120 Netherlands 38–53, 298–299 approaches to planning 47–50 areas outside dykes 182 built environment conservation 49–50 cycle lanes/paths 157–158 cycling 157–158 Delta Commission report 181–185 recommendations 182–185 Delta Programme costs 182 evaluation 185 demand for tourism 49–50 development planning 44–47 development stage 39 dyked areas 182 Eastern Scheldt 182, 184 flood protection 182 global warming response 181–185 government 38 development planning 44–45 Ijsselmeer 185 integrated community building complexes 270, 273, 274 Krammer-Volkerak Zoomeer 183 layer approach 51 local plans 40–42 major rivers area 183 management systems 40 National Spatial Planning 51–52 national spatial structure 50–51 natural environment conservation 49–50, 52 natural resource management 47 new planning system 2006—2020 48, 50–52 evaluation 53 North Sea coast 182 old planning system (1960s—2005) 39–47 physical planning 47–49 planning agents 50, 51 planning control system 46 evaluation 47 planning levels 49 planning motivations 39 recreation resources 42–44 recreational development 46 recreational planning 47–49 Rijnmond 184–185 sea level rise response 181–185 setting 38 supply for tourism 49–50 tourism resources 42–44 tourists 44 urban development 182 Wadden Sea area 182 water defence plans 184 water planning 47, 49 political/legal/financial action 185 zones 182, 183 water policy 51–52 new towns 294 New York (US), Central Park 253–254 325 326 North Pennines (UK) 14, 17–21 accommodation 20 consultation 19 development opportunities 20 farming sector 21 Growth Point 20, 21 Hadrian’s Wall 20 landscape 19–20 legal basis of action 17 multiple stakeholder partnership 20–21 National Nature Reserves 19 Regional Working Group 19, 20 resources of region 19–20 tourism proposals 20 Norway, voluntary sector sustainable programme 154–156 oil extraction coastal industry 167 Sahara desert 116–117 Olympic Games 2012 (London) 14 delivery 14 governance structure 14, 16 Olympic Park 15 sustainability guidelines for corporate and public events 16 Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (ORRC) classification 4–5 Palestine, partition 54 Paris, parks 253 parks, urban 253–254 Peak District National Park (England) 125–127 management/maintenance 125–127 transport 125–126 pedestrianized areas Birmingham (England) 224, 226, 227, 228 Munich (Germany) 219, 222 Petra (Jordan) 118–119 physical resources, life cycles 295, 296 The Pilbara (Western Australia) 29–37 community facilities 35 constraints on development 34–35 demand-led approach to development 32–33 economic activity 36 economic drivers 32 energy 34–35 European settlement 30–31 features 31 fertilizer industry 33 gas pipeline 34 historical perspective 29–31 housing 35 hydrocarbon resources 33 Index infrastructure 34 iron ore 32–33 mineral exploitation 32–33 community benefit 37 mining 32–33 planning subregions 31 population 31–32 ports 34 railways 34 setting 29, 30 settlement pattern 31 supply-led resource potentials 33–34 town development 34 water 35 pilgrimages 277–278, 287–291 Hajj 289–290 Holy Land 290 political 279–280 Pioneer Health Centre (Peckham, London) 268–270 planning process, urban 190, 191, 192 planning revolutions 190 pleasure gardens/grounds 241–244, 249 Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia) 112, 113, 114–115 capital development funding 114 conservation 115 countryside management 112, 114 design 114 quality 115 environmental protection 115 flora and fauna 115 location 113 management 114 quality 115 paths 114 physical character 112, 113 planning quality 115 transport planning 114 visitor management 114 Poland 298 see also High Tatras (Poland); Tatra National Park (Poland) Poland, post-war 22–28 challenges 22–23 development stage 23 environmental protection 26, 27 factors against sustainability 28 leisure planning 25–26 mixed economy 26–27 planning 23–25 programme of change 27–28 sport planning 25–26 sustainable tourism products 28 Threshold Analysis Theory 25 tourism planning 25–26 political impact of tourism 147–148 Index political pilgrimages 279–280 pollution, prevention in Mediterranean 169 Pompeii (Italy) 279 population growth 145 energy/resource consumption xxi post-industrial regional tourism planning 129–133 post-industrial urban centre landscape transformation 223–228 private estates 262–267 protected areas, IUCN definitions xxiv public education, responses of cities 190 public health impacts 145 responses of cities 190 rail transport 76–77, 281 high speed 76–77 long distance 77–78 regional parks 253–256, 257–261 coastal planning 167 green infrastructure 255 Huron—Clinton Metropolitan Authority (HCMA, Detroit, US) 255–256, 257–261 integrated leisure services 254–255 religions Far Eastern 288 Middle Eastern 288–289 ranking 287–288 size 287–288 resort cycle 279, 280, 281–282, 294 resorts 277, 279–286 Bournemouth (England) 285–286 coastal planning 166 desert-edge 117 development 282–286 phases 280–281 Firth of Clyde (Scotland) 106, 108 historic markers of development 281 historical perspective 279–280 Maldives 73 renewal 282–286 Roman 279 Scheveningen (Netherlands) 282, 283, 284–285, 286 Sea-Change Programme (UK) 284, 285, 286 resource conservation xviii subregional planning 103–111 resource consumption, population growth xxi resource management and planning models (RMP) xxxv Israel 54–63 London tourism 7–14, 15, 16 Maldives 70–73, 74 Poland, post-war 22–28 327 responsible development xviii–xix responsible tourism, Yugoslavia 163 Rhodes (Greece), tourism carrying capacity assessment 176–177 Rijnmond (Netherlands) 184–185 Roman baths 282 Roman resorts 279 rural culture 150–153 Sahara desert 116–121 Algeria 119–120 community-based ecotourism 117–118 composition 116 desert-edge resorts 117 ecotourism 116, 117–121 Egypt 120–121 gas extraction 116–117 Jordan 118–119 Nomadic peoples 116, 119, 120 oil extraction 116–117 tourism demand 117 winter tourism 117 sailing, recreational 166 flotilla sailing 163 Salzburg (Austria) 206, 207, 208–211 conference tourism 210 conservation action 208–209 festivals 210 fortress 206, 207 funds for conservation 209 health tourism 210 heritage protection 209 music tourism 210, 211 New Town 206, 208 Old Quarter 206, 209 protected zone 208–209 renovations 210 seasonality of tourism 210 spa towns 210 street furniture 208 street signs 207, 208 tourism/tourism markets 209–210 urban renewal 209 urban squares 208–209 wooded hills 206, 208 scenic resources, Beaulieu (England) 262, 263 Scheveningen (Netherlands) 282, 283, 284–285, 286, 297 Sea-Change Programme (UK) 284, 285, 286 sea level rise consequences 181–182 Maldives 72 Netherlands response 181–185 prediction 181 sea-passenger liners 78 shopping, London tourism 13 328 Silkeborg Lake District National Park (Denmark) 66–67, 68 Sinai peninsula (Egypt) 120–121 Skansen (Stockholm) 250, 251, 297 animation 252 Slovakia 299 High Tatras 88–94 Tatra National Park 84 Slovenia heritage trail 134–140 commercial assessment 139–140 commercial product adaptation/ implementation 138–140 evaluation 139–140 international team of consultants 136–138 marketing 138 models 137 site design/management/ animation 139 special-interest packages 138–139 Integrated Rural Development and Village Renovation 135–136 social impacts of tourism 141–145 social mores 146 socio-cultural impacts 145–146 benefits 148–149 costs 149 research evidence 148–149 socio-economics, Edinburgh 196 soft tourism, Yugoslavia 163 South Wales valleys 129–133 architectural and built heritage 131 built resources 130 destination areas 132 development principles 130–132 development project proposals 133 galleries 130 gateway zones 132–133 museums 130, 131 strategic assumptions 130–132 strategy for development 132–133 tourism resources inventory 130 Welsh diaspora 130 Spain, tourism carrying capacity assessment 177 spas/spa towns 277, 286, 294 High Tatras (Slovakia) 90 medicinal 280–281 Salzburg (Austria) 210 sports tourism London 13 see also Olympic Games 2012 (London) storytelling 235 streams of change xix, xx sustainability xix Bournemouth as resort 285–286 cities 190, 192 Index COLIFET theory 295 constraints in Mediterranean 172 theme parks 248 sustainable development, Mediterranean 170 sustainable tourism xix Adriatic coastal development by Yugoslavia 163 conditions 179 definition xxii parameters 179 planning xxii–xxiii urban 293–295 destinations 295–297 sustainable tourism planning models (STP) xxiii, xxv Maldives 70–73, 74 ‘t Karregat (Eindhoven, Netherlands) 271–272 Taj Mahal (India) 4–5 Taormina (Italy) 279 Tarka Project (Devon, England) 127–128 Tatra National Park (Poland) 83, 84, 95–102 agencies 96–97 communications 96 development implementation 98 evaluation 100–102 management plan 98, 100 management strategy/techniques 98–100 planning methodology 101–102 plans 97–98 threshold analysis theory 98 trails 96 transport 96 visitor capacity 100 Tatra National Park (Slovakia) 84, 90–91 development 93, 94 facilities 91 terrorism cruising risk 76 risk to transport 75–76 urban destination 296 theme parks 252 carbon footprint 247, 248 Colonial National Historical Park (CNHP, Virginia, US) 246–247 evaluation 247–248 roles 247 sustainability 248 Tivoli (Copenhagen, Denmark) 241–244 value 247–248 Virginia (US) 245–248 visitor capacity 247 visitor numbers 245 threshold analysis theory 25, 98 Tivoli (Copenhagen, Denmark) 241–244, 249, 297 accessibility 242 Index city resident use 243–244 economics 242–243 evaluation 244 goals 244 labour force 244 management criteria 242–244 plan 242 resources 241 season ticket holders 243–244 skills bases 244 social role 243–244 transport 241 tourism development stages 147 types xxiii tourism carrying capacity assessment models (TCCA) xxiii evaluation 179–180 Mediterranean 175–180 Tourist Destination Areas (TDAs), sustainable transport 229–230 tourist destinations, exploding numbers xx–xxiii, xxiv, xxv tourist system xxii tourist types 144 towns, population size 293 traditional structures, tourism integration 147 trams 229, 230 transport Dolenjska—Bela Krajina heritage trail (Slovenia) 138 High Tatras (Slovakia) 93 London tourism 12, 13–14 Maldives infrastructure 71 Peak District National Park (England) 125–126 planning in Edinburgh 198 Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia) 114 revolutions 190 sea-passenger liners 78 Tatra National Park (Poland) 96 Tivoli (Copenhagen, Denmark) 241–242 see also air transport; rail transport transport, sustainable 75–80, 229–230 circulation at attractions 230 eco-travel/ecotourism 79 environmental impact 77–78 reduction 79 forms 76–77 future choices 78–79 international 76–77 London tourism 13–14 natural disaster risks 76 terrorism risk 75–76 to Tourist Destination Areas 229 within Tourist Destination Areas 229–230 Tuareg people 119 329 UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) xix World Heritage Convention United Kingdom 300–301 coastal planning 165–168 conservation categories 123 Development Areas 17–19 green infrastructure 124–125 integrated community building complexes 268–270 land-use conflicts 125 national parks 122–127 conservation 123 location 124 management 122–125 planning 122–125 visitor numbers 123–124 national tourism planning 9–11 new towns 294 planning for tourism 6–21 post-industrial regional tourism planning 129–133 tourism growth points 17–19, 20, 21 upland planning 122–128 see also London tourism; North Pennines (UK) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) United States 300 heritage parks 245–248 Upper Derwent Valley (Peak District National Park, England) 125–127 urban concentrations 189, 292–293 see also cities; historic cities; megalopolises urban design, Edinburgh 197–198 urban life, quality 294 urban parks 253–254 urban planning process 190, 191, 192 urbanization 190 Virginia (US) theme parks 245–248 see also Colonial Williamsburg (Virginia, US) visitor centres, battlefield interpretation 236–237, 238 visitor perceptions of tourism 144 Wadden Sea area (Netherlands) 182 Wadi Rum (Jordan) 118, 119 Wales 301 coastal planning 165–168 resorts 283 see also Mid-Wales Festival of the Countryside; South Wales valleys 330 waste water treatment, Mediterranean 172 water-economy xvii–xviii water planning, Netherlands 47, 49 water resources, Mediterranean 172 water supply, Israel 55–56 watering places 280–281 see also spas/spa towns Waterloo (Belgium), battlefield interpretation 236, 239–240 Welsh diaspora 130 Western Desert (Egypt) 121 Wigan Pier (England) 252 Williamsburg see Colonial Williamsburg (Virginia, US) winter sun destinations xxii Index working communities 294 World Conservation Strategy World Heritage, significance to tourism World Heritage Convention World Heritage List WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) xix Yugoslavia Adriatic coastal development 161–164 planning for tourism 161–162 see also Croatia Zakopane subregion (Poland) 95–102, 97 .. .Planning for Tourism, Leisure and Sustainability International Case Studies This page intentionally left blank Planning for Tourism, Leisure and Sustainability International... Secretary of State for Trade had responsibility for tourism, for the Tourist Boards and for tourism planning The Secretary of State for the Environment was responsible for physical planning, environmental... Travis 2011 Planning for Tourism, Leisure and Sustainability (T Travis) Planning in a Post-war Communist State and still dropping Old heavy industry in the Silesian Coalfield, textiles in Lodz, and