HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLSH & MODERN LANGUAGES DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Chapter 3: Cohesion in English discourse FULL NAME : NGUYỄN THANH THẢO CLASS : KT4A Tháng 12 năm 2012 I/ Grammatical cohesion Reference 1.1 Definition:  Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893) was born into an upper bourgeois (middle-class) family in Normandy, France After serving in the army, without enough money to continue his law studies, he became a civil servant, working in various ministries in Paris At the same time, be studied writing with the author Gustave Flaubert The extraordinary success of his art between 1880 and 1890, Maupassant published nearly three hundred stories He also wrote essays, plays, poetry, and novels, including Pierre et Jean (1888) His work has influenced countless numbers of writers around the world, including Anton Chekhov and Kate Chopin  John looked out of the window He thought he saw a shape in the bushes Could it be a fox? Mary had told him about the foxes However, nobody had seen one for months 1.2 Classification a) Based on pointing direction Reference Exophoric Endophoric Anaphoric Cataphoric Exophoric reference  The book is over there  For she is a jolly good fellow and so say all of us  Take a look at this  They’re playing football and he kicks it and it goes through there it breaks the window and they’re looking at it and he comes out and shouts at them…  Pass me the towel  They’re playing football and he kicks it and it goes through there it breaks the window and they’re looking at it and he comes out and shouts at them… Endophric  Three boys are playing football and one boy kicks the ball and it goes through the window and the boys are looking at it and a man comes out and shouts at them Anaphoric reference  The monkey took the banana and ate it  Pam went home because she felt sick  My girlfriend and I met my lawyer for a drink, but she became ill and had to leave  "If a man has talent and can't use it, he's failed." "If a man has talent and can't use it, he's failed."  "No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother."  "In peace, sons bury their fathers In war, fathers bury their sons."  "Laws are like sausages; it is better not to see them being made."  "Well, knowledge is a fine thing, and mother Eve thought so; but she smarted so severely for hers, that most of her daughters have been afraid of it since."  "Well, knowledge is a fine thing, and mother Eve thought so; but she smarted so severely for hers, that most of her daughters have been afraid of it since."  Monte Brooks, 67, theatrical producer and band leader, collapsed and died Thursday in a Lloyd Center restaurant He lived at 6124 N Willamette Blvd Cataphoric reference  A few weeks before he died, my father gave me an old cigar box filled with faded letters  In 'The Pendulum Years,' his history of the 1960s, Bernard Levin writes of the 'collective insanity which seized Britain  If she were alive today, [Barbara] Tuchman would surely be preparing to pen fresh furious pages tonight, as the president seeks to rally his faltering domestic popularity with summonses of support  "You must remember this: A kiss is just a kiss A sigh is just a sigh  It must have been tough on your mother, not having any children  Too scared to buy before they sell, some homeowners aim for a trade  So I just want to say this to the Congress: An America that buys much more than they sell year in and year out is an America that is facing economic and military disaster  After she declared herself 'broken, betrayed, at bay, really low' in another organ yesterday, I'm not sure the Diary should even mention poor Bel Mooney's name  'When he arrived, John noticed that the door was open'  Here are two examples of fossil fuels : Coal and wood  Child : Why does that one go ? Father : that what ? Child : that one Father : that one what ? Child : that parrot, that you kept in in the cage b) Based on reference realization: Personal reference:  At the zoo One day I went to the zoo and I saw rhinocerous I moved to a hippopotamus I touched him and and he is big and so I went on and I saw a tiger and this man was feeding him it was eating it up Mom told me to move on and next came then a gorilla I had a baby gorilla My mum told me to move on I saw a watch It was o‘clock  West African dwarf sheep are found roaming about the towns and villages in many southern parts of West Africa in small flocks They thrive and breed successfully in areas of trypanosomiasis risk Their coat colour is either predominantly white with irregular black patches, or black marked with white patches  Three blind mice, three blind mice See you they run! See how they run! Demonstrative reference  At the zoo One day I went to the zoo and I saw rhinocerous I moved to a hippopotamus I touched him and and he is big and so I went on and I saw a tiger and this man was feeding him it was eating it up Mom told me to move on and next came then a gorilla I had a baby gorilla My mum told me to move on I saw a watch It was o‘clock  Be careful of wasp, bees and hornets These are dangerous pests  Doctor Foster went to Gloucester in a shower of rain He stepped in a puddle right up to his middle and never went there again  I always drink a lot of beer when I am in England There are many lovely pubs there Comparative reference  Look, there’s a cat in the tree –It’s the same cat as the one we saw yesterday –It’s a similar cat as the one we saw yesterday –It’s a different cat from the one we saw yesterday  He made more mistakes than I did  She’s a better scholar than the whole rest of them  Beecher Stowe gives a moving account of the horrors of slavery Clemens’ treatment of the issue in the classic novel Huckleberry Finn is lighter but more subtle  There were two wrens upon a tree Another came, and there were three Substitution 1.1 Definition  My axe is too blunt I must get a sharper one  You think Joan already knows? - I think everybody does  Let's go and see the bears The polar ones are over on that rock  Did Mary take that letter? She might have done 1.2 Classification Nominal substitution  Would you like some sandwiches? ‘Please pass the ones with cucumber in.’  In an experiment, some children were given six cardboard discs each in a different colour They were then asked to choose the colour they like best The majority chose the blue one  Are there lions in those hills? Yes, we saw one on the way back  Cherry ripe, cherry ripe, ripe I cry Full and fair ones - come and buy  I only brought the red wine The white one must be in the fridge  Maggie said she’d have a half of shandy, Susan ordered the same  ‘I’m having chicken and rice.’ ‘I’ll have the same.’  Would that we could say the same of Ringwood, my once happy home, which stands about five miles from my present abode  And I think the same was written with a thumb-nail dipped in tar  The folk-songs, even if they were invented before the birth of the modern key-sense, were soon modified by it: very few indications can be found of their having originated in the epoch when the modes had the domination; and the same is true of the dances  The scientists, from fingerprint-lifters and bullet-gazers on up, had supplied a lot of dope but no answers, and the same goes for the three or four dozen who went after the woman angle, which after a couple of weeks was spread to include several more, going back four years instead of one, in addition to the original seven  Then, as the lateral branches grew long enough, I did the same with them, peeling off a section of the bark and bast of both branches with a pocket knife to reveal the cambium at the point of contact, then binding them tightly together Verbal substitution  ‘I don’t know the meaning of half those long words, and, what’s more, I don’t believe you either  And I wouldn’t like to be present when you express your views, if ever you  If God did it for Deke Mutombo, He can it for you!  ‘We met in Brazil Do you remember?’ ‘Yes, we must have done.’  Mogad appeared to consider this for a moment, directing his gaze as he did so toward the other members of the crew  He had indeed been purchasing flour and exporting it in great quantities, but had done so on behalf of John Holker, agent for the French forces in America  A: Annie says you drink too much B: So you? Clausal substitution  Is there going to be an earthquake? – It says so  Are you feeling better? – I think so  Did he stand up to be counted in the old days?- I think not  if you’ve seen them so often, of course you know what they’re like.’ ‘I believe so’, said Alice  Everyone seems to think he’s guilty If so, no doubt he’ll offer to resign  May I give you a slice?’ she said, taking up the knife and fork, and looking from one Queen to the other ‘Certainly not,’ the Red Queen said  If you’ve seen them so often, you get to know them very well I believe so  We should recognise him when we see him Yes, but supposing not: what we do? Ellipsis 1.1 Definition  You’ve got more use for it than I have Ф  I ran miles on the first day and Ф ( miles ) on the second Ф ( day )  Prosperity is a great teacher; adversity a greater Ф 1.2 Classification Nominal ellipsis  While Kim had lots of books, Pat had very few Ф  Ф Hope he’s there  Henrietta likes red shirts and I like blue Ф  I like strong tea I suppose that weak Ф is better for you  This model is more suitable than that Ф  I went up that skyscraper in Boston, but the tallest Ф is in Chicago  A: Here are my two white scarves; B: I used to have three Ф Verbal ellipsis  Two of them disappeared without trace as fast as they could Ф  But he … he wants to marry her, and she Ф him  Today I go home at five o’clock, but tomorrow Ф at seven o’clock  Has that happened? Yes, it has  I’m going to look after you — it’s time someone did — and we’ll think of some ways and means Ф  She wanted to make amends but didn’t know how to Ф  Now I was ready to take on the guards and he was calming me, rather than me Ф him  Mary’s reading Wittgenstein came as a surprise, but nobody expected John’s Ф  John took a long time to read that book, although Mary’s Ф took longer  A: What have you been doing these days? B: Ф Preparing for the driving license test  A : Have you been swimming? B : yes, I have Ф A : What have you been doing B : Ф swimming  Those who prefer Ф, can stay indoors  Got any money?  US heading for new slump Clausal ellipsis  A: Have you ever been to the Great Wall? B: Yes, twice  A: Better today? (=Are you better today?) B: Much better (=I’m much better today)  It’s cold – Yes  Don’t tell anyone what you saw! - Yes, I will  Did she make him a good wife? - No, a good husband Conjunction 1.1 Adversative an assembly line, or a designated number of calls must be made by a telephone solicitor Likewise, school imposes quotas on a student to ensure maximum effort for instance, a certain number of essays must be written in an English composition class or a specific number of books must be read in an American Novel course  They know all save what is in your heart and mind, and that is what maddens them  And you realise that I mean it, mean it, with every fibre of me  The aim of the moral law is to bring to pass the perfect union of existences and being, in other words to complete the methexic cycle 1.3 Temporal Simple temporal relations  The wine-bags also fell to my lot to carry, and throughout the day, after each drink, I replenished them secretly with water, so that at the next halt they were found fuller than before  Three or four days afterwards a solitary Indian, believed to be the same, was observed crossing a valley, and pursued; but he darted away into the fastnesses of the mountains, and was seen no more  True, both his eyes, in themselves, must simultaneously act; but is his brain so much more comprehensive, combining, and subtle than man's, that he can at the same moment of time attentively examine two distinct prospects, one on one side of him, and the other in an exactly opposite direction?  In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank  I had previously written to Miserrimus Dexter (by my old friend's advice), merely saying that I had been unexpectedly called away from London for a few days, and that I would report to him the result of my interview with Lady Clarinda on my return  A few months after that about a month before our soon to be adopted child was to be born, the birth mother changed her mind and decided to keep her child rather than put it up for adoption  What I found in subsequently asking around was that several of my long-time fly fishing acquaintances around the country had either just had or were about to have similar shoulder surgery  And then the whole blame game thing just cracks me up they are ridiculous then they are gona take off a few days and meet again on Thurs…so they will all be vacationing in Marthas Vineyard while the country falls apart mario de la ossa  The policy has been on and off the books as the Obama administration works to end the law while at the same time fights a court battle because of a lawsuit by the gay rights organization, the Log Cabin Republicans, which sued the Justice Department to stop the policy's enforcement immediately  There was a period before then when he seemed more withdrawn than usual—which I’ve since learned can be a prepsychotic pattern—but the first time I actually saw him anything overtly bizarre was around three or four months before he left Complex temporal relations  Girls," said Meg seriously, looking from the tumbled head beside her to the two little night-capped ones in the room beyond, "Mother wants us to read and love and mind these books, and we must begin at once  In the naval officer's room he even took a pack of playing-cards into his hand, and was thereupon invited to make a fourth in a game; but after losing a few times, as well as making several blunders in his play, he abandoned the pursuit  Losing a job and with no hope of getting any other soon enough has for sure made you day and you were facing an uncertain future in all counts  The dim suggestion of the laboratory seemed presently to fall away from me, and I saw the sun hopping swiftly across the sky, leaping it every minute, and every minute marking a day  A few years later this would have been impossible, because the passport system was to become so perfect that no man, woman, nor child in all the land was unregistered and unaccounted for in his or her movements  They are ready enough to be your soldiers whilst you not make war, but if war comes they take themselves off or run from the foe; which I should have little trouble to prove, for the ruin of Italy has been caused by nothing else than by resting all her hopes for many years on mercenaries, and although they formerly made some display and appeared valiant amongst themselves, yet when the foreigners came they showed what they were  Perhaps by this time the party may be organized this magazine is several months old  Jupiter, telling him that it would be the last time that he could grant his request, ordained that he be sold to a tanner  First Eid special train would depart Karachi Railway Station on September 18 at 1730 hours and reach Peshawar Cantt at 1830 hours while second special train would leave Karachi Cantt at 1545 hours on September 19 and reach Rawalpindi on 1155 hours the next day  And thus thy memory is to me Like some enchanted faroff isle In some tumultuos sea Some ocean throbbing far and free With storms but where meanwhile Serenest skies continually Just o're that one bright island smile  Salisbury, on which he built for himself a quaint fifteenth-century house, St Marie's Grange  On every one of them there was much chemical evidence that some time earlier — always until now very much earlier — the world had had an oxygen-rich atmosphere  Hey, Lick-Lick, next time wait for me to tell you to come into my dressing room  Ah, says he, they might have caught even me with that bait; as he said on another occasion that he was so much in debt as to be fit for a rebel; and again, as I shall have to explain just now, that he was like to be called in question under the Cincian law because of a present of books!  One of the Andean peaks upheaved on this occasion was the colossal mass of Aconcagua, which overlooks Valparaiso, and measures nearly 24,000 feet in height  There was one old fellow in the congregation — Brother Bootle or some such name — who was often called on to lead us in prayer, and whenever he stood up the tramps would begin stamping as though in a theatre; they said that on a previous occasion he had kept up an extempore prayer for twenty-five minutes, until the minister had interrupted him  She must have worked rapidly; a bare five minutes later Thrykar's communicator began to click, and when he responded, the curved upper hull of the spaceship appeared immediately at the near edge of the quarry  It was the twentieth of June, the weather had turned summerish, and the road, which had been as dusty as possible a disgrace to the nation that owns it five or six weeks before, when I entered the Valley, was by this time very much dustier  Young Hennessy, sitting at a table with a duchess, an actor-manager and two complete strangers, made an importunate attempt to attract his attention, and it was not until then that Campion, normally the most observant of men, glanced at Amanda and noticed that she had grown astonishingly good to look at  He came to see the hairdresser fellow next door or so he said, but the next moment he was a knocking on our door, and I had not got up the stairs from the cellar when Annemarie opened it  You are not to suppose, with all your conviction of my idleness, that I have passed all this time without writing to my Baretti  He was scouted by what was then the Minneapolis Lakers, but just before the NBA draft, while working at a summer job, he shattered his knee as he unloaded a pile of Sheetrock  Despite my seemingly never-ending agnostic questioning and doubting, in light of the evidence revealed in this book, it seems prudent to hedge my bets at this point and give the spirits the benefit of the doubt  “They sat and sipped at it, and after a time Odell said’ ‘You've never seen the like of meanness I have.” Conclusive relations  In the end the decision of which one to go with is yours and depends entirely upon your criteria: High quality or low price  She shrouded herself, puffing and snorting, in a cloud of steam at the stove, and eventually extracted a fryingpan full of potatoes that hissed  In conclusion, the general observed that his wife took as great an interest in the prince as though he were her own son; and that she had commenced to be especially affectionate towards Aglaya was a self-evident fact  He said something vague about his forgetting to warn me, and asked me briefly when I left the house and what I had seen  In short, each one exhibited some favorite article, and all appeared in their best, both men and women; while the ground-works in dress, in either sex, were the coarse fabrics manufactured within their own dwellings  So I sat quietly down, and began to sum up my profits on the corsages  The outcome of it was that von Horn finally decided to make an attempt to follow the trail of the creature that the woman had seen, and with this plan in view persuaded Muda Saffir to arrange with the chief of the long-house at which they then were to furnish him with trackers and an escort of warriors, promising them some splendid heads should they be successful in overhauling Bulan and his pack  “If we are not taken off with the sword, we are like to march off with an ague in this mud basket; and to conclude with a very bad pun, to the ear rather than to the eye, better martially than marsh-ally: ” the situation of Missolonghi is not unknown to you  There, where the Persians had crushed the Spartans on their way to destroy Athens, Philip, backed by his army, at last forced the Amphictyonic Council to take decisive action against the Phocian rebels and end the impasse  So, tell me, you find him attractive?' 'In a word - no.' 1.4 Causal Causal relations  It was committed in the presence of slaves, and they of course could neither institute a suit, nor testify against him; and thus the guilty perpetrator of one of the bloodiest and most foul murders goes unwhipped of justice, and uncensured by the community in which he lives  Hence it is that history furnishes us with so many mortifying examples of the prevalency of foreign corruption in republican governments  They replied: You fight and contend with the wind, and consequently you are destroyed; while we on the contrary bend before the least breath of air, and therefore remain unbroken, and escape  Accordingly I entered and whilst the rest of the party were devouring green tea and buttered toast, we feasted ourselves in a more refined and sentimental Manner by a confidential Conversation  They were again obliged, therefore, to beat down a path for their horses, sometimes travelling on the icy surface of the stream  But where this unity has been broken as much as in Switzerland, the abstract nature of religion—which because of this abstract quality occupies a definite position in relation to all other interests—brings about immediately very characteristic patterns of groupaffiliation  It was for this reason that Teoth was concerned that conveyance of this special captive warrior to peaceful Omaphil did not seem to greatly trouble his fellows  Yet so tender was Sam's conscience, that he had frequent searchings of heart, afterward, on account of this profanation of sacred hours, and indulged in floods of longwinded penitence  If [this] law be true, it follows that the natural series of affinities will also represent the order in which the several species came into existence, each one having had for its immediate antetype a clearly allied species existing at the time of its origin  It provides a republican organization, proscribes under the name of prerogative the exercise of all powers undefined by the laws; places on this basis the whole system of our laws; and, by consolidating them together, chuses that they shall be left to stand or fall together, never providing for any circumstances, nor admitting that such could arise, wherein either should be suspended, no, not for a moment  It would be presumptous of me to pick out a single thing that history will identify as a result of this mission  She was esteemed a match for the greatest peer in the realm, but, in her early years, she suffered her heart to be engaged by a young gentleman, and in consequence of this attachment, rejected offers made to her by persons of quality, seconded by the sollicitations of her uncle  Now to this Psalm is prefixed a title arising out of an historical event; but before the event is described we are instructed as to the scope, time and application of the incidents underlying it  There was a fireplace, a piano, and there, in a woodpaneled alcove that looked like it was designed exclusively for this purpose and maybe it was, sat the eighteen-foot Christmas tree  Guderian claims that with this in mind he gave the orders for an advance toward Dorogobuzh as early as 21st July  It was with this intention that he wrote the “Elements of Drawing "in 1856, supplemented by the “Elements of Perspective” in 1859; the illustrations for the book were characteristic sketches by the author, beautifully cut by his pupil, W.H H.oper, who was one of a band of engravers and copyists formed by these classes at the Working Men's College  There is the sprinkling of holy water, confession to a priest, penances, in fasting and some other abstinences, that are supposed to be of wonderful virtue to this end and purpose Reversed causal relations  “On his second day in office, President Obama repudiated George W Bush’s obsessive and destructive secrecy by ordering his government to obey the Freedom of Information Act He said it should not withhold documents because they are embarrassing, or reveal failures and errors, or because of speculative or abstract fears  She kissed me, and still keeping me at her side (where I was well contented to stand, for I derived a child's pleasure from the contemplation of her face, her dress, her one or two ornaments, her white forehead, her clustered and shining curls, and beaming dark eyes), she proceeded to address Helen Burns Conditional relations  Oscar faced the American Philistine public without his accustomed claque, and under these circumstances a half-success was evidence of considerable power  And I could feel him swelling inside me, surging up out of the Dexter-dark corners of my lizard brain, a rising and swelling that could only end one way and that being the case it rather had to be with this one  Of course, more and more of our media are digital in some way today so this is another reason to shy away from digital literacy as a term otherwise it could also cover TV, Radio and programming! II/ Lexical cohesive devices Reiteration Repeptition  Algy met a bear The bear was bulgy  He fumbled for the keys in the dark, finally managed to open the door He shuffled through the hallway, switched on the lights, and in his drunken haze, fumbled with his coat buttons  His dark ways, his dark thoughts; soulless and barren and as dark as the swirling ocean beneath him  He was slave to their ways, slave to the demon colonel; slave to everything he had known  She was soft against his touch, soft like the silken threads he had slipped from her body, soft like the gentle murmur of summer  I told you what would happen, I told you, and you chose not to listen I told you and you refrained  Inside the ocean I see fish Inside the waves I hear a splash Inside the water I felt a fish It seems so big, as big as a whale It has to be, But then I see, It's a tuna fish Synonymy  I heard a sound, but I couldn’t figure out where that noise came from  Seven blackbirds began to sing in the morning These birds were singing beautifully  Tom commented that Sally was very pretty and Mike agreed that Sally was very attractive  You could try reversing the car up the slope The incline isn’t all that steep  p.m I range a taxi, but because of the traffic the cab arrived later and I missed my flight Antonymy  You forget what you want to remember and you remember what you want to forget  You always pass failure on the way to success  Some have been thought to be brave because they were afraid to run away  Every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life are based on the labors of other men, living and dead, and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still receiving  They left London on the o’clock train Having arrived at Manchester, they took a taxi to the hotel Superordinate and Meronymy  Carrots is a taxonomic concept; it stands for a kind of thing But vegetable does not stand for a kind of thing; it is impossible to draw a vegetable of some unspecified type because the concept vegetable is not based on similarity and includes no perceptual components  This car is the best vehicle for a family of six 1.5 General word  A: Did you try the steamed buns? B: Yes; I didn’t like the things much  What shall I with all this crockery? Leave the stuff there, someone’ll come and put it any way Collocation  After giving Mark a lift to the airport, Cathy made her way at home What an exciting life her leg! At times Cathy felt desperately jealous of him She spent her time doing litter more than taking care of him and the children Now her sister was getting divorced and would doubtless be making demands on her too Cathy had promised to give her sister a call as soon as she got home but she decided to run herself a bath first She had a sharp pain in her side and hoped that a hot bath might ease the pain  I must find a way to help him  I learnt the hard way that Jack can’t be trusted  I’ve tried every possible way to get him to change his mind ... disconcerting to have madame knitting all the way there, in a public conveyance; it was additionally disconcerting yet, to have madame in the crowd in the afternoon, still with her knitting in her... playing-cards into his hand, and was thereupon invited to make a fourth in a game; but after losing a few times, as well as making several blunders in his play, he abandoned the pursuit  Losing... been doing these days? B: Ф Preparing for the driving license test  A : Have you been swimming? B : yes, I have Ф A : What have you been doing B : Ф swimming  Those who prefer Ф, can stay indoors