[...]... rate elements of evolutionary biology to better understand development (now defined by the assumptions of the modern synthesis), genetics (as (evo-devo), or does one integrate the results of developmental genetiCS and developmental biology into evolutionary biology in order to gain a better population genetics, quantitative genetiCS, and molecular genetics) and understanding of phenotypic evolution (devo-evo)... awareness can help evo-devo and our interpretation of the history of the problem accomplish this goal, if only by suggesting that the answer to the problem If, on the other hand, the problem is not so much in the full integration of development and evolution, but rather in two separate approaches of of integrating development and evolution might be in rephrasing the ques­ evo-devo and devo-evo, then each... evolu­ tion (Wagner and Altenberg 1 996; Gerhart and Kirschner 1997; Conrad 1 998; Kirschner and Gerhart 1998; Newman and Muller 2000, Schank and Wimsatt 2001; Hansen 2003; Earl and Deem 2004; Wagner and Laubichler 2004; Deacon 2006) 16 Still another crucial concept is developmental modu­ larity (Wagner 1996; von Dassow et al 2000; Gilbert and Bolker 2001; Stelling et al 200 1; Schlosser and Wagner 2002;... and Weatherbee 2004) their properties) and what they do (process, activity)-knowledge that a In an attempt to zero in on the role of developmental mechanisms in formal understanding of developmental phenomena "Mechanism, per se, evolutionary processes, and in particular evolutionary innovation, Wagner, Chiu, and Laubichler (2000) propose a checklist for establishing a causal behave intrinsically, and. .. on individual structure, function, and their development gram included experimental research into development, regeneration, Instead of evolutionary relationships, embryologists and geneticists found heredity, and evolution To that end he and his coworkers developed the most sophisticated techniques to maintain research animals for extended new areas to explore, and what they saw as the proper exact... will not go beyond tion; not development and evolution, rather development and evolution as two sides of a more unified historical process of generation Within such a framework many problems, such as the role of epigenetic effects and of the environment, might no longer be as difficult to imagine 22 Manfred D Laubichler and Jane Maienschein References Embryos, Cells, Genes, and Organisms 23 Laubichler,... Ontogeny and Phylogeny Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer­ sity Press Haeckel, Ernst 1 866 Generelle Morphologie der Organismen Berlin: Reimer Haeckel, Ernst 1 8 76 Evolution of Man Akron, OH: Werner Company Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press Richard Creath and Jane Maienschein, eds., Biology and Epistemology, 1 22- 1 3 7 Cam­ Lands, D Raup, and C Wolpert 1985 Developmental constraints and evolution. .. Geschichte der kausalen Morphologie Marburg: Hall, B K 1 992 Evolutionary Developmental Biology London: Chapman and Hall Basilisken Presse Hall, B K 1998 Evolutionary Developmental Biology 2nd ed Dordrecht: Kluwer Morgan, Thomas Hunt 1932 The Scientific Basis of Evolution New York: Norton Hall, B K 2000 Evo-devo or devo-evo-Does it matter? Evolution and Development 2: Nyhart, Lynn 1995 Biology Takes Form Chicago:... Evo-Devo and the Streamlining of the Naturalistic Agenda Raff, Rudolf A., and Thomas C Kaufman 1983 Embryos, Genes, and Evolution New York: Macmillan Raff, Rudolf A., and Elizabeth c., Raff, eds 1987 Development as an Evolutionary Pro­ Werner Callebaut, Gerd B Muller, and Stuart A Newman cess New York: Alan Liss Rheinberger, H ] 2000 Ephestia: The experimental design of Alfred Kuhn's physio­ logical developmental... mar­ gins and often had to fight hard for their reputation Goldschmidt, for of inheritance, development, and evolution In particular, development and evolution (the two historical processes of biology), have each acquired their own interpretation of dynamical causality, which roughly fits Ernst Mayr's distinction between proximate and ultimate causes Without funda­ instance, was long vilified and only