BIODIESEL - FEEDSTOCKS, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Zhen Fang Biodiesel - Feedstocks, Production and Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/45895 Edited by Zhen Fang Contributors Camila Da Silva, Fernanda Castilhos, Ignácio Vieitez, Ivan Jachmanián, Lúcio Cardozo Filho, José Vladimir De Oliveira, Ignacio Vieitez, Lucio Cardozo Filho, Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad, Rosana Schneider, Valeriano Corbellini, Eduardo Lobo, Thiago Bjerk, Pablo Gressler, Maiara Souza, Krzysztof Biernat, Artur Malinowski, Joanna Czarnocka, Sevil Yucel, Pınar Terzioğlu, Didem Özçimen, Guohong Tian, Yanfei Li, Hongming Xu, Andrii Marchenko, H.J. Heeres, R.H. Venderbosch, Joost Van Bennekom, Olinto Pereira, Alexandre Machado, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud, Yahaya Muhammad Sani, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman, Rodrigo Munoz, David Fernandes, Douglas Santos, Raquel Sousa, Tatielli Barbosa, Olga Machado, Keysson Fernandes, Natalia Deus-De-Oliveira, Hayato Tokumoto, Hiroshi Bandow, Kensuke Kurahashi, Takahiko Wakamatsu, Ignacio Contreras-Andrade, Carlos Alberto Guerrero-Fajardo, Oscar Hernández-Calderón, Mario Nieves-Soto, Tomás Viveros-García, Marco Antonio Sanchez-Castillo, Maria Catarina Megumi Kasuya, Raghu Betha Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published December, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Biodiesel - Feedstocks, Production and Applications, Edited by Zhen Fang p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0910-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Section 1 Feedstocks 1 Chapter 1 Potential Production of Biofuel from Microalgae Biomass Produced in Wastewater 3 Rosana C. S. Schneider, Thiago R. Bjerk, Pablo D. Gressler, Maiara P. Souza, Valeriano A. Corbellini and Eduardo A. Lobo Chapter 2 Algal Biorefinery for Biodiesel Production 25 Didem Özçimen, M. Ömer Gülyurt and Benan İnan Chapter 3 Major Diseases of the Biofuel Plant, Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas) 59 Alexandre Reis Machado and Olinto Liparini Pereira Chapter 4 Biodiesel Feedstock and Production Technologies: Successes, Challenges and Prospects 77 Y.M. Sani, W.M.A.W. Daud and A.R. Abdul Aziz Chapter 5 Prospects and Potential of Green Fuel from some Non Traditional Seed Oils Used as Biodiesel 103 Mushtaq Ahmad, Lee Keat Teong, Muhammad Zafar, Shazia Sultana, Haleema Sadia and Mir Ajab Khan Section 2 Biodiesel Production 127 Chapter 6 Biodiesel: Production, Characterization, Metallic Corrosion and Analytical Methods for Contaminants 129 Rodrigo A. A. Munoz, David M. Fernandes, Douglas Q. Santos, Tatielli G. G. Barbosa and Raquel M. F. Sousa Chapter 7 Biodiesel Current Technology: Ultrasonic Process a Realistic Industrial Application 177 Mario Nieves-Soto, Oscar M. Hernández-Calderón, Carlos Alberto Guerrero-Fajardo, Marco Antonio Sánchez-Castillo, Tomás Viveros- García and Ignacio Contreras-Andrade Chapter 8 Lipase Applications in Biodiesel Production 209 Sevil Yücel, Pınar Terzioğlu and Didem Özçimen Chapter 9 Non-Catalytic Production of Ethyl Esters Using Supercritical Ethanol in Continuous Mode 251 Camila da Silva, Ignácio Vieitez, Ivan Jachmanián, Fernanda de Castilhos, Lúcio Cardozo Filho and José Vladimir de Oliveira Section 3 By-Products Applications 281 Chapter 10 Approaches for the Detection of Toxic Compounds in Castor and Physic Nut Seeds and Cakes 283 Keysson Vieira Fernandes and Olga Lima Tavares Machado Chapter 11 Bio-Detoxification of Jatropha Seed Cake and Its Use in Animal Feed 309 Maria Catarina Megumi Kasuya, José Maria Rodrigues da Luz, Lisa Presley da Silva Pereira, Juliana Soares da Silva, Hilário Cuquetto Montavani and Marcelo Teixeira Rodrigues Chapter 12 Biomethanol from Glycerol 331 Joost G. van Bennekom, Robertus H. Venderbosch and Hero J. Heeres Chapter 13 Utilization of Crude Glycerin from Biodiesel Production: A Field Test of a Crude Glycerin Recycling Process 363 Hayato Tokumoto, Hiroshi Bandow, Kensuke Kurahashi and Takahiko Wakamatsu Section 4 Biodiesel Applications in Engines 385 Chapter 14 Application of Biodiesel in Automotive Diesel Engines 387 Yanfei Li, Guohong Tian and Hongming Xu ContentsVI Chapter 15 Simulation of Biofuels Combustion in Diesel Engines 407 Andrey Marchenko, Alexandr Osetrov, Oleg Linkov and Dmitry Samoilenko Chapter 16 An Analysis of Physico-Chemical Properties of the Next Generation Biofuels and Their Correlation with the Requirements of Diesel Engine 435 Artur Malinowski, Joanna Czarnocka and Krzysztof Biernat Chapter 17 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Particulate Emissions from Diesel Engines Fuelled with Waste Cooking Oil Derived Biodiesel and Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel 461 Raghu Betha, Rajasekhar Balasubramanian and Guenter Engling Contents VII Preface Biodiesel is renewable, biodegradable, nontoxic and carbon-neutral. Biodiesel production has been commercialized in Europe and United States, and its use is expanding dramatically worldwide. Although there are many books that focus on biodiesel, there is the need for a comprehensive text that considers development of biodiesel systems from the production of feedstocks and their processing technologies to the comprehensive applications of both by- products and biodiesel. This book includes 17 chapters contributed by experts around world on biodiesel. The chapters are categorized into 4 parts: Feedstocks, Biodiesel production, By-product applications, Biodiesel applications in engines. Part 1 (Chapters 1-5) focuses on feedstocks. Chapters 1 and 2 cover the growth of microalgae and algae for the production of biodiesel and other biofuels. Chapter 3 introduces the major diseases of biodiesel plant – Jatropha curcas L. during its plantation. Chapter 4 briefly reviews biodiesel feedstocks and their processing technologies. Chapter 5 studies some of non traditional seed oils (e.g., safflower and milk thistle) for the production of biodiesel. Part 2 (Chapters 6-9) covers biodiesel production methods. Chapter 6 gives an overview of biodiesel production and its properties, and includes discussion on metallic corrosion from biodiesel and novel analytical methods for contaminants. Ultrasonic process, lipase applications and supercritical ethanol approaches in biodiesel production are introduced and discussed in detail in Chapters 7-9. Part 3 (Chapters 10-13) shows applications of byproducts. Approaches for the detection of toxic compounds in Jatropha and castor seed cakes are reviewed in Chapter 10. Bio- detoxification of Jatropha cake as animal feed is introduced in Chapter 11. Chapters 12 and 13 describe the processes and reactors to convert glycerol to methanol and biogas. Part 4 (Chapters 14-17) presents applications of biodiesel in engines. Chapters 14-16 review the practical use, combustion modeling of biodiesel as well as application of blending liquid biofuels (e.g., butanol, rapeseed oil) in engines. Finally, Chapter 17 gives examples of particulate emissions from diesel engines fuelled with waste cooking oil derived biodiesel. This book offers reviews of state-of-the-art research and applications on biodiesel. It should be of interest for students, researchers, scientists and technologists in biodiesel. I would like to thank all the contributing authors for their time and efforts in the careful construction of the chapters and for making this project realizable. It is certain that the careers of many young scientists and engineers will benefit from careful study of these works and that this will lead to further advances in science and technology of biodiesel. I am also grateful to Ms. Iva Simcic (Publishing Process Manager) for her encouragement and guidelines during my preparation of the book. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude towards my family for their kind cooperation and encouragement, which help me in completion of this project. Prof. Dr. Zhen Fang Leader of Biomass Group Chinese Academy of Sciences Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, China PrefaceX [...]... The production of the following biofuels were pro‐ posed: biomethane alone (using total protein, carbohydrate, and lipids); biomethane and bi‐ oethanol (using carbohydrate for bioethanol production and protein and lipids for biomethane production) ; biomethane and biodiesel (using carbohydrate and protein for bio‐ methane production and lipids for biodiesel production) ; and biomethane, biodiesel, and. .. biofuel production from microalgae cultivated in wastewaters The exploitation of the total microalgae biomass was considered, and the po‐ tential for biodiesel and bioethanol production was explored The various systems for microalgae production using wastewater and the consequences for biodiesel and bioethanol production were discussed in detail 15 16 Biodiesel - Feedstocks, Production and Applications. .. 2013; 50: 47 6-4 80 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.06.064 23 24 Biodiesel - Feedstocks, Production and Applications [85] Bernard, O Hurdles and challenges for modelling and control of microalgae for CO2 mitigation and biofuel production Journal of Process Control 2011; 21(10): 137 8-1 389 doi:10.1016/j.jprocont.2011.07.012 [86] Abdel-Raouf N., Al-Homaidan A.A., Ibraheem I.B.M Microalgae and wastewater... 1997;151( 1-4 ) 31 5-3 31 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S004 4-8 486(96)0150 1-3 17 18 Biodiesel - Feedstocks, Production and Applications [13] Spolaore, P et al Commercial applications of microalgae Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 2006;101(2) 8 7-9 6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1263/jbb.101.87 [14] Hirano, A et al Temperature effect on continuous gasification of microalgal biomass: theoretical yield of methanol production. .. use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 4 Biodiesel - Feedstocks, Production and Applications is a need for optimizing a number of parameters, such as increasing the lipid fraction and the availability of nutrients [7] Notably, the microalgae biomass can produce biodiesel [5], bioethanol [6], biogas, biohydro‐ gen [ 8-9 ] and bio-oils [10], as shown... A et al Prospects of biodiesel production from microalgae in India Renew‐ able and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2009;13(9) 2361–2372 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.rser.2009.04.005 21 22 Biodiesel - Feedstocks, Production and Applications [60] Kaiwan-arporn P, Hai P D, Thu N T, Annachhatre A P Cultivation of cyanobacte‐ ria for extraction of lipids Biomass and Bioenergy 2012; 44 14 2-1 49 http://dx.doi.org/... biodiversity and variability of their biochemical compo‐ sition, and the rapid biomass production exhibited by these microorganisms [1] 11 12 Biodiesel - Feedstocks, Production and Applications Furthermore, bioethanol derived from microalgae biomass is an option that demonstrates the greatest potential John et al [61] assessed microalgae biomass as a raw material for bioe‐ thanol production and argued... distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 26 Biodiesel - Feedstocks, Production and Applications The other significant feature is that algae can grow everywhere and every season in a year since there are thousands of algae species that have different adaptations and different prop‐ erties They can grow in saltwater, freshwater, lakes, deserts, marginal lands, etc... 19 20 Biodiesel - Feedstocks, Production and Applications tobiorreator e reatormistovisando a biorremediação e produção de biocombustíveis) Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul-Rio Grande do Sul 2012 [37] Gressler, P D Efficiency Evaluation of the Desmodesmus subspicatus (R Chodat) E Hegewald & A Schmidt (Chlorophyceae) to grown in tubular photobioreactor with effluent from ETE-Unisc... 2008;99(5) 127 4-1 279 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.biortech.2007.02.043 [44] Wu L,F et al The feasibility of biodiesel production by microalgae using industrial wastewater Bioresource Technology 2012, 113 :1 4-1 8 [45] Ruiz-Marin, A et al Growth and nutrient removal in free and immobilized green al‐ gae in batch and semi-continuous cultures treating real wastewater Bioresource Technology 2010;101(1) 5 8-6 4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.076 . BIODIESEL - FEEDSTOCKS, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Zhen Fang Biodiesel - Feedstocks, Production and Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/45895 Edited. orders@intechopen.com Biodiesel - Feedstocks, Production and Applications, Edited by Zhen Fang p. cm. ISBN 97 8-9 5 3-5 1-0 91 0-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals