[...]... Standards of measurement Standards Figure 1.1 The MIM triangle: evolutions and permanent interactions of measurement, instrumentation, and metrology 1.5 Instrumentation The term instrumentation refers to a group of permanent systems which help us measure objects and maintain retroactive control of a process In this sense, 6 Fundamentals of Instrumentation and Measurement instruments and systems of measurement. .. have often brought about new ways and tools of measurement, especially in antiquity As discussed above, ancient Egyptians used the sky to develop their calendar of 365 days and to measure days and hours In our own time, some physicists confronting the mystery of particles and the Big Bang theory have turned to a spiritual explanation of these phenomena [HAW 89] 4 Fundamentals of Instrumentation and Measurement. .. history and is intimately connected: – measurement of time; – measurement of physical phenomena; – measurement of chemical and biological phenomena Let us look at several examples from history regarding the measurement of time The priest-astronomers of ancient Egypt were close observers of natural phenomena, especially the sky Simply by observing the natural effects of solstices (including the floodings and. .. between instrumentation, measurement and metrology, explaining how units and tools of measurement are developed Chapter 2 presents the general principles of sensors, while Chapter 3 gives a detailed description of the general principles of optical, thermal and mechanical sensors, and how these may be used in developing measuring tools and sensors Chapters 4 to 6 discuss a range of methods and technologies... Fundamentals of Instrumentation and Measurement In the short term, this perpetuation guarantees the quality of products and commercial trade by connecting them to legal standards Achieved through instrumentation, measurement is thus the basis of progress in many forms of knowledge, as well as being essential to production and trade In the world of science, it allows us to make discoveries and confirm... inexact and often anthropomorphic systems then in use, it became necessary to create a coherent system of measurement that could be verified by specific instruments and methods from which reproducible and universal results could be obtained An example of one older unit of measurement was the “rope of 13 knots” used by European cathedral builders to specify angles of 30, 60 and 90 degrees Other measurements... miniaturization of complex mechanisms that integrate a number of complex functions We have chosen several examples from a specific field: the production of cars This page intentionally left blank Chapter 1 Measurement Instrumentation The purpose of this chapter is to review the essential definitions and characteristics of measurement We discuss measurement systems and the roles and classifications of instruments... knowledge of how systems of measurement are developed and applied The chapters follow a fairly linear progression However, our text falls into two complementary but somewhat different halves The first half of the book discusses fundamental ideas and issues of measurement and presents a range of physical phenomena that allow us to obtain measurable sizes and develop methods of pretreatment of signals... other cases, measurement cannot be carried out, and being aware of this will help us find another solution to determining a quantity of interest 1.7.3 Estimating load effects If X(t) is the “true” value of the quantity to be measured when the object of measurement is not related to the measurement device, then M(t) stands for the Measurement Instrumentation 13 value of the quantity after measurement. .. Measurement 1.3 Terminology: measurement, instrumentation and metrology The expression of measurement needs or tests are an everyday occurrence in science and industry [MAS 90]; [COM 92] All existing tools that help us carry out measurement are part of instrumentation Rules for using and guaranteeing measurement created metrology It is important to point out that definitions1 of these related terms are . y0 w0 h1" alt="" Fundamentals of Instrumentation and Measurement This page intentionally left blank Fundamentals of Instrumentation and Measurement. 1.9.1. Principles and methodology of measurement 23 vi Fundamentals of Instrumentation and Measurement 1.9.2. Field measurement constraints: instrumentation