FISHERIES UNIVERSITY NHA TRANG, VIETAM ENGLISH FOR AQUACULTURE VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR BOOK BY MANON FRENETTE WUSC (World University Service of Canada) 2005 TABLE OF CONTENT UNIT ONE…………….……………… ………………………………………… Word Formation UNIT ONE.…… ……………… … ……………Verb Tense Review –Active and Passive Voice UNIT TWO………………………… … ……………… Sentence Structure –Complex Sentences UNIT TWO…… ………………… ……………………… Sentence Structure –Reduced Clauses UNIT THREE….………………….………………………… …Sentence structure –Signal Words UNIT FOUR….……………………………………………… …Writing and Verbalizing Numbers UNIT FOUR……………………….…………………… …………Describing trends in the Market UNIT FIVE……………………… …………………………………………….List of clinical signs APPENDICES APPENDIX ONE…….… ……………………….……………Academic and Aquaculture Glossary APPENDIX TWO………… …………………… ………………… Acronyms and Abbreviations APPENDIX THREE……….……………………… ……………… … Complementary Materials APPENDIX FOUR…….…….……………………… ………… .Academic Word List UNIT ONE: WORD FORMATION One way to improve your reading comprehension, pronunciation and spelling is to increase your understanding of common word parts These word parts –also known as prefixes, suffixes and rootsare building blocks used in forming many English words RECOGNIZING SUFFIXES, THEIR PARTS OF SPEECH AND MEANINGS Nouns -ance/-ence -or/-er -ist/-yst -ian -tion/-ation -ness Verbs -ing -ment -ity -ism/ship -dom -ion -ize -ate -fy -en -ify -ish -ive Adjectives Adverbs -able -ible -less -ic -ical -ly What is a noun? A word or group of words that represent a person (Professor Dung), a place(Halong Bay), a thing or activity (a net or fishing) or a quality or idea (danger or over-fishing) Noun-forming suffixes: Suffix Meaning Examples Vietnamese -ance -ence -er,-or -ist, -yst -ian -tion, -ation -ion -ing -ment -ity -ism -dom -ship state quality a person who, a thing which a person who, pertaining to pertaining to/related to the act of, condition of action-state activity state, action state, quality condition/state domain/condition condition/state importance, reliance existence, subsistence factor, farmer aquaculturist reptilian pollution, propagation, importation expansion fishing, rearing, ranching impoundment, environment opportunity, quality, security microorganism freedom relationship Note: Nouns that not use suffixes can often be used both as nouns and adjectives… What is an adjective? A word that describes a noun or pronoun as in ‘ In English, adjectives are placed in front of nouns (rare species) OR after the verb “to be”(This species is rare) Adjectives not take the plural form, no –s Adjective-forming suffixes: Suffix Meaning Examples Vietnamese -al -ar -ic -ical -ed -ive commercial, recreational having the quality of particular aquatic, scientific critical high-priced, controlled, limited extensive -able/-ible -ous -ful -less -ish capable of being like, full of characterized by without like sustainable, edible various, tremendous neglectful priceless brackish Note: Word ending in –ing are formed from verbs (present participle = V-ing) The –ing form may be used as a noun, adjective, part of a noun phrase, or part of a verb What is a verb? A word or group of words that is used to describe an action, experience, or state for example “come”, “see”, “be”, “put on” Verb-forming suffixes: Suffix -ize/-ise -ate -ify -en Meaning To make Examples Vietnamese fertilize stimulate, irrigate verify widen Note: The easiest way to recognize a verb is to know how verbs are formed We will take a closer look at this a little later in the course To quickly review verb forms look at p What is an adverb? A word or group of words that describe or adds to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb or a whole sentence, such as “slowly” in “he ran slowly”, “very” in “It’s very hot”, or “naturally” in “Naturally, we want you to come” Most often adverbs finish in –ly: widely, relatively, frequently, sufficiently, economically, commercially Here is also a list of common adverbs that not finish in –ly : always, often, sometimes, never, very, well… RECOGNIZING PREFIXES AND THEIR MEANINGS Prefix Ab Bio Mono Poly Micro Mini Maxi Trans Dis Pre Inter Sub Ex Mis Con Post Anti Pro Meaning off, away from life alone, one many very small small Big across, over, beyond apart, away before between, among under, below out badly, wrong together, with after, following against before (time, place, order) in front of, instead of onward, for Un not, reverse Ad to, toward In (im, ir, il*) not, without, lacking In, on, into, towards, within Extra more than Re again, back Mal bad Com with, together with De down, from Patho disease Examples Abnormal biology monoculture polyculture microscope minimum maximum transgenic disinfect, disappear predict interbreeding subdivide exterminate misinterpret conform post-larvae Antibiotics problem protect project uncover advance insufficient (not) infer (within) extraordinary represent malfunction comply decompose pathogen Vietnamese * im- before b, m, p, ir- before r, il- before –l ROOTS A root is a basic word to which prefixes, suffixes, or both are added For example, to the root word port (meaning carry), the prefix –trans (meaning across) could be added: the resulting word, transport, means to carry across Various suffixes could also be added, among them the verb or adjective suffix –ed (transported), -able (transportable), and the noun suffix ation(transportation) Root Meaning Examples Duc (duct) Mit (miss) Port Voc Tract (trac) Auto Path Cept (capt) Dict (dic) Vers (vert) Tang (tact) Cess (ced) Sist Gress Pend (pens) Psych Vid (vis) Spec (spic) Graph Troph take, lead send, let go carry call draw self feeling, organ take, seize say, tell, speak turn touch go, move, yield stand go hang, weigh mind see look write nutrient Vietnamese reduce submit export advocate attract automatic pathogen accept indicate vertical tactile precede resist progress depend psychology visibility spectator graphic trophic EXERCISE Underline the prefix and circle the suffix in each of the following words Can you guess the meaning and the part of speech? transparent disable automatic deceptive antiseptic predict distract portable replacement subdivision conducive interpretation UNIT ONE: REVIEW OF TENSES Active and passive voice in Academic writing Academic writing is still English But there are a few differences One of those differences is the frequency of the use of the passive voice Academic writing differs because often the doer of the action, the subject, is not important or not what the writer wants to emphasize Therefore, the active voice needs to be used The active voice is still used most of the time, but the passive voice is more common than in other forms of writing Let us look at subjects A subject is important for two reasons: First, it is placed at the beginning of a sentence or clause so the reader pays attention to it Second, a subject, in the active voice, indicates who or what is doing the action In the following example, it is the fact that Mary is the person doing the study that is important, what she actually studies is less important to the reader Mary Stein (subject) studies the relationship between weather patterns and water quality (object) But what can be done if it is “the relationship between weather patterns and water quality”, in other words, the object, that needs to be emphasized? That is when the passive voice is used Compare the difference in meaning between the first example with the following one : Active: Mary Stein is researching the relationship between weather patterns and water quality Passive: The relationship between weather patterns and water quality is being researched (by Mary Stein) Sometimes, when there is no need to mention who or what is doing the action, the subject, like in the example above, the subject from the active voice could be omitted in the passive voice Therefore, academic writing avoids using subjects like I, technicians, or scientists because it is too general but also because the writer wants to emphasize the object of the active voice By placing the object of the active voice at the beginning, the reader then focuses on what is important HOW TO CHANGE VOICE: IDENTIFY THE SUBJECT, OBJECT, AND VERB FORM: To change a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice, you need to have a subject, a verb and a direct object If you not have a direct object, you cannot transform the sentence into the passive voice If you have two objects, you select only one INVERSE THE ORDER OF THE SUBJECT AND OBJECT CHANGE THE VERB FORM: I ACTIVE VOICE Subject (doer) + Verb + Object The farmer PASSIVE VOICE feeds the fish every day Object+ The fish + “Be”+ Past Part.+ is fed (by the farmer)every day Subject A good way to recognize if a sentence is in the active or passive voice is to look at the form of the verb The passive is always formed by the auxiliary BE which is conjugated and the past participle form of the verb (–ed for reg v 3rd column for irr v.)whereas the active voice is formed as follows: Simple tenses (simple present, past, and future) Used for permanent situations, facts, repeated actions Subject + Auxiliary do-does/did/will* + base form of the verb *Except for the affirmative voice of the simple present and simple past (subject + verb) Progressive tenses (present, past and future progressive/continuous) Used for temporary situations Subject +Auxiliary be (was-were/is-are/will be) +present participle (-ing form) Perfect tenses (present, past and future perfect) Used for actions that are indefinite or last a period of time Subject + Auxiliary have (had/have-has/will have)) + past part (-ed for reg v or 3rd column of irr.v.) Perfect progressive tenses (present, past and future perfect progressive) Have (in the present, past, or future) + been + present participle (–ing form) TENSES SIMPLE PRESENT ACTIVE VOICE S V O The researchers observe feeding patterns of the carp PASSIVE VOICE the The feeding patterns of the carp are observed (by the researchers) SIMPLE PAST The researchers observed feeding patterns of the carp the The feeding patterns of the carp were observed by the researchers SIMPLE FUTURE The researchers will observe the The feeding patterns of the carp will be feeding patterns of the carp observed by the researchers PRESENT CONTINUOUS The researchers are observing the The feeding patterns of the carp are being feeding patterns of the carp observed by the researchers PAST CONTINUOUS The researchers were observing The feeding patterns of the carp were the feeding patterns of the carp being observed by the researchers FUTURE CONTINUOUS The researchers will be observing the feeding patterns of the carp IMPOSSIBLE PRESENT PERFECT The researchers have observed the The feeding patterns of the carp have been feeding patterns of the carp observed by the researchers PAST PERFECT The researchers had observed the feeding patterns of the carp The researchers will have observed the feeding patterns of the carp FUTURE PERFECT The feeding patterns of the carp had been observed by the researchers The feeding patterns of the carp will have been observed by the researchers UNIT TWO: SENTENCE STRUCTURE SENTENCES AND CLAUSES Sentences are made up of clauses There are two kinds of sentences: simple and complex sentences Simple sentences are made up of independent clauses A complex sentences has both independent clauses and dependent clauses An independent clause expresses a complete thought as can be a sentence by itself, for example: Fish have gills A dependent clause begins with a subordinator and cannot be a sentence by itself There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adverb, adjective or noun a Adverb: …because fish have gills… b Adjective: …which is in aquaculture… c Noun: …that aquaculture is growing… These clauses combine together to form sentences There are four possible kinds of sentences: A simple sentence has one independent clause: Fish have gills A simple compound sentence has two independent clauses joined by a coordinator or coordinate connector (see list below): Fish have gills so they can breathe under water COORDINATE CONNECTORS and but/yet or nor so S V A O S V O Vietnam is now the third largest rice exporting country in the world yet farmers are still poor A complex sentence has one independent clause and one (or more) dependent clauses The dependent clause begins with a subordinator or subordinate coordinators The punctuation depends on the kind of dependent clause(s): a With an adverb clause: Because fish have gills, they can breathe under water OR Fish can breathe under water because they have gills b With an adjective clause: One of my favorite foods is clams which are shellfish c With a noun clause: The children didn’t know that fish have gills A compound-complex sentence has two independent clauses and one (or more) dependent clauses: Because fish have gills they can breathe under water but they cannot breathe when they are out of the water COMPLEX SENTENCES: ADVERBIAL CLAUSES An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that begins with a adverbial subordinator It is used to modify the verb of the independent clause and tells when (time), where (place), why (reason), and for what purpose, how, how long, or how far It is also used to show contrast: concession (unexpected result) and direct opposition S VA O S V Vietnam is the 3rd largest rice exporting country because the green revolution has taken off S V S VO A Because the green revolution has taken off, Vietnam is the third largest rice exporting country in the world Note: In the first example, the connector because comes in the middle of the sentence, and no comma (,) is used In the second example, the connector because comes at the beginning of the sentence In this pattern when the connector comes at the beginning of the sentence, a comma (,) is required in the middle of the sentence The following chart lists adverb connectors of contrast, condition, manner, and place and the sentence patterns used with them Time Place Distance/ Frequency Manner Reason SUBORDINATOR When Whenever While As soon as After Since As Before Until Where Anywhere, wherever Everywhere As + adverb + as MEANING A point in time/short duration At any time At the same time/longer duration Immediately at or instantly after the time Following the time that From that time/moment While/when Earlier than the time when Up to the time of A definite place Anyplace Everyplace Comparison As, as if, as though In the way or manner that/like Because As For the reason that Since Result So + adjective + that So + adverb + that Such a(n) +noun phrase + that With the result that So much/many/little/few + noun phrase + that Purpose So that, in order that For the purpose of Concession Although, though Even though Unexpected result Contrast While Whereas Direct opposition 10 _ APPENDIX 2: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Ab HDPE AFNOR HPI-1 ASTM BOD HUFA BSI HWMOST C:N ratio IAA CaO ICAM CCP ICM CCRF K COD LH CPR LH-RH CZM LH-RHa DIN LIS DNA LWMOST DO ME E MSL EIA MSY F MWL F1 F2 F3 n, 2n, 3n FCE n FCR Antibody High density polyethylene French Standards Institute Human Poverty Index for developing countries American Society for Testing Materials (standards for soil particles) Biochemical oxygen demand Highly unsaturated fatty acids British Standards Institute High water mark for ordinary spring tides Carbon to nitrogen ratio (composting) Integrated agriculture-aquaculture Quicklime Integrated Coastal Area Management Critical Control Point Integrated Coastal Management Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries Coefficient of permeability (soil) Chemical oxygen demand Luteinizing hormone Common property resource Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone Coastal zone management Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue German Standards Institute Land Information Systems Deoxyribonucleic acid Low water mark for ordinary spring tides Dissolved oxygen Metabolizable energy Hanging ratio (fishing net) Mean sea level Environmental Impact Assessment Maximum sustainable yield Coefficient of inbreeding Mean water level First, second, …generation produced during a breeding program Chromosome set number present in cells Feed conversion efficiency Coefficient of roughness (hydraulics) Feed conversion ratio 52 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 N GDP Nb Ne GIS NNP GMO NOD GNP OECD GnRH P GnRHa P1 GPS PET GtH pH HACCP PL HDI PRA SWB PPP US$ T&Vsystem PUFA TDH RNA TDS RNAvirus RRA USDA RS UV SCP VG SGR VP SIA WPI Nitrogen Gross Domestic Product Effective breeding efficiency Effective breeding number Geographical information systems Net National Product Genetically Modified Organism Nitrogenous oxygen demand Gross national product Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Gonadotropin releasing hormone Phosphorus Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue Parental generation in a breeding program Global positioning system Potential evapotranspiration Gonadotropin (hormone) Hydrogen ion concentration Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points Postlarva (crustaceans) Human Development Index Participatory rural appraisal Small water body Purchasing Power Parity (in US$) Training-and-visit system (extension) Polyunsaturated fatty acid Total dynamic head Ribonucleic acid Total dissolved solids Ribovirus Rapid rural appraisal United States Department of Agriculture Remote sensing Ultraviolet radiation Single-cell proteins Genetic variance Specific growth rate Phenotypic variance Social Impact Assessment Wholesale Price Index 53 APPENDIX : COMPLEMENTARY MATERIALS VOCABULARY: AQUACULTURE, DESCRIPTION, LOCATION, HABITAT Artic Trout Silver Carp, Thailand Freshwater Catfish Salmon, Indonesia and Philippines (Rainbow Runner) Wild Goldfish Or Carassius Carassius, Philippines Tilapia, Cambodia 54 FISH DESCRIPION LOCATION: The common carps are widespread around the world They can be found in ponds, lakes, streams, rivers and rice fields X lives in mid and demersal (living near the sea bottom) waters It can also live in brackish waters with a salinity level of 14% The mature fish grows to about 1kg in about to years It is known that female can produce 150 to 200 thousand eggs In Vietnam, X can produce eggs all year round X is an omnivorous species Plankton and rotifers constitute the food of X larvae but it starts consuming more and more small crustaceans after about one week When it becomes a mature fish, a X ingests a wide variety of natural food organisms including worms, snails, pearls, insects and duckweeds Supplemental feed consists of materials readily and cheaply available such as byproducts such as rice bran, wheat bran, soybean cake and peanut cake (the later two made from the residue left after the oil has been extracted) In many countries, farmers raise X by synthetic feed (pellet feed or thread feed) X aquaculture has become an important industry because its flesh/meat is very tasty and appreciated by consumers Farmers are allowed to keep a minimal dissolved oxygen level of 2mg/l at 20 to 27ºC In pond culture, animal manure, raw or fermented, can be used very conveniently to fertilize the pond ANSWER: VIETNAMESE NAME: Cá Chép SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cyprinus Carpio ENGLISH NAME: Common carp FAMILY: Cyprinidae Written by : Huynh Anh Thu FISH DESCRIPTION Catfish live in some countries of South East Asia like Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia This is a species of fish that is raised in pond and cage culture along the Mekong river They have a long scaleless body The skin of this fish is grayish black, its mouth is large and has two double long barbell… Catfish only live in fresh water but they can live anywhere where the water salinity is under 10 PPT In a natural environment, catfish can live more than 20 years They live on the surface After one year of pond culture, a fish weights anywhere from to 1.5 kilo In a natural environment, the maturation age of a catfish is to years and the breeding season starts in April Nowadays, people can breed the young fish in a controlled environment and release them into the pond culture ANSWER: Vietnamese Name : Ca tra Scientific Name : pangofianodon hypophthatmus English Name : Catfish Order : liluriforanes Family :pangariidae Genue: pangafianodon Species: p hypophtalmis Written by : Nguyen Phanh Binh 55 LISTENING COMPREHENSION FISH DESCRIPTIONS TEACHER TAPESCRIPT: X live in fresh water and only freshwater They can be found throughout all of the column of water In the day time, they live at the bottom to catch bait animals and at night, they are at the surface of the water to snatch insects They are ferocious animals They’re strong, swim quickly and always attack some other species of fish because their ventral system is highly developed When they are mature, X can weight about 400 to 500 grams and have a length of 30 to 40 cm They are shaped like a cylinder and their head is like the head of a snake They don’t have a shiny colors like other kinds of fish, only black or dark brown Their scales are round, shaped like a circle One of the many ways to catch this fish is to use a special rod with four hooks and a young duck above as bait They are very popular in the South of Vietnam Everyone knows them as a delicious and highly nutritious course When you go to a restaurant in the south of Vietnam, you may see a dish called sour soup with X… Written by: Pham Kim Long 56 FLAHSCARD CARD: This game if practiced regularly leads to radical improvements in vocabulary acquisition in a way students will enjoy 1) Students are tested on a pretest 2) Each student in a team of four makes a set of flash cards on the words (one side English, one side Vietnamese or other clues) he or she missed on the pre-test Each student on the team uses a different color of pen (or some other way) 3) Students play the flash card game (3 times) i Maximum Cues: Half of the students, the tutee, give of their cards to the person across from them, the tutors The tutor holds up one card, shows and reads the tutee the front of the card (Vietnamese or clues) and then shows and reads the back (English) The tutor then turns the card around again, showing the front, and asks for the answer from short term memory The tutee tries to answer If the answer is correct, the tutor gives an exxagerated praise, such as “you are a fabulous learner”, “super fantastic job”, and the card is “won back” (returned to) the tutee 90% or more of all the answers should be correct, because the student has been told ans shown the answer immediately before being asked for it If, however, the tutee fails to answer correctly, he or she receives a “helper”, rather than a “praiser” “Helpers” might be hints, showing and telling the card again, a reminder, the creation by tutor and tutee of fantastic visual images which are difficult to forget If a “helper” is given, the card is not won back, but rather placed back in the stack of cards the tutor holds, so that it will be repeated When the tutee wins back all of his or her cards, the tutor and tutee switch roles ii Few Cues: In the second card game, the same basic procedure is followed, but fewer cues are given and students move from short- to long-term memory Thus, for example, the tutor shows the tutee the front and asks for the back from memory Not having just seen the back, the student must produce the information on the back from long-term memory A slow or fast answer produces a “helper” iii No Cues: In the third card game, no cues are allowed So, for example, the tutor might say the Vietnamese or some other clues As in the other rounds, a correct response receives the card as a token of success accompanied by a praiser; a hesitant or false response receives help and repeated practice 4) Students are tested on a practice test 57 MEMORY GAME: This game can be played alone, in pairs or in groups PROCEDURE Before you play: 1) 2) Cut the two sheets along the lines to make 40 squares; Mix the squares and turn them so that the side with the word cannot be seen Objective: The object of the game is to find pairs of species 1) One player turns TWO squares ONLY The player says the name of the species written on the card in both English and Vietnamese and tries to remember what they are and where they are located; if he/can not remember 2) The next player also turns two squares and the other players continue like this until one can remember where the pairs are; 3) When one player forms a pair, he/she can play again until he/she cannot form any more pairs; 4) The game ends when all the pairs have been found; 5) The winner of the game is the one with the most pairs 58 Algae Catfish Clam Crab Oyster Scallop Mussel Lobster Salmon Catfish Goldfish Carp Tilapia Gastropod Shrimp Grouper Octopus Snail Squid Starfish Tuna Turtle Seabass Eel Snapper Snakehead Seabream Milkfish Macquerel Mullet Algae Catfish Clam Crab Oyster Scallop Mussel Lobster Salmon Catfish Goldfish Carp Tilapia Gastropod Shrimp Grouper Octopus Snail Squid Starfish Tuna Turtle Seabass Eel Snapper Snakehead Seabream Milkfish Macquerel Mullet 59 Listening about numbers: Answers: 4.7 _ sea bass _ total value _ 233,700 tons _ _90% _ _second place 250,000 tons _ three times smaller Listening: Problems and solutions: Data to include: • • • • • • • Situated by a closed bay On good agricultural land Near a village Access to fresh underground water Hexogenous (from outside) breeders Start: 100 000 fry in the nursery tanks with a volume of 200 000 m3 000 000 broodstock in cages in earth pond 60 TILAPIA MIDTERM: Review of first three units Tilapia are a diverse group of tropical fish with over 100 species that originally came from Africa and the Middle East, but are now farmed throughout the world The most widespread and popular cultured tilapia species is the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus It accounted for 85% of the total tilapia production of 1.85 mmt reported for 2000, which was valued at U.S $1.5 billion About 1.3 mmt of the total was farmed tilapia, with the remaining wild-caught Production is expected to rise over 2.0 mmt by 2010 Tilapia is a truly global product that is equally suited to both small and large-scale production The fish grow quickly and efficiently on either natural grazing or high-protein formulated feed, and are well regarded by both rich and poor countries Because tilapia not require fishmeal or little fishmeal in their diets and because most of the production system up to date have minimal environmental impact, they are also considered environmentally friendly Tilapia make an ideal replacement for other freshwater fish species and seafood that can no longer be supplied by traditional fisheries Asian Production Tilapia farming is very diverse in Asia, with huge numbers of small backyard ponds, massive extensive operations, semi-intensive farms, and some very intensive high-tech systems China is by far the largest producer of farmed aquatic products, especially tilapia Its production figures for tilapia were 629,000 mt for 2000 although much tilapia was consumed locally A major proportion of China’s production comes from small operations in the south of the country Taiwan is also a large producer of frozen whole fish and fillets for export to the United-States and Japan, with the rest going to local markets One of Taiwan’s largest and most successful operations is Hanaqua, which is now looking at value-added products and tilapia blocks to replace the more traditional ocean-caught species While the Philippines and Thailand are smaller producers with 100,000 mt each used mostly for local consumption, Vietnam, India Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh are expanding their tilapia industries With very low production costs and a wealth of aquaculture expertise from carp culture, they should make a significant contribution to global production shortly Tilapia in the Americas The U.S tilapia industry has experienced a major boom, growing over 300% in the past five years Currently, 75% of the production of American producers are sold live, as production costs tend to be high, and the premium prices for live fish makes them a more profitable enterprise From 2000 to 2001, total U.S consumption of tilapia rose 27% to 104,000 mt (live-weight equivalent), with 95,000 mt of this imported product worth around U.S $128 million The imports included frozen, whole fish, and fillets from Taiwan and China, frozen fillets from Indonesia, and fresh fillets from Costa Rica, Honduras and Ecuador Many other countries are also targeting the U.S market 61 To (depends on what the teacher has covered and how much the students learned): have Look at the picture of the Tilapia and write a 150 paragraph about it Its physical description, where it is distributed, what it feeds on…what it is used for… Reading comprehension: a Numbers: What…+ graphic b Vocabulary: extensive, intensive… Grammar: a Parts of speech b Independent, dependent clauses c Translate 62 FINAL EXAM PLANKTON DIE-OFF: A MAJOR RISK FACTOR IN SHRIMP CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES Jose O Paclibare In: Fish Health Section Newsletter Vol.7, No.1&2, 1998 Asian Fisheries Society 2725 Quezon City Central P.O, 1167 Quezon City, Philippines The farming of shrimp Penaeus monodon used to be a popular industry in the Philippines but that is not the case anymore Shrimp production declined tremendously in the past few years because of disease outbreaks Shrimp export dropped from 30,462 MT in 1991 to 18,275 MT in 1995 In Negros Occidental, out of 200 intensive shrimp farms only l0 are currently operating The rest of these farms stopped their operation because of disease problems The luminous bacterium Vibrio harvevi is associated with many of these disease outbreaks Recently, there is an increasing evidence of an emerging viral disease in shrimp in the Philippines Since 1994, the Shrimp Health Team (under the Fish Health Section) of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, in collaboration with the Negros Prawn Producer’s Marketing Cooperative, Inc., has been conducting surveys and research to identify possible causes and control of these diseases Based on our farm surveys, and pond monitoring in major shrimp growing areas of the country such as Negros Occidental, Batangas and Bohol, plankton die-off has always been associated as a predisposing factor in many of the luminous vibriosis cases we analyzed Plankton die-offs were observed few days or hours before increase in luminous bacterial counts in water and shrimp Our observation is similar to that of many shrimp farmers in Thailand Limsuwan (199l, 1994) has continuously stressed the importance of maintaining healthy plankton bloom with a turbidity of 20-40 cm (Secchi disc) as one of the most critical factors in determining success in shrimp culture 63 Plankton die-off is characterized by sudden death of all or a great portion of the algal population, followed by their rapid decomposition Dissolved oxygen concentration decreases, toxic gases such as ammonia, nitrite and carbon dioxide concentrations increase, and pH decreases This condition may directly or indirectly cause massive death in shrimp stock Drastic reduction of dissolved oxygen and increase in toxic gases, for instance, may lethally affect the stock Sublethal water quality, in synergistic action with virulent pathogens such as luminous bacterial and baculoviruses, may eventually cause mortality in the stock It seems that not many of our shrimp farm technicians and managers have the information and skills on phytoplankton management in intensive shrimp culture Hence, we in BFAR and NPPMCI are conducting an expert consultation on this subject LITERATURE CITED: Limsuwan, C 199l Handbook for cultivation of black tiger prawns Tanseket Co., Ltd 222 Tansekit Building, Wipadawee-Rangsit Road, Ladyaw, Chatujak, Bangkok Limsuwan, C 1994 Shrimp diseases and health management In: Diseases in aquaculture: the current issues R.P Subasinghe and M Shariff(eds.) pp 71-96 Publication # 8, Malaysian Fish Soc., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia KEY POINTS Why is phytoplankton so important to the cultured shrimp health ? Which factors affect the development of phytoplankton in shrimp culture ponds ? How can a farmer maintain healthy algae bloom in shrimp ponds ? What happens if the phytoplankton die-off ? 64 APPENDIX 4: THE ACADEMIC WORD LIST The words in AWL are ones which university students of English must be thoroughly familiar with for both reading and writing academic writing AWL contains 570 “words” which are always found in academic texts, irrespective of subject area and discipline These 570 “words” are not just word-forms, but consist of head-words plus their inflected and derived forms, and therefore around 3,100 word-forms altogether, eg: concept: conception, concepts, conceptual, conceptualisation, conceptualise, conceptualised, conceptualises, conceptualising, conceptually • The following AWL is divided into ten sub-groups, from most to least frequent Group analyse approach area assess assume authority available benefit concept consist constitute context contract create data define derive distribute economy environment establish estimate evident export factor finance formula function identify income indicate individual interpret involve issue labour legal legislate major method occur percent period policy principle proceed process require research respond role section sector significant similar source specific structure theory vary group achieve acquire administrate affect appropriate aspect assist category chapter commission community complex compute conclude conduct consequent construct consume credit culture design distinct element equate evaluate feature final focus impact injure institute invest item journal maintain normal obtain participate perceive positive potential previous primary purchase range region regulate relevant reside resource restrict secure seek select site strategy survey text tradition transfer group alternative circumstance comment compensate component consent considerable constant constrain contribute convene coordinate core corporate correspond criteria deduce demonstrate document dominate emphasis ensure exclude framework fund illustrate immigrate imply initial instance interact justify layer link locate maximise minor negate outcome partner philosophy physical proportion publish react register rely remove scheme sequence sex shift specify sufficient task technical technique technology valid volume group access adequate annual apparent approximate attitude attribute civil code commit communicate concentrate confer contrast cycle debate despite dimension domestic emerge error ethnic goal grant hence hypothesis implement implicate impose integrate internal investigate job label mechanism obvious occupy option output overall parallel parameter phase predict principal prior professional project promote regime resolve retain series statistic status stress subsequent sum summary undertake 65 group academy adjust alter amend aware capacity challenge clause compound conflict consult contact decline discrete draft enable energy enforce entity equivalent evolve expand expose external facilitate fundamental generate generation image liberal licence logic margin medical mental modify monitor network notion objective orient perspective precise prime psychology pursue ratio reject revenue stable style substitute sustain symbol target transit trend version welfare whereas group abstract accurate acknowledge aggregate allocate assign attach author bond brief capable cite cooperate discriminate display diverse domain edit enhance estate exceed expert explicit federal fee flexible furthermore gender ignorant incentive incidence incorporate index inhibit initiate input instruct intelligence interval lecture migrate minimum ministry motive neutral nevertheless overseas precede presume rational recover reveal scope subsidy tape trace transform transport underlie utilise group adapt adult advocate aid channel chemical classic comprehensive comprise confirm contrary convert couple decade definite deny differentiate dispose dynamic eliminate empirical equip extract file finite foundation globe grade guarantee hierarchy identical ideology infer innovate insert intervene isolate media mode paradigm phenomenon priority prohibit publication quote release reverse simulate sole somewhat submit successor survive thesis topic transmit ultimate unique visible voluntary group abandon accompany accumulate ambiguous append appreciate arbitrary automate bias chart clarify commodity complement conform contemporary contradict crucial currency denote detect deviate displace drama eventual exhibit exploit fluctuate guideline highlight implicit induce inevitable infrastructure inspect intense manipulate minimise nuclear offset paragraph plus practitioner predominant prospect radical random reinforce restore revise schedule tense terminate theme thereby uniform vehicle via virtual visual widespread group accommodate analogy anticipate assure attain behalf bulk cease coherent coincide commence compatible concurrent confine controversy converse device devote diminish distort duration erode ethic format founded inherent insight integral intermediate manual mature mediate medium military minimal mutual norm overlap passive portion preliminary protocol qualitative refine relax restrain revolution rigid route scenario sphere subordinate supplement suspend team temporary trigger unify violate vision group 10 adjacent albeit assemble colleague compile conceive convince depress encounter enormous forthcoming incline integrity intrinsic invoke levy likewise nonetheless notwithstanding odd ongoing panel persist pose reluctance so-called straightforward undergo whereby 66 ... million, billion 101 1,001 etc a/one hundred and one, a/one thousand and one 201 2,001 etc two hundred and one, two thousand and one Ordinal Numbers a b c 1st 2nd 3rd first; ‘The first of April”... dearly in terms of both money and health Air pollution causes buildings and machines to deteriorate Our poisioned air damages crops, livestock, roads And metals and forces huge cleaning bills... Cause and Effect _ _ _ 16 UNIT THREE: NUMBERS Numbers and the language describing numbers are very important to understand when you read research articles, books