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Translation Equivalence Key points Equivalence is a central yet controversial issue in translation studies Equivalence is the relationship between a ST and a TT that allows the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST Koller proposed five types of meaning based equivalence Four kinds of quantitative equivalence is suggested by Kade 1 The nature of equivalence The definition, relevance and applicability of equivalence has caused heated controversy It has been analyzed, evaluated, and discus.
Translation Equivalence Key points: - - Equivalence is a central yet controversial issue in translation studies - - Equivalence is the relationship between a ST and a TT that allows the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST - - Koller proposed five types of meaning-based equivalence - - Four kinds of quantitative equivalence is suggested by Kade The nature of equivalence The definition, relevance and applicability of equivalence has caused heated controversy It has been analyzed, evaluated, and discussed from different points of views and has been approached from different perspectives Definition of equivalence in translation It is the relationship between a ST and a TT that allows the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST Equivalence is a relationship between two texts in two languages, rather than between the languages themselves Types of equivalence 3.1 Meaning – based equivalence Koller’s types of equivalence: • Denotative equivalence • Connotative equivalence • Text-normative equivalence • Pragmatic / Dynamic equivalence • Formal equivalence a Denotative equivalence Denotative equivalence is one in which the SL and TL words refer to the same thing in the real world This is the referential identity between SL and TL units This is equivalence of the extra linguistic content of a text, otherwise called ‘content invariance’ b Connotative equivalence - SL and TL words should produce the same communicative values in the mind of native speakers of the two languages - The connotation transmitted by means of the word choices (especially where there is a specific choice between synonymous expressions), with respect to level of style (register), the social and geographical dimension, frequency, etc - Also called “Stylistic equivalence” b -1 Connotations of speech level Types: - Elevated (formal, dignified) - Poetic - Normal - Colloquial - Slang - Vulgar (rude, offensive) b– Connotations of socially determined usage Types: - Student language - Military usage - Working-class language - Educated class - Aristocratic language b-3 Connotations of geographical relation or origin Types: - American English - Australian English - British English - Non – regional - Dialects b - Connotations of medium Types: - Spoken language - Written language b- Connotations of stylistic effect Types - Archaic (old, no longer used) - Pompous (show that you are more important than other people) - Artificial - Fashionable - Euphemistic - Plain (easy to see or understand) - Descriptive b-6 Connotations of frequency Types: - Common - Uncommon b – Connotations of register Types: - Normal usage - Technical - Medical b-8 Connotations of evaluation Types: - Positively evaluative - Ironic - Pejorative (disapproval, criticism) c Text-normative equivalence - The SL and TL words are used in the same or similar context in their respective languages - Text – normative equivalence relates to text-type specific features or text and language norms for given text types d Pragmatic equivalence - The SL and TL words have the same effect on the reader - Also called “communicative equivalence” e Formal equivalence - Focuses on the form of the text: Rhythm, verse form, special stylistic forms of expression in syntax and lexis, word play, metaphor… - Particularly used in translation of poems, songs, etc - Also called ‘expressive equivalence” 3.2 Quantitative equivalence Kade’s categories of Quantitative equivalence a One – to – one equivalence - A single expression in TL is equivalent to a single expression in SL b One – to – many equivalence: More than one TL expressions are equivalent to a single SL expression c One – to – part – of – one equivalence d Nil equivalence Case study 1: "The difficulty associated with the notion of achieving equivalent effect in translation is that it implies the translator is attempting, in accordance with our definition above, to reproduce in the TT the ‘same’ effect achieved in the ST This is problematic, clearly, since the effect varies across individuals, or even upon the same individual at different times, and in any case is unknowable without recourse to undue mentalism or psychologising; that is, speculation about other people’s states of minds based on insufficient, indeed unknowable data The only effect translators can truly know is that produced on their own minds, and therefore the only equivalence possible is what seems acceptable to each translator, perhaps after consultation" ("Translation, Linguistics, Culture", Nigel Amstrong p 44) Work in group, discuss the idea in the paragraph, then present your ideas to the whole class Case study 2: In "Translation Studies", p 38, Bassnett wrote "Equivalence in translation, then, should not be approached as a search for sameness, since sameness cannot even exist between two TL versions of the same text, let alone between the SL and TL versions." Do you agree with this viewpoint? Give reasons to support your argument Case study 3: Give comments on the types of equivalence achieved in the two translated versions of the following paragraph extracted from the novel "Gone with the wind" by Margaret Mitchell This is a part of one conversation between the protagonist Scarlett O'Hara and her coloured nanny Original paragraph: "Ef you doan care 'bout how folks talks 'bout dis fambly, Ah does," she rumbled "Ah ain' gwine stand by an' have eve'ybody at de pahty sayin' how you ain' fotched up right Ah has tole you an' tole you dat you kin allus tell a lady by dat she eat lak a bird An' Ah ain' aimin' ter have you go ter Mist' Wilkes' an' eat lak a fe'el han' an' gobble lak a hawg." "Mother is a lady and she eats," countered Scarlett "W'en you is mahied, you kin eat, too,", retorted Mammy W'en Miss Ellen yo' age, she never et nuthin' w'en she went out, an' needer yo' Aunt Pauline nor yo' Aunt Eulalie An' dey all done mahied Young misses whut eats heavy mos' gener'ly doan never ketch husbands." Translated version (by Vũ Kim Thư) Bà biết rõ ý định Scarlett: "Nếu khơng muốn nghe người ta nói tơi 'ất tiếc Tơi khơng muốn người hội nói 'ằng khơng giáo dục tử tế Tơi nói nói lại nhiều lần với cô phụ nữ quý phái phải ăn uống nhỏ nhẹ chim Và tơi khơng thích phải dẫn cô qua nhà ông Wilkes để cô ngấu nghiến nô lệ ăn tạp heo Scarlett chống chế: "Nhưng mẹ bà quý phái, bà ăn vậy." "Khi lấy chồng, ăn vậy, Mammy bắt bẻ Hồi bà Ellen tuổi cô, bà không ăn đ ngồi Ngay dì Pauline dì Eulalie Và họ kết hôn hết Thường thường cô gái ăn nhiều không kiếm chồng." Translated version (by Dương Tường) "Nếu bỏ ngồi tai dững nời thiên hạ bàn tán da đình u nại cần nghe đấy, bà lầm bầm U dửng dưng nghe người hội nói nà cô không da dáng nhà U bảo cô nần dằng người ta nhận da tiểu thư vào nết ăn dỏ dẻ dư chim, u không mốn cô sang nhà ông Uylkz mà ăn dư nực điền, ngốn dư nợn Mẹ bậc phu nhân quý tộc mà mẹ ăn thôi, Xcarlét cãi lại Khi cô chồng cô phép ăn, Mammy đáp Hồi bà Ilơn tuổi cơ, bà chả ăn tí nhà người khác Cũng dư dì Pơnin hay dì Linơni cô Và bà thành da thất Các cô tiểu thư ăn phàm thường chẳng kiếm chồng đâu." Lecture Translation Equivalence Key points: - - Equivalence is a central yet controversial issue in translation studies - - Equivalence is the relationship between a ST and a TT that allows the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST - - Koller proposed five types of meaning-based equivalence - - Four kinds of quantitative equivalence is suggested by Kade The nature of equivalence The definition, relevance and applicability of equivalence has caused heated controversy It has been analyzed, evaluated, and discussed from different points of views and has been approached from different perspectives Definition of equivalence in translation It is the relationship between a ST and a TT that allows the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST Equivalence is a relationship between two texts in two languages, rather than between the languages themselves Types of equivalence 3.1 Meaning – based equivalence Koller’s types of equivalence: • Denotative equivalence • Connotative equivalence • Text-normative equivalence • Pragmatic / Dynamic equivalence • Formal equivalence a Denotative equivalence Denotative equivalence is one in which the SL and TL words refer to the same thing in the real world This is the referential identity between SL and TL units This is equivalence of the extra linguistic content of a text, otherwise called ‘content invariance’ b Connotative equivalence - SL and TL words should produce the same communicative values in the mind of native speakers of the two languages - The connotation transmitted by means of the word choices (especially where there is a specific choice between synonymous expressions), with respect to level of style (register), the social and geographical dimension, frequency, etc - Also called “Stylistic equivalence” b -1 Connotations of speech level Types: - Elevated (formal, dignified) - Poetic - Normal - Colloquial - Slang - Vulgar (rude, offensive) b– Connotations of socially determined usage Types: - Student language - Military usage - Working-class language - Educated class - Aristocratic language b-3 Connotations of geographical relation or origin Types: - American English - Australian English - British English - Non – regional - Dialects b - Connotations of medium Types: - Spoken language - Written language b- Connotations of stylistic effect Types - Archaic (old, no longer used) - Pompous (show that you are more important than other people) - Artificial - Fashionable - Euphemistic - Plain (easy to see or understand) - Descriptive b-6 Connotations of frequency Types: - Common - Uncommon b – Connotations of register Types: - Normal usage - Technical - Medical b-8 Connotations of evaluation Types: - Positively evaluative - Ironic - Pejorative (disapproval, criticism) c Text-normative equivalence - The SL and TL words are used in the same or similar context in their respective languages - Text – normative equivalence relates to text-type specific features or text and language norms for given text types d Pragmatic equivalence - The SL and TL words have the same effect on the reader - Also called “communicative equivalence” e Formal equivalence - Focuses on the form of the text: Rhythm, verse form, special stylistic forms of expression in syntax and lexis, word play, metaphor… - Particularly used in translation of poems, songs, etc - Also called ‘expressive equivalence” 3.2 Quantitative equivalence Kade’s categories of Quantitative equivalence a One – to – one equivalence - A single expression in TL is equivalent to a single expression in SL b One – to – many equivalence: More than one TL expressions are equivalent to a single SL expression c One – to – part – of – one equivalence d Nil equivalence Case study 1: "The difficulty associated with the notion of achieving equivalent effect in translation is that it implies the translator is attempting, in accordance with our definition above, to reproduce in the TT the ‘same’ effect achieved in the ST This is problematic, clearly, since the effect varies across individuals, or even upon the same individual at different times, and in any case is unknowable without recourse to undue mentalism or psychologising; that is, speculation about other people’s states of minds based on insufficient, indeed unknowable data The only effect translators can truly know is that produced on their own minds, and therefore the only equivalence possible is what seems acceptable to each translator, perhaps after consultation" ("Translation, Linguistics, Culture", Nigel Amstrong p 44) Work in group, discuss the idea in the paragraph, then present your ideas to the whole class Case study 2: In "Translation Studies", p 38, Bassnett wrote "Equivalence in translation, then, should not be approached as a search for sameness, since sameness cannot even exist between two TL versions of the same text, let alone between the SL and TL versions." Do you agree with this viewpoint? Give reasons to support your argument Case study 3: Give comments on the types of equivalence achieved in the two translated versions of the following paragraph extracted from the novel "Gone with the wind" by Margaret Mitchell This is a part of one conversation between the protagonist Scarlett O'Hara and her coloured nanny Original paragraph: "Ef you doan care 'bout how folks talks 'bout dis fambly, Ah does," she rumbled "Ah ain' gwine stand by an' have eve'ybody at de pahty sayin' how you ain' fotched up right Ah has tole you an' tole you dat you kin allus tell a lady by dat she eat lak a bird An' Ah ain' aimin' ter have you go ter Mist' Wilkes' an' eat lak a fe'el han' an' gobble lak a hawg." "Mother is a lady and she eats," countered Scarlett "W'en you is mahied, you kin eat, too,", retorted Mammy W'en Miss Ellen yo' age, she never et nuthin' w'en she went out, an' needer yo' Aunt Pauline nor yo' Aunt Eulalie An' dey all done mahied Young misses whut eats heavy mos' gener'ly doan never ketch husbands." Translated version (by Vũ Kim Thư) Bà biết rõ ý định Scarlett: "Nếu cô không muốn nghe người ta nói tơi 'ất tiếc Tơi khơng muốn người hội nói 'ằng khơng giáo dục tử tế Tơi nói nói lại nhiều lần với phụ nữ quý phái phải ăn uống nhỏ nhẹ chim Và tơi khơng thích phải dẫn qua nhà ơng Wilkes để cô ngấu nghiến nô lệ ăn tạp heo Scarlett chống chế: "Nhưng mẹ bà quý phái, bà ăn vậy." "Khi lấy chồng, ăn vậy, Mammy bắt bẻ Hồi bà Ellen tuổi cơ, bà khơng ăn đ ngồi Ngay dì Pauline dì Eulalie Và họ kết hôn hết Thường thường cô gái ăn nhiều không kiếm chồng." Translated version (by Dương Tường) "Nếu cô bỏ tai dững nời thiên hạ bàn tán da đình u nại cần nghe đấy, bà lầm bầm U dửng dưng nghe người hội nói nà khơng da dáng nhà U bảo cô nần dằng người ta nhận da tiểu thư vào nết ăn dỏ dẻ dư chim, u không mốn cô sang nhà ông Uylkz mà ăn dư nực điền, ngốn dư nợn Mẹ bậc phu nhân quý tộc mà mẹ ăn thôi, Xcarlét cãi lại Khi cô chồng cô phép ăn, Mammy đáp Hồi bà Ilơn tuổi cô, bà chả ăn tí nhà người khác Cũng dư dì Pơnin hay dì Linơni Và bà thành da thất Các cô tiểu thư ăn phàm thường chẳng kiếm chồng đâu." ... Types of equivalence 3.1 Meaning – based equivalence Koller’s types of equivalence: • Denotative equivalence • Connotative equivalence • Text-normative equivalence • Pragmatic / Dynamic equivalence. .. thường chẳng kiếm chồng đâu." Lecture Translation Equivalence Key points: - - Equivalence is a central yet controversial issue in translation studies - - Equivalence is the relationship between... Particularly used in translation of poems, songs, etc - Also called ‘expressive equivalence? ?? 3.2 Quantitative equivalence Kade’s categories of Quantitative equivalence a One – to – one equivalence -