www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info UNIX IN A NUTSHELL ,TITLE.12845 Page i Tuesday, August 22, 2006 4:51 PM www.it-ebooks.info Other resources from O’Reilly Related titles Classic Shell Scripting Effective awk Programming Essential CVS Essential System Administration GDB Pocket Reference Learning GNU Emacs Learning the bash Shell Learning the Korn Shell Learning the vi Editor Linux in a Nutshell Mac OS X Tiger for Unix Geeks Managing Projects with GNU Make Running Linux sed and awk Pocket Reference TCP/IP Network Administration The Complete FreeBSD Unix Power Tools Using csh & tcsh Version Control with Subversion oreilly.com oreilly.com is more than a complete catalog of O’Reilly books. You'll also find links to news, events, articles, weblogs, sample chapters, and code examples. Conferences O’Reilly brings diverse innovators together to nurture the ideas that spark revolutionary industries. We specialize in documenting the latest tools and systems, translating the innovator’s knowledge into useful skills for those in the trenches. Visit conferences.oreilly.com for our upcoming events. Safari Bookshelf (safari.oreilly.com) is the premier online reference library for programmers and IT professionals. Conduct searches across more than 1,000 books. Sub- scribers can zero in on answers to time-critical questions in a matter of seconds. Read the books on your Book- shelf from cover to cover or simply flip to the page you need. Try it today for free. ,TITLE.12845 Page ii Tuesday, August 22, 2006 4:51 PM www.it-ebooks.info Fourth Edition UNIX IN A NUTSHELL Arnold Robbins Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Paris • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo ,TITLE.12845 Page iii Tuesday, August 22, 2006 4:51 PM www.it-ebooks.info Unix in a Nutshell, Fourth Edition by Arnold Robbins Copyright © 2006, 1999, 1992, 1989 O’Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (safari.oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editor: Mike Loukides Production Editor: Colleen Gorman Cover Designer: Edie Freedman Interior Designer: David Futato Back Cover Illustration: J.D. “Illiad” Frazer Printing History: May 1989: First Edition. June 1992: Second Edition. August 1999: Third Edition. October 2005: Fourth Edition. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. The In a Nutshell series designations, Unix in a Nutshell, the image of a tarsier, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibilityfor errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN: 0-596-10029-9 [M] [8/06] ,COPYRIGHT.12974 Page iv Tuesday, August 22, 2006 4:52 PM www.it-ebooks.info To my wife, Miriam. May our dreams continue to come true. To my children, Chana, Rivka, Nachum, and Malka. To the memory of Frank Willison. www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info vii This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Part I. Commands and Shells 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Unix in the 21st Century 3 Obtaining Compilers 5 Building Software 6 What’s in the Quick Reference 7 Beginner’s Guide 8 Solaris: Standard Compliant Programs 11 2. Unix Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Introduction 13 Alphabetical Summary of Common Commands 15 Alphabetical Summary of Solaris Commands 241 Alphabetical Summary of GNU/Linux Commands 260 Alphabetical Summary of Mac OS X Commands 304 Alphabetical Summary of Java Commands 321 3. The Unix Shell: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Introduction to the Shell 341 Purpose of the Shell 342 Shell Flavors 343 www.it-ebooks.info viii | Table of Contents This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Shell Source Code URLs 344 Common Features 344 Differing Features 345 4. The Bash and Korn Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Overview of Features 348 Invoking the Shell 349 Syntax 350 Functions 357 Variables 358 Arithmetic Expressions 366 Command History 368 Job Control 372 Command Execution 372 Restricted Shells 373 Built-in Commands (Bash and Korn Shells) 374 5. tcsh: An Extended C Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Overview of Features 417 Invoking the Shell 418 Syntax 419 Variables 423 Expressions 435 Command History 438 Command-Line Manipulation 442 Job Control 445 Built-in Commands 446 6. Package Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Linux Package Management 467 The Red Hat Package Manager 470 Yum: Yellowdog Updater Modified 484 up2date: Red Hat Update Agent 489 The Debian Package Manager 492 Mac OS X Package Management 520 Solaris Package Management 521 www.it-ebooks.info [...]... permission to adapt material from Essential CVS for Chapter 14 Similarly, Ben Collins-Sussman, Brian W Fitzpatrick, and C Michael Pilato gave permission for me to adapt material from Version Control with Subversion for Chapter 15, which I greatly appreciate And thanks to Andy Oram, Ellen Siever, Stephen Figgins and Aaron Weber for making available material from Linux in a Nutshell for use in parts of the... Associates, Inc All rights reserved | 7 The summary of Unix commands in Chapter 2 makes up a large part of this book Only user/programmer commands are included; administrative commands are purposely ignored Chapter 2 describes the following set: • Commands and options in Solaris, GNU/Linux, and Mac OS X This includes many “essential” tools for which source and/or binaries are available via the Internet • Solaris-only... these commands appear in the “Commands” section of the online manual With rare exception, this book purposely avoids system administration commands, because system administration is beyond its scope The focus instead is on everyday commands, those used both interactively and for programming Summarizing three operating systems that are similar but not identical is a daunting task In order to make a coherent... than does the SPARC version As mentioned earlier, on Solaris, we recommend placing /usr/xpg6/bin and /usr/xpg4/ bin in your PATH before /usr/bin aclocal aclocal [options] Part of GNU automake Place m4 macro definitions needed by autoconf into a single file The aclocal command first scans for macro definitions in m4 files in its default directory (/usr/share/ aclocal on some systems) and in the file acinclude.m4... & Associates, Inc All rights reserved I Commands and Shells Part I presents a summary of Unix commands of interest to users and programmers It also describes the major Unix shells, including special syntax and built -in commands It rounds off with an overview of package management software Chapter 1, Introduction Chapter 2, Unix Commands Chapter 3, The Unix Shell: An Overview Chapter 4, The Bash and... www.it-ebooks.info Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc All rights reserved GNU/Linux Commands This section lists the important commands that are available only on GNU/ Linux Mac OS X Commands This section lists the important commands that are available only on Mac OS X Java Commands The primary commands for doing Java development These are (essentially) the same across all systems Even commands that appear... instead Typographic conventions for describing command syntax are listed in the Preface For additional help in locating commands, see the Index Finding Commands on Solaris Solaris systems provide a number of “bin” directories underneath /usr for different kinds of commands For example, /usr/bin holds most regular commands, /usr/java/bin has the Java commands, and so on The bin directories are summarized... sophisticated interactive pager program for looking at information on a terminal, one screenful (or “page”) at a time The name is a pun on the more program Create filename aliases Find a file somewhere on the system based on its name The program uses a database of files that is usually automatically rebuilt, nightly List files or directories Print a file checksum using the Message Digest 5 (MD5) algorithm Create... systems make the transition to SVR4 Unix in the 21st Century Today, the specification of what makes a system Unix is embodied primarily in the POSIX standard, an international standard based on System V and BSD Commercial Unix systems, such as Solaris from Sun Microsystems, AIX from IBM, and HP-UX from Hewlett Packard, are standard-adhering direct descendants of the original Unix systems A number... original BSD C shell The “Tenex” C shell: a much-enhanced version of csh csh tcsh Shell Programming basename dirname echo expr id line printf sleep test 10 | Print the last component of a pathname, optionally removing a suffix Print all but the last component of a pathname Repeat command-line arguments on the output Perform arithmetic and comparisons Print user and group ID and name information Read a . book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. UNIX is a registered trademark. which I greatly appreciate. And thanks to Andy Oram, Ellen Siever, Stephen Figgins and Aaron Weber for making available mate- rial from Linux in a Nutshell