Linux 101 Examination Modular Training Notes Leading Edge Business Solutions This manual was written for Leading Edge Business Solutions http://www.ledge.co.za/ as part of their Linux training programme. This document is protected by copyright. This document may be redistributed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation Licence. See the “Legal notices” section for details. 101-letter.odm, 2 February 2006 2 LPI 101 Course Notes LPIC objectives LPIC topic 1.101.1 — Configure Fundamental BIOS Settings [1] 20 LPIC topic 1.101.3 — Configure modem and sound cards [1] 29 LPIC topic 1.101.4 — Setup SCSI Devices [1] 34 LPIC topic 1.101.5 — Setup different PC expansion cards [3] 39 LPIC topic 1.101.6 — Configure Communication Devices [1] 47 LPIC topic 1.101.7 — USB hardware [1] 52 LPIC topic 1.102.1 — Design hard disk layout [5] 57 LPIC topic 1.102.2 — Install a boot manager [1] 62 LPIC topic 1.102.3 — Make and install programs from source [5] 69 LPIC topic 1.102.4 — Manage shared libraries [3] 74 LPIC topic 1.102.5 — Use Debian package management [8] 77 LPIC topic 1.102.6 — Use Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) [8] 81 LPIC topic 1.103.1 — Work on the command line [5] 87 LPIC topic 1.103.2 — Process text streams using filters [6] 97 LPIC topic 1.103.3 — Perform basic file management [3] 112 LPIC topic 1.103.4 — Use streams, pipes, and redirects [5] 121 LPIC topic 1.103.5 — Create, monitor, and kill processes [5] 130 LPIC topic 1.103.6 — Modify process execution priorities [3] 138 LPIC topic 1.103.7 — Regular expressions [3] 142 LPIC topic 1.103.8 — Perform basic file editing operations using vi [1] 148 LPIC topic 1.104.1 — Create partitions and filesystems [3] 153 LPIC topic 1.104.2 — Maintain the integrity of filesystems [3] 157 LPIC topic 1.104.3 — Control mounting and unmounting filesystems [3] 165 LPIC topic 1.104.4 — Managing disk quota [3] 169 LPIC topic 1.104.5 — Use file permissions to control access to files [5] 174 LPIC topic 1.104.6 — Manage file ownership [1] 183 LPIC topic 1.104.7 — Create and change hard and symbolic links [1] 187 LPIC topic 1.104.8 — Find system files and place files in the correct location [5] 192 LPIC topic 1.110.1— Install & Configure XFree86 [5] 199 LPIC topic 1.110.2 — Setup a display manager [3] 209 LPIC topic 1.110.4 — Install & Customize a Window Manager Environment [5] 215 Table of Contents 1 Foreword 10 1.1 About these notes 13 1.2 Revisions and bugs 14 1.3 Copyright notice 14 1.4 GNU Free Documentation License 14 LPI 101 Course Notes 3 2 BIOS Settings 20 LPIC topic 1.101.1 — Configure Fundamental BIOS Settings [1] 2.1 BIOS architecture 20 2.2 Changing BIOS configuration 21 2.3 IDE disks 21 2.4 Integrated peripherals 24 2.5 IRQ, DMA, I/O addresses 25 2.6 Error handling 25 2.7 Power management* 26 2.8 Linux view of the BIOS 26 2.9 Review 28 3 Modems and sound cards 29 LPIC topic 1.101.3 — Configure modem and sound cards [1] 3.1 Modem compatibility and winmodems 29 3.2 Sound cards 31 3.3 PnP sound cards 31 3.4 Review 33 4 SCSI devices 34 LPIC topic 1.101.4 — Setup SCSI Devices [1] 4.1 SCSI Architecture 34 4.2 The Linux view of SCSI 35 4.3 Booting off a SCSI disk 37 4.4 Review 38 5 PC cards 39 LPIC topic 1.101.5 — Setup different PC expansion cards [3] 5.1 Bus architecture 39 5.2 Bus resources 39 5.3 Bus conflict resolution 40 5.4 PCI card configuration 41 5.5 ISA card configuration 42 5.6 ISA PnP devices 43 5.7 Kernel interface commands 44 5.8 Review 46 6 Device configuration 47 LPIC topic 1.101.6 — Configure Communication Devices [1] 6.1 PPP connections 47 6.2 Types of modem 48 6.3 ISDN adapters 49 6.4 DSL 49 6.5 Diagnostic tools 50 6.6 Review 50 7 USB hardware 52 LPIC topic 1.101.7 — USB hardware [1] 7.1 USB architecture 52 4 LPI 101 Course Notes 7.2 USB chipsets and drivers 53 7.3 USB protocol 53 7.4 usbmgr 54 7.5 /sbin/hotplug 55 7.6 Review 55 8 Partitioning disks 57 LPIC topic 1.102.1 — Design hard disk layout [5] 8.1 Disks and partitions 57 8.2 Design criteria 59 8.3 Review 61 9 Boot managers 62 LPIC topic 1.102.2 — Install a boot manager [1] 9.1 Booting and boot managers 62 9.2 LILO 63 9.3 GRUB 66 10 Installing from source code 69 LPIC topic 1.102.3 — Make and install programs from source [5] 10.1 Unpacking source distributions 69 10.2 Compiling programs 70 10.3 Simple build and installation 70 10.4 ./configure options 70 10.5 Editing Makefiles 72 10.6 Review 73 11 Shared libraries 74 LPIC topic 1.102.4 — Manage shared libraries [3] 11.1 Purpose and structure of shared libraries 74 11.2 Using ldd 74 11.3 Symbol versions 75 11.4 Configuring the dynamic linker 75 11.5 Review 75 12 Debian package management 77 LPIC topic 1.102.5 — Use Debian package management [8] 12.1 Debian and .deb 77 12.2 apt 78 12.3 Review 79 13 RPM – Redhat package manager 81 LPIC topic 1.102.6 — Use Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) [8] 13.1 Purpose of RPM 81 13.2 RPM database 82 13.3 RPM functions 82 13.4 RPM integrity checking 84 13.5 Review 85 LPI 101 Course Notes 5 14 Work on the command line 87 LPIC topic 1.103.1 — Work on the command line [5] 14.1 Command line overview 87 14.2 Command line structure 88 14.3 Environment variables 90 14.4 $PATH 91 14.5 Editing commands and command history 92 14.6 Command substitution $( ) and ` ` 92 14.7 Recursive commands 92 14.8 Bash session 94 14.9 Man pages 95 14.10 Review 95 15 Text filters 97 LPIC topic 1.103.2 — Process text streams using filters [6] 15.1 Introduction 97 15.2 Input and output redirection 99 15.3 Selecting parts of a file 99 15.4 Sorting 102 15.5 Manipulation 104 15.6 Formatting 108 15.7 Review 110 16 File management 112 LPIC topic 1.103.3 — Perform basic file management [3] 16.1 Files, directories and ls 112 16.2 File globbing (wildcards) 113 16.3 Directories and files 114 16.4 Copying and moving 116 16.5 find 118 16.6 Review 119 17 Redirection 121 LPIC topic 1.103.4 — Use streams, pipes, and redirects [5] 17.1 Input and output redirection 121 17.2 Standard input redirection (<, <<EOF, |) 122 17.3 Standard output redirection (>, >>) 123 17.4 Standard error redirection (2>, 2>>, 2>&1) 123 17.5 Command pipelines (|) 125 17.6 Command substitution – $(command) and `command` 127 17.7 xargs 128 17.8 Review 128 18 Process control 130 LPIC topic 1.103.5 — Create, monitor, and kill processes [5] 18.1 Job control 130 18.2 Disconnected processes 132 18.3 Monitoring processes 132 6 LPI 101 Course Notes 18.4 Signals 135 18.5 Review 136 19 Nice 138 LPIC topic 1.103.6 — Modify process execution priorities [3] 19.1 Process priority 138 19.2 ps and niceness 140 19.3 top 140 19.4 Review 141 20 Regular expressions 142 LPIC topic 1.103.7 — Regular expressions [3] 20.1 Regular expressions in depth 142 20.2 Using grep 143 20.3 sed 145 20.4 Review 145 21 vi 148 LPIC topic 1.103.8 — Perform basic file editing operations using vi [1] 21.1 vi modes 148 21.2 Command mode 149 21.3 ex mode 150 21.4 Cut and paste 151 21.5 Review 151 22 fdisk and mkfs 153 LPIC topic 1.104.1 — Create partitions and filesystems [3] 22.1 fdisk 153 22.2 mkfs 155 22.3 Review 156 23 fsck 157 LPIC topic 1.104.2 — Maintain the integrity of filesystems [3] 23.1 Disk space 157 23.2 Detecting and correcting errors 159 23.3 Review 163 24 Mounting 165 LPIC topic 1.104.3 — Control mounting and unmounting filesystems [3] 24.1 mount 165 24.2 fstab 166 24.3 Options for mount 166 24.4 Removable media 167 24.5 Review 168 25 Quotas 169 LPIC topic 1.104.4 — Managing disk quota [3] 25.1 Overview 169 25.2 Enabling Quotas 170 25.3 Setting quotas 171 LPI 101 Course Notes 7 25.4 Reporting with repquota 172 25.5 Review 173 26 Permissions 174 LPIC topic 1.104.5 — Use file permissions to control access to files [5] 26.1 Ownership and permissions 174 26.2 chmod 175 26.3 File types 177 26.4 umask 179 26.5 Ext2 attributes 180 26.6 Review 181 27 File ownership 183 LPIC topic 1.104.6 — Manage file ownership [1] 27.1 File ownership 183 27.2 Default group 184 27.3 Review 185 28 Links 187 LPIC topic 1.104.7 — Create and change hard and symbolic links [1] 28.1 Hard links 187 28.2 Symbolic links 189 28.3 Review 190 29 Finding files 192 LPIC topic 1.104.8 — Find system files and place files in the correct location [5] 29.1 Filesystem hierarchy standard 192 29.2 find 195 29.3 locate 195 29.4 slocate 195 29.5 Finding files with whereis 196 29.6 Finding programs with which 196 29.7 Review 197 30 XFree86 199 LPIC topic 1.110.1— Install & Configure XFree86 [5] 30.1 X11 architecture 199 30.2 X server 200 30.3 Configuration file 203 30.4 Video card and monitor tuning 206 30.5 Installing fonts 206 30.6 X font server 207 30.7 Review 208 31 X display manager 209 LPIC topic 1.110.2 — Setup a display manager [3] 31.1 What is a display manager 209 31.2 Runlevels and display managers 210 31.3 Configuring XDM 210 8 LPI 101 Course Notes 31.4 Configuring KDM 211 31.5 Configuring GDM 212 31.6 Connecting to a remote display manager 212 31.7 Review 213 32 GUI environment 215 LPIC topic 1.110.4 — Install & Customize a Window Manager Environment [5] 32.1 Window managers 215 32.2 .xinitrc and the system-wide window manager 216 32.3 X applications 216 32.4 X terminal emulators 217 32.5 X application library dependencies 218 32.6 Remote applications 219 32.7 Review 221 33 Glossary 223 34 Index 230 this page unintentionally left blank oops! 10 LPI 101 Course Notes 1 Foreword 1 Foreword A is for awk, which runs like a snail, and B is for biff, which reads all your mail. C is for cc, as hackers recall, while D is for dd, the command that does all. E is for emacs, which rebinds your keys, and F is for fsck, which rebuilds your trees. G is for grep, a clever detective, while H is for halt, which may seem defective. I is for indent, which rarely amuses, and J is for join, which nobody uses. K is for kill, which makes you the boss, while L is for lex, which is missing from DOS. M is for more, from which less was begot, and N is for nice, which it really is not. O is for od, which prints out things nice, while P is for passwd, which reads in strings twice. Q is for quota, a Berkeley-type fable, and R is for ranlib, for sorting ar table. S is for spell, which attempts to belittle, while T is for true, which does very little. U is for uniq, which is used after sort, and V is for vi, which is hard to abort. W is for whoami, which tells you your name, while X is, well, X, of dubious fame. Y is for yes, which makes an impression, and Z is for zcat, which handles compression. – THE ABC'S OF UNIX /usr/share/games/fortune/songs-poems This course material is based on the objectives for the Linux Professionals Institute’s LPI 101 examination (specifically, release 2 of the objectives). The course is intended to provide you with the basic skills required for operating and administering Linux systems. At every good training course the student should come away with some paper in his hand, to file in the company filing cabinet. A really excellent course will include some knowledge and practical ability in the student's head as well. We hope to achieve at least the first with these notes. The second is up to the instructor. Goal of this course This course aims to equip you with the knowledge to be able to pass the LPI 101 examination