Insect–Plant Biology This page intentionally left blank Insect–Plant Biology Second Edition Louis M Schoonhoven Joop J.A van Loon Marcel Dicke Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands AC Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # Oxford University Press 2005 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First edition first published 1998 by Chapman & Hall Second edition first published 2005 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Schoonhoven, L.M Insect-plant biology / Louis M Schoonhoven, Joop J.A van Loon, Marcel Dicke — 2nd ed p cm ISBN 0–19–852595–8 (alk paper) — ISBN 0–19–852594–X (alk paper) Insects—Food Insect-plant relationships I Loon, J.J.A van II Dicke, Marcel III Title QL496.S38 2005 2005019634 595.717 85—dc22 Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Ashford Colour Press, Hampshire ISBN 0–19–852594–X 978–0–19–852594–3 ISBN 0–19–852595–8 (Pbk.) 978–0–19–852595–0 (Pbk.) 10 This book is dedicated to Vincent G Dethier, Tibor Jermy, John S Kennedy, and Jan de Wilde, whose pioneering contributions paved the way of modern research in the biology of insect–plant interactions This page intentionally left blank Foreword to the second edition It is widely known that plants and insects make up approximately half of all known species of multicellular organisms They have been evolving together for over one hundred million years, with varying levels of interaction leading to the selection of characters that are studied today in every branch of biology, from biochemistry and genetics to behaviour and ecology The interactions between insects and plants may be mutualistic, as with some specialized flowerpollinator pairs, and the overall importance of insects as pollinators gave rise to the earliest detailed studies of plant-insect relationships two hundred years ago Antagonistic interactions, in particular between crops and herbivorous insects, have provided the inspiration for many studies in the past hundred years, leading to greater understanding of plant chemistry, insect physiology and behaviour and ecology The ability to establish molecular phylogenies has led to renewed interest in the degree of co-evolution of plants with insects In these studies, complexities revealed themselves in the form of multiple interactions—with microorganisms, fungi, predators and parasitoids of insects—all impacting how interactions between plants and insects develop, vary, and evolve By contrast, many examples of herbivores being inconsequential in the lives of plants have also been found Today, the field of plant-insect interactions encompasses the whole gamut of relationships, across the complete range of biological disciplines We think, not just of an insect herbivore choosing to eat an undefended plant, but of the many historical factors that influence the choice made, the phenotypic plasticity of behaviour, the different trophic levels playing a part in the response, the sensory and neural determinants of the choice, the consequences of it for the herbivore, the plant genes activated in their turn and the potential selection pressures elicited in either or both directions We know that ecological as well as physiological factors influence diet breadth We know that an insect population restricted to a plant species may become genetically isolated in the first step of a speciation event We recognize that while insect evolution follows plant evolution the reciprocity of close co-evolution is not necessarily present This book amply demonstrates the breadth of the field, with the three authors bringing their combined expertise and experience to all aspects of Insect–Plant Biology From the vast literature on the topic the authors have selected examples of experiment and theory to produce a book that is a comprehensive guide for students and researchers alike From an overview of the patterns found in nature, they move logically to plant structure and chemistry, host finding and host choice, including variation and insect physiology The later chapters include coverage of ecology and evolution, insect and flower interactions, and last, to applications of knowledge in insect-plant interactions Since 1998, when the first edition of this book was published, advances have been made particularly in plant biochemistry and evolution Molecular techniques have elucidated details in these and other areas, and the understanding of insect-plant biology has broadened With the inclusion of Marcel Dicke among the authors, some of the newer work as well as the topic of co-evolution get a somewhat different treatment, and throughout the book, there are additions and updates For anyone with an interest in any aspect of plant and insect interactions, this text will be a firm and reliable resource Elizabeth A Bernays University of Arizona Tucson May 2005 vii This page intentionally left blank Preface to the second edition Apart from offering an update motivated by the rapidly expanding literature of the past seven years, this second edition differs in two respects from the previous one First, Dr Tibor Jermy, one of the founders of the field of insect-plant relations and co-author of the first edition, bears no responsibility for the present book Yet his extensive knowledge and views on the subject can be traced back in the present edition It is with pleasure that we dedicate this volume to Tibor Jermy, to express our respect for his deep insights and longlasting contributions to the development of insectplant biology The second difference with the first edition relates to recent changes in the scientific approach of the multifaceted way in which insects and plants interact with each other and with their environment New insights into, among others, the molecular biology of chemoreception and induced plant defences and their effects on higher trophic levels allow a more comprehensive approach of the theme of this book than could be envisaged only a few years ago Studying insect-plant interactions at the molecular level adds an exciting dimension to our understanding We are indebted to several colleagues, who have read and commented on chapters, including Tibor Jermy, Peter de Jong, Erich Staădler, and Freddy Tjallingii We thank them for their encouragement and help Hans Smid produced some marvellous new photographs and several other colleagues have allowed us to reproduce some of their finest micrographs M.D gratefully acknowledges the NERC Centre for Population Biology of Imperial College at Silwood Park (UK) and its director Charles Godfray, as well as Maarten and Elly Koornneef (Cologne, Germany) for providing a hospitable and inspiring environment when working on this second edition We are especially grateful to everyone at the Production Department of Oxford University Press for their stimulation and help with turning our text into what we hope will be a useful and stimulating book Wageningen, Summer 2005 L.M S J.J.A v L M D ix AUTHOR INDEX Schardl, C 123, 129 Schauber, E.M 264, 273 Scheffler, B.E 292, 303 Scheirs, J 11, 27, 40, 47, 289, 291, 304 Scheltes, P 236, 243 Schenk, P.M 379, 384 Scherer, C 146, 166 Schiestl, F.P 328, 329, 334 Schilthuizen, M 283, 304 Schittko, U 78, 80, 90, 91, 248, 267, 269, 270, 272, 379, 381 Schmeller, T 56, 95 Schmelz, E.A 68, 95, 379, 384 Schmidt, D.D 268, 272 Schmidt, D.J 107, 113, 133 Schmitt, U 320, 321, 334 Schmitz, G 15, 27 Schmitz, O.J 215, 227, 257, 258, 275 Schmutterer, H 352, 353, 354, 362, 363 Schnee, C 78, 92 Schneider, D 117, 134, 157, 166 Schneider, J.C 289, 304 Schneider, M 56, 93 Schnetter, B 312, 334 Schofield, A.M 52, 90 Schofield, R.M.S 36, 47 Schoănbeck, F 337, 361 Schoăne, H 140, 143, 166 Schoăni, R 177, 206 Schoănrogge, K 42, 47 Schooneveld, H 236, 242 Schoonhoven, L.M 9, 16, 27, 30, 47, 58, 96, 105, 129, 153, 162, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 196, 197, 200, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 212, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 231, 263, 275, 353, 360, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 382, 384 Schopf, R 109, 130 Schowalter, T.D 18, 27 Schroăder, D 265, 273 Schroeder, F.C 177, 179, 201, 221, 229 Schroeder, H.E 343, 362 Schroeder, L.A 107, 109, 133 Schuler, M.A 120, 131 Schultz, J.C 18, 24, 63, 81, 87, 95, 124, 131, 133, 261, 275, 294, 304 Schulz, C 321, 332 Schulz, S 259, 273 Schuătte, C 253, 271, 275 Schwab, W 50, 95 Schwalbe, C.P 71, 92 Scott Brown, A.S 102, 133 Scrafford, R 16, 24 Scriber, J.M 8, 9, 27, 28, 73, 95, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 127, 133, 210, 213, 220, 224, 226, 228, 229, 231, 288, 304 Sears, A.L.W 257, 274 Secoy, D.M 351, 362 Sedcole, R 349, 362 Seeley, T.D 310, 316, 334 Seetharaman, K 343, 358 Sefton, M.A 50, 95 Sehnal, F 54, 86 Seigler, D 50, 87 Seigler, D.S 6, 28, 64, 95, 151, 167 Self, L.S 117, 133 Selvan, S 73, 94 Sepkoski, J.J 279, 280, 282, 283, 298, 303 Sergel, R 210, 231 Servaites, J.C 71, 90 Sethi, S.L 235, 243 Severson, R.F 63, 92, 151, 163, 176, 203, 205 Seybold, S.J 241, 243 Shanbhag, S 198, 199 Shanower, T.G 171, 206 Shaposhnikov, G.C 213, 232 Sharaby, A 151, 166 Sharkey, T.D 53, 95 Sharma, H.C 343, 362 Sharma, K.K 343, 362 Shaver, T.N 180, 202 Sheck, A.L 288, 304 Shen, S.K 121, 133 Sheppard, A.W 266, 274, 356, 362 Sherwood, C.B 265, 271 Shiel, P 152, 162 Shields, V.D.C 153, 156, 157, 166, 168, 182, 191, 207 Shimoda, T 80, 81, 87, 91, 268, 270 Shinbo, H 99, 130 Shiojiri, K 263, 268, 275 Shmida, A 313, 333 Shorthouse, J.D 11, 25, 41, 44, 47 Showler, A.T 104, 125, 133 Shraiman, B.I 143, 161 Shure, D.J 72, 89 Siddiqi, O 198, 199 Siemens, D.H 80, 92, 248, 267, 273 Sillanpaăaă, S 72, 91, 105, 130 Silverline, E 317, 334 Silverstein, R.M 180, 208 Silvertown, J 326, 331 Simberloff, D.S 266, 275 Simmonds, M.S.J 52, 56, 90, 95, 102, 112, 133, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 190, 191, 195, 200, 207, 221, 222, 223, 228, 231, 232, 339, 353, 358, 362 407 Simmons, G.A 146, 165 Simms, E.L 66, 67, 95, 212, 229, 291, 304, 340, 362, Simon, C 286, 305 Simons, J.N 180, 208 Simpson, B.B 324, 326, 329, 333 Simpson, C.L 109, 111, 112, 133, 215, 232 Simpson, R 322, 334 Simpson, S.J 101, 104, 107, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 127, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 151, 162, 174, 175, 200, 215, 223, 227, 230, 232, 377, 384 Sims, S.R 345, 361 Sinden, S.L 56, 95 Singer, M 110, 133 Singer, M.C 6, 11, 27, 28, 137, 160, 166, 198, 207, 212, 232, 265, 271 Singer, M.S 16, 17, 27, 188, 200, 221, 228, Singh, P 105, 133 Singleton, T.A 6, 25 Sinha, S 355, 361 Sinoquet, H 42, 45 Sirvent, T.M 56, 95 Sisson, V.A 56, 95 Sisterson, M.S 345, 362 Skinner, G 144, 163 Skipper, Y.D 78, 97 Skiri, H.T 158, 166 Skirvin, D 42, 45 Skrydstrup, T 61, 87 Slade, J.B 254, 270 Slansky, F 8, 28, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 120, 127, 133, 134 Slobodkin, L.B 258, 260, 265, 272 Smallegange, R.C 146, 167 Smid, H 186, 204 Smiley, J.T 82, 95 Smit, W 252, 277, 290, 292, 305 Smith, A.D 376, 380 Smith, A.E 351, 362 Smith, B.D 177, 207 Smith, B.H 158, 166, Smith, C.M 171, 207, 339, 341, 343, 344, 360, 362, 373, 379, 384 Smith, C.N 137, 162, 351, 359 Smith, F.E 258, 260, 265, 272 Smith, J.J.B 378, 384 Smith, O.P 31, 45 Smith, P.M 85, 95 Smith, R.M 6, 28 Smith, S.C 353, 358 Smits, P.H 252, 276 Snider, D 213, 231, 288, 304 Snieckus, V 378, 383 408 AUTHOR INDEX Snodgrass, R.E 310, 334 Snow, A.A 322, 334 Snyder, W.E 259, 275 Soldaat, L.L 58, 95 Solinas, M 192, 203 Somerville, S.C 379, 384 Son, K.C 176, 205 Sørensen, H 177, 180, 205 Soria, C 194, 202 Sorjonen, J 43, 47 ´ , 83, 90 Soto, A Soule, S 377, 384 Southwell, I.A 70, 95 Southwood, T.R.E 5, 13, 15, 26, 28, 31, 35, 43, 46, 47, 59, 92, 103, 108, 131, 133, 256, 260, 266, 267, 275, 279, 280, 297, 304, 337, 362 Speight, M.R 244, 275 Spence, W 1, 4, 218, 230 Spencer, J.L 106, 133 Spencer, K.A 9, 28 Spencer, K.C 6, 28 Spink, A.J 375, 383 Spira, T.P 322, 334 Sprengel, C.K 306, 334 Spurr, D.T 124, 130 Srinivasan, M.V 145, 166 Srivastava, A 353, 361 St Leger, R.J 124, 130 Staădler, E 58, 59, 96, 147, 148, 151, 152, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 170, 172, 173, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 185, 192, 195, 199, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 377, 378, 379, 380, 384 Stammitti, L 58, 89, 146, 201 Stamp, N.E 107, 134, 373, 374, 380, 384 Stanforth, L.M 251, 275 Stanjek, V 58, 96 Stapley, L 254, 275 Stauber, E.J 293, 305 Stead, A.D 321, 334 Stefanescu, C 160, 166 Steffan-Dewenter, I 265, 275 Steidle, J.L.M 152, 166 Steinberg, S 237, 243, 375, 384 Steinbrecht, R.A 152, 166 Stelinski, L.L 239, 243 Stephens, D.W 263, 275 Stephenson, M.G 176, 203 Steppuhn, A 291, 293, 304 Stevens, M.A 171, 205, 341, 361 Stinner, B.R 120, 132 Stireman, J.O 16, 17, 27 Stocker, R.F 158, 164 Stockoff, B.A 215, 216, 232 Stone, G.N 42, 47 Stoner, K.A 33, 45, 171, 207, 339, 340, 341, 345, 362 Storch, R.H 352, 361 Storer, J.R 61, 96 Stork, A 182, 200 Stork, N.E 9, 28, 171, 207 Stotz, H.U 269, 275 Stout, J.C 312, 320, 321, 332, 334 Stout, M.J 13, 28, 249, 252, 275, 276 Stouthamer, R 253, 275 Stoutjesdijk, P 18, 19, 28 Stowe, K.A 82, 96, 340, 362 Stowe, M.K 329, 335 Straatman, R 288, 304 Stranden, M 157, 166 Strauss, S.Y 66, 67, 96, 123, 134, 245, 262, 275 Strickler, K.L 136, 164, 182, 204 Stride, G.O 288, 304 Strong, D 102, 129 Strong, D.R 5, 13, 28, 43, 47, 256, 257, 258, 260, 267, 274, 275, 279, 280, 297, 304 Stull, J 54, 96 Styer, E.L 253, 272 Styer, W.E 57, 94 Subramanian, G.M 379, 381 Sullivan, J.J 23, 26 Sullivan, L.E 283, 304 Sunderland, K 350, 362 Suomela, J 72, 96, 123, 132 Sutcliffe, J.F 188, 207 Sutherland, O.R.W 56, 93, 234, 235, 243 Sutter, G.R 144, 163 Sutton, G.G 379, 381 Svoboda, G.H 56, 96 Swain, T 57, 72, 88, 96 Sweet, J 345, 359 Swenson, K.G 235, 243 Sword, G.A 7, 24, 210, 232 Sword, S 222, 228 Syrett, P 266, 274 ´ , 138, 143, 144, 159, 160, Szentesi, A 163, 173, 203, 211, 217, 218, 220, 224, 226, 230, 232, 378, 382 Tabashnik, B.E 113, 134, 288, 304, 344, 345, 362 Tabe, L.M 343, 362 Tada, A 178, 202 Tahvanainen, J 43, 47, 177, 206 Takabayashi, J 78, 80, 81, 87, 91, 144, 167, 263, 268, 270, 275 Takafuji, A 263, 268, 275 Takemura, M 177, 207 Talalay, P 57, 90 Tallamy, D.W 54, 96 Tamo`, C 375, 385 Tang, Y.Q 353, 362 Tanner, J.A 105, 131 Tanton, M.T 171, 208 Tanzubil, P.B 236, 243 Tarpley, M.D 216, 232 Tattersall, D.B 269, 275 Tattini, M 56, 95 Taylor, J.E 253, 274, 374, 383 Taylor, T.N 59, 92 Tegelenbosch, R.A.J 375, 383 Tempe`re, G 16, 28 Tengoă, J 328, 334 Tenow, O 20, 28, 72, 90 Terriere, L.C 110, 128 Thacker, J.D 342, 363 Thain, J.F 78, 97 Thakar, J.D 320, 335 Thaler, J.S 81, 96, 249, 253, 275, 374, 384 Theisen, I 31, 44 Theuring, C 66, 96 Thibaudeau, C 175, 199 Thibout, E 151, 167, 175, 199, 253, 276, 374, 382 Thieme, H 56, 70, 96 Thien, L.B 325, 335 Thie´ry, D 144, 150, 151, 152, 159, 167, 348, 362, 376, 378, 382, 384 Thies, C 265, 276, 338, 362 Thiessen, S 81, 96 Tholl, D 55, 78, 88, 93 Thomas, C.D 11, 27, 198, 207, 257, 276 Thomas, G 158, 167 Thomas, J 264, 276 Thompson, A.C 60, 91, 180, 202 Thompson, J.N 10, 28, 197, 208, 210, 232, 260, 274, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 292, 293, 296, 297, 298, 299, 304, 305, 308, 326, 331, 335 Thompson, V 11, 28 Thomson, J.D 326, 332 Thorp, R.W 330, 333 Thorpe, W.H 225, 232 Thorsteinson, A.J 172, 177, 202, 204, 237, 238, 242 Thresh, J.M 349, 362 Thurston, R 35, 47 Tian, L 379, 382 Tichenor, L.H 151, 167 Tiilikkala, K 55, 92 Tillman, J.A 241, 243 Timmermann, B.N 186, 202 Timmermann, E.A 176, 203 Timmins, W.A 353, 362 Tinbergen, L 214, 232 AUTHOR INDEX Tindall, K.V 13, 28, 252, 276 Ting, I.P 251, 276 Tingey, T.M 59, 95 Tingey, W.M 171, 202, 204, 208, 340, 359, 374, 384 Tingle, F.C 151, 167 Tinzaara, W 375, 376, 384 Tjallingii, W.F 29, 30, 47, 193, 194, 202, 208, 375, 377, 381, 382, 383, 385 Todd, J.L 155, 157, 158, 167 Tollsten, L 314, 321, 333, 335 Tolmay, V 339, 360 Tommera˚s, B.A 151, 167 Tonhasca, A 347, 362 Tooker, J.F 284, 305 Toshima, H 379, 384 Townsend, C.R 255, 274 Traw, M.B 35, 36, 47 Traynier, R.M.M 146, 167, 224, 232, 378, 385 Trotter R.T 21, 28 Trujillo-Arriaga, J 349, 362 Trumble, J.T 37, 44, 251, 267, 274, 276 Tscharntke, T 81, 96, 265, 266, 267, 273, 275, 276, 338, 362 Tully, T 225, 232 Tumlinson, J.H 61, 63, 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 89, 93, 96, 152, 162, 248, 259, 276 Turlings, T.C.J 61, 63, 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 90, 92, 93, 96, 151, 164, 248, 259, 260, 272, 276, 290, 300, 302, 375, 385 Turner, S.L 253, 271 Tuxill, J 343, 363 Tuzun, S 74, 86 Tyerman, J.G.A 260, 275 Tzanakakis, M.E 236, 238, 242 Uddin, F 118, 128 Ueckert, D.N 216, 232 Ulmer, B.J 374, 381 Underhill, E.W 378, 383 Underwood, N 260, 276 Uriarte, M 215, 227 Uvah, I.I.I 348, 363 Uvarov, B 9, 28 Vainstein, A 314, 335 Vaăisaănen, R 125, 130 Valcic, S 186, 202 Vallo, V 285, 286, 301 Valterova, I 151, 167 Van Baalen, M 299, 300, 304 Van Baarlen, P 253, 275 Van Beek, T.A 54, 58, 62, 75, 87, 96, 144, 161, 176, 178, 182, 194, 200, 202, 208, 378, 380 Van Bezooijen, J 252, 276 Van Dam, N.M 63, 64, 66, 82, 96, 252, 259, 270, 276, 291, 302 Van Damme, J.M.M 56, 93 Van den Boom, C.E.M 62, 75, 96 Van der Ent, L.J 141, 167 Van der Meijden, E 63, 64, 96, 251, 252, 276, 277, 290, 292, 305 Van der Pers, J.N.C 158, 163, 167, 378, 382 Van der Putten, W.H 13, 28, 252, 270, 276, 294, 305 Van der Sommen, A.T.C 252, 276 Van der Velde, G 38, 47, 283, 304 Van der Werf, W 376, 385 Van Dommelen, H 38, 47 Van Drongelen, W 197, 198, 208, 287, 288, 305 Van Dulmen, A 325, 335 Van Eeuwijk, F.A 175, 177, 188, 189, 208 Van Emden, H.F 61, 96, 125, 132 Van Groenendael, J.M 283, 304 Van Helden, M 194, 208, 377, 381, 383, 385 Van Houten, Y.M 250, 276 Van Huis, A 351, 353, 358, 375, 376, 384 Van Lenteren, J.C 35, 47, 375, 385 Van Loon, J.J.A 56, 58, 62, 76, 77, 78, 87, 89, 96, 97, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 127, 134, 144, 146, 152, 161, 162, 166, 167, 175, 176, 177, 178, 182, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201, 203, 204, 207, 208, 211, 217, 229, 231, 232, 245, 259, 263, 269, 271, 276, 287, 288, 290, 294, 299, 300, 301, 302, 305, 351, 353, 358, 360, 375, 376, 378, 380, 384 Van Loon, L.C 81, 94, 97, 194, 201, 253, 274 Van Nouhuys, S 11, 28 Van Oosten, V.R 81, 97, 194, 201 Van Pelt, J.A 81, 97, 194, 201 Van Poecke, R.M.P 62, 78, 80, 81, 89, 94, 97, 267, 268, 269, 271, 274, 276, 300, 302, 374, 379, 383, 385 Van Rijn, P.C.J 250, 276 Van Tol, R.W.H.M 252, 276 Van Veen, J.A 345, 360 Van Veldhuizen, A 182, 200 Van Wijk, A.M 66, 97 Vanbergen, A 253, 274 Vandenberg, P 66, 97 Vandermeer, J 346, 347, 348, 363 Van’t Hof, H.M 109, 134 409 Vapaavuori, E 66, 94 Vargas, C 374, 385 Varin, L 51, 64, 95 Varma, S 345, 360 Vaughn, T.T 106, 133 Vazquez, A 377, 384 Velthuis, H.W.W, 326, 335 Vereijken, B.H 21, 28 Verhagen, R 11, 27, 40, 47, 289, 304 Verhoef, H.A 252, 271 Verkaar, H.J 23, 27, 251, 276 Verpoorte, R 63, 64, 96 Verschaffelt, E 1, 4, 57, 97, 173, 176, 177, 181, 208 Verstappen, F.W.A 54, 78, 87, 93 Vet, L.E.M 13, 28, 245, 248, 252, 259, 260, 263, 264, 271, 272, 276, 277, 294, 300, 301, 305, 375, 376, 384, 385 Via, S 216, 232, 283, 289, 291, 293, 301, 305, 340, 359 Vickers, N.J 157, 167 Vickery, B 56, 85, 97 Vickery, M.L 56, 85, 97 Vidal, S 123, 130, 267, 276 Viladomat, F 56, 90 Vincieri, F.F 56, 95 Virtanen, T 123, 132 Visser, J.H 60, 61, 76, 87, 97, 140, 141, 143, 144, 150, 151 152, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 167, 263, 276, 348, 362, 375, 376, 378, 380, 382, 384, 385 Visser, M.E 247, 276 Vite´, J.P 144, 167 Voelckel, C 268, 277, 379, 385 Vogel, H 293, 304 Vogel, S 306, 321, 334, 335, 375, 385 Vogt, R.G 154, 167 Voland, M.L 126, 130 Volkonsky, M 352, 363 Voăllinger, M 354, 363 Vorst, O 78, 93 Vos, M 263, 277 Vos-Buănnemeyer, E 239, 242 Vosshall, L.B 152, 153, 154, 159, 167 Vray, V 64, 94 Vreugdenhil, A.I 264, 272 Vrieling, K 56, 66, 82, 93, 96, 97, 176, 179, 208, 252, 277, 290, 292, 305, 379, 385 Vriesenga, L 310, 320, 331 Vrkoc, J 151, 167 Vuorinen, T 61, 97 Waage, J.K 376, 385 410 AUTHOR INDEX Waăckers, F.L 13, 28, 248, 251, 252, 259, 270, 276, 277, 294, 305 Waddington, K.D 318, 319, 335 Wadhams, L.J 77, 89, 151, 157, 161, 165, 314, 333, 378, 380 Wagenaar, R 252, 270 Wakamura, S 236, 241 Waldbauer, G.P 101, 107, 111, 134 Waldvogel, M 215, 227, 288, 305 Walker, A.C 118, 128 Walker, K 49, 97 Walker, M 260, 277 Walker, M.A 40, 45 Waller, D.A 377, 385 Walling, L.L 253, 277 Walls, M 66, 94 Walther-Hellwig, K 316, 335 Walton, B.M 111, 132 Walton, M.P 373, 380 Wang, C.-Z 56, 97, 177, 186, 208 Wang, J 124, 128 Wang, J.L 379, 382 Wanjura, W.J 83, 84, 89 Wanningen, R 375, 384 Wapshere, A.J 355, 363 Warncke, E 308, 333 Warr, C.G 152, 162, 198, 201 Warrington, S 126, 134 Warthen, J.D 181, 205 Waser, N.M 145, 162, 311, 313, 331, 335 Wasserman, S.S 289, 305 Wasternack, C 80, 94 Waterman, P.G 55, 56, 72, 73, 93, 97, 379, 385 Watson, M.A 83, 97 Watt, A.D 127, 134, 244, 275 Watve, A.V 320, 335 Wayne, R.K 290, 304 Weathersbee, A.A 353, 362 Webb, J.A 311, 333 Webber, B.L 56, 97 Weber, A 337, 361 Weber, H 78, 94, 267, 268, 269, 274, 379, 383 Weeks, A.R 285, 305 Wehling, W 288, 305 Wei, H.-Y 239, 242 Weiblen, G.D 5, 27 Weinbaum, S.A 33, 45 Weis, A.E 260, 274 Weiss, D 314, 335 Weiss, M.R 220, 228, 312, 313, 321, 332, 335, 375, 376, 380 Weller, S.G 325, 331 Welter, S.C 10, 25, 108, 134, 339, 340, 363 Weniger, K 269, 275 Wensler, R.J.D 177, 208 Werker, E 35, 47 West, S.A 226, 228 Westphal, C 6, 27 Wheeler, A.G 6, 28 Wheeler, D.A 353, 363 Wheeler, G.S 112, 113, 133 Whelan, C.J 254, 273 White, C 35, 47, 148, 167 White, P 223, 232 White, P.R 192, 208 White, R.R 265, 271 White, T.C.R 72, 97, 103, 134 White, W.H 82, 91 Whitehead, A.T 378, 384 Whitham, T.G 16, 21, 23, 25, 28, 64, 83, 84, 97, 252, 257, 274 Whittaker, J.B 125, 126, 127, 132, 134, 374, 383 Whittaker, R.H 50, 97, 292, 305 Wibe, A 151, 154, 168, 378, 385 Wiebes, J.T 197, 204, 239, 242, 283, 295, 303 Wiegert, R.G 109, 134 Wiegmann, B 292, 303 Wightman, J.A 107, 134 Wijn, M 251, 276 Wiklund, C 10, 28 Wildon, D.C 78, 97 Wilf, P 279, 281, 293, 303 Wilhelm, H 31, 44 Wilkins, R.M 377, 380 Wilkinson, H.S 114, 128 Wilkinson, T.L 121, 129 Willems, P.E.L 342, 360 Williams N.M 330, 333 Williams, C.M 239, 243 Williams, E.M 56, 93 Williams, I.H 330, 335 Williams, I.S 254, 277 Williams, K.S 286, 305 Williams, M.A.J 11, 28, 41, 47 Williams, P.J 50, 95 Williams, W.G 342, 363 Williamson, M.S 278, 279, 301 Willig, M.R 216, 231 Willis, M.A 142, 147, 149, 150, 163, 165, 168 Willmer, P 17, 28, 321, 333 Willson, M.F 40, 47 Wilson, D.D 176, 205 Wilson, E.O 266, 275, 358, 363 Wilson, I 379, 384 Wilson, P 326, 332 Windle, P.N 342, 363 Wink, M 56, 67, 71, 95, 97, 117, 134, 342, 363 Winstanley, C 222, 228, 376, 377, 380 Winter, K 126, 129 Winter, R.E.K 171, 205 Wise, D.H 259, 275 Wiskerke, J.S.C 376, 385 Witt, T 314, 332 Witte, L 66, 96 Wittstock, U 67, 97, 293, 305 Witzgall, P 151, 158, 162, 239, 243 Wlodarczyk, M 261, 270 Wolf, T.J 108, 134, 316, 335 Wolfe, D.W 13, 28 Wolff, J.O 264, 273 Wolfson, J.L 374, 377, 385 Wood, A 353, 358 Wood, T.K 284, 305 Woodcock, C.M 77, 89, 151, 157, 161 Woodhead, S 58, 98, 176, 208, 377, 385 Woodrow, I.E 56, 57, 58, 67, 88, 90, 97 Woods, H.A 105, 134 Woodward, S 122, 130 Wool, D 85, 98 Wootton, J.T 255, 256, 260, 277 Wratten, S 265, 277 Wratten, S.D 349, 362 Wright, D.J 224, 228 Wright, S 378, 385 Wu, B.R 58, 89, 146, 201 Wunderlin, R 251, 277 Wuănsche, J 49, 92 Wyatt, T.D 146, 150, 151, 163, 166 Wyss, E 349, 350, 363 Xia, Q.Y 380, 385 Xu, R 35, 47 Yamamoto, K 236, 242 Yamamoto, R.T 342, 363 Yamauchi, T 178, 202 Yan, F 239, 243 Yano, S 249, 263, 268, 275, 277 Yao, I 41, 46 Ye, Y.R 60, 92 Yeh, S 53, 95 Yencho, C.G 171, 208 Yendol, W.G 124, 131 Yeo, P 308, 311, 331, 334 Yost, M.T 221, 225, 229 Young, M.R 6, 28 Young, O.P 9, 28 Young, R 9, 26 Youngman, R.R 375, 383 Yu, S.J 110, 118, 119, 128, 134 Yue, Q 123, 134 AUTHOR INDEX Zacharuk, R.Y 153, 168 Zalcmann, A.T 57, 90 Zalucki, M 42, 45, Zalucki, M.P 11, 25, 224, 226, 228 Zamora, R 254, 277 Zangerl, A.R 21, 28, 56, 63, 70, 82, 87, 94, 98, 108, 119, 129, 134, 291, 298, 299, 300 Zannou, E.T 236, 243 Zanotto, F.P 111, 113, 130, 134 Zavala, J.A 291, 302 Zhang, A 378, 385 Zhang, M 375, 382 Zhang, W 216, 231 Zhou, Z.Y 380, 385 Ziegler, J 268, 272 Zielske, A.F 180, 208, Zijlstra, S 54, 87 Zohren, E 137, 168 Zoomer, H.R 252, 271 Zuber, D 251, 277 Zucchi, R 321, 332 Zucker, W.V 63, 64, 98 Zur, M 114, 131 Zwiebel, L.J 154, 168 Zwoălfer, H 41, 45, 210, 211, 232 411 Subject Index Numbers in italics refer to illustrations abietic acid 54 ablation of sensilla 128 abundance of herbivores 13, 43, 260, 265, 347 of plants 258, 289 acarodomatia 40 acceptance, see host plant acid rain 126 across-fibre patterns, see sensory coding active space definition 144 odour 144, 145 adaptation to new host 267, 291 aescin 54 age 110; see also leaf age aggregation pheromone 160 agriculture 330, 336–57 sustainable 358 air pollution 125–6 ajugarin 54, 182 alkaloids 51–2, 58, 65, 66, 122 toxicity 117 allelochemics definition 50 and food utilization 113–6 allelopathy 50, 348 allochrony 284 allomone 137 allopatric speciation 212, 283–4 amino acid receptor 175, 188–9 amino acids 41, 71, 112, 125, 175, 234 amylase 114 inhibitors 343 anemotaxis 142, 149, 150, 159 angiosperms appearance 283 radiation, see evolution anthocyanins 55, 56, 191, 321 antibiosis 290, 341 definition 339 antifeedant 350–4, 377; see also azadirachtin index 190 antirrhinoside 65 412 antixenosis 341 definition 339 ants 216, 235, 249, 251, 254, 264, 290 aphids host selection behaviour 147–9 polymorphism 213, 234 sexual forms 213, 235 wing development 234 apple maggot fly (Rhagoletis pomonella) colour vision 147, 159 EAG 287 host selection 146 searching 159 vision 146 approximate digestibility (AD) 37, 107–9, 111 aristolochic acid 176, 198, 217, 354 arms race 299 arrestant definition 137 arrestment 160, 169 artificial diet 101, 105–6, 175, 219 for aphids 234 and insect quality 106 associative learning, see learning attractant 252, 351 definition 137 atropine 51 automimicry and nectar production 319 aversion learning, see learning azadirachtin 54, 182, 190, 192, 217, 351, 352–3, 377 baculovirus 124 bark beetles 11, 83, 160, 241 host selection behaviour 139 bees as pollinators 308–30 below-ground herbivory, see root herbivory benzyl isoquinoline 51 berberine 51, 56, 67 bioassay 16, 178, 339, 376 guided fractionation 176 biological control 350; see also weed control biomass of humans 2, 23, 264 of insects 1, 2, 107 loss of plant biomass 18, 336 of plants 2, 5, 65 biosynthesis of secondary plant substances 50, 74, 78, 269 biotype definition 210 insect 211, 278, 330 botanical instinct 15, 16, 173 boundary layer 17, 143, 170 bracken fern biological control 356 broom 262, 266 bud break 246 budget equation 107 bumblebees 308–30 energy requirements 318 C3 and C4 plants 39–40 cabbage white butterfly, see Pieris spp cabbage root fly colour vision 147 oviposition 148 cafeteria 111, 376 caffeic acid 55, 179 caffeine 52, 64, 182 caloric value 100, 319 cannabidiol 54 cannibalism 216 carbohydrates 37, 50, 101, 159, 174, 223; see also sugars carbon dioxide (CO2) 125, 126 cardenolides 53, 56, 190, 195, 212 carnivores attracted by plants 75, 77 effects on plants 258, 300 and induced plant responses 182 and waxbloom 33 carotenoids 53 casting 143, 149 catechin 56 SUBJECT INDEX cDNA microarray technology 267 cellulose 36, 38, 50, 101, 102, 105 central nervous system (CNS) 138, 156, 158, 184, 191, 195–6, 218, 221 chalcones 55, 197 character displacement 210, 323 chemical gestalt 221 chemical legacy hypothesis 225 chemoreceptors; see also receptors evolution 197–8, 297 generalists 188, 190 internal 112, 183, 196 peripheral interactions 190–2 specialists 186, 188, 190 chemotaxis 140, 152 chemotaxonomy 173 cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi) host marking 181 chlorogenic acid 179, 182 choice experiments 376 cholesterol 54 cibarium 30 CIF 179 cladograms 294, 296, 298 clerodin 54 climatic change 246 clone 82, 83 cocaine 51 co-evolution 298–300, 326 criticism of the co-evolution theory 297 definition 296 diffuse 297 diversifying 286 geographical mosaic theory 297–8 colonization 265, 257, 286, 298 of introduced plants 267 Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) anemotaxis 150, 159 EAG 155 green leaf volatiles 61, 156 and leaf age 136 orientation 150 taste hair responses 186 colour vision 145–9 community definition 264 composition 267 compartmentation, see secondary plant substances compensation 23–4 overcompensation 23 compensatory feeding 109, 111–3 competition apparent 257 exploitative 256 for pollinators 322 among insects 255, 323 interspecific 210, 252, 257, 294, competitive displacement 267 conditioning, see learning constitutive resistance 75, 337 consumption rate 109, 112 contact chemoreception 152, 160, 170 contact chemoreceptors 29, 183–92 contact testing 138 evaluation 138, 170 convergence neural 155–7 cost of growth 110, 111 of detoxification 110 cost-benefit flower visitation 316 costs of defence, see secondary plant substances coumarins 55, 67, 68 crops losses to herbivory 3, 22, 336 pollination 309–30 cross-habituation 217 cucurbitacin 54, 82 cultivars concentration secondary compounds 342 trichomes 35, 171 volatiles 61 cyanin 56, 191 cyanogenics 51, 57–8, 64, 116 cyclic outbreaks 80, 260 cytochrome P450 115, 117, 269; see also polysubstrate monooxygenases damage 18–24; see also compensation in agroecosystems 22, 336, 337 artificial 61, 63, 76, 80 caused by insects 18, 20, 21, 22–3, 61, 251 differences between plants 290 and plant fitness 292 volatiles 62 defence 49, 50 constitutive 291 direct 74, 245, 263 indirect 74, 245, 269, 290, 299 defoliation 13, 18, 20, 79, 264 artificial 21 deme 284 desert locust reproduction 237 desiccation 31, 104 deterrents 181, 197, 217, 351; see also antifeedant definition 137 and evolution 293 413 receptors 186–8, 190 detoxification 113, 116–9 enzyme induction 118–9 enzymes 117–20 of plant allelochemicals 31 by symbionts 121 dhurrin 67, 68, 269 diapause and leaf age 236 effect of host plant 237 diet, see also artificial diet breadth 16, 42, 198 mixed 221–4 self-selection 111–2, 215, 222 switch 214, 215, 233 digestibility 37; see also approximate digestibility reducing factors 70, 115 digestion 37, 75, 113, 114, 253, digestive enzymes 107, 115, 353 DIMBOA 194 dioecy 84, 85, 308 dioscin 54 direct resistance definition 75 directed movement 140 dispersal capacity of insects 283, 338 disruptive selection 252 disruptive-crop hypothesis 348 diterpenoids 54 diversification 279, 349, 358 crop 347 insect 31, 279 plant 279, 298 in plant substances 31 diversity 357 flower types 321 insects 43, 279, 292 and pest insect damage 350 plants 159, 327, 329 DNA sequencing 5, 154, 269, 379 domatia 40, 260; see also acarodomatia drinking 105 tests 377 drought 50 stress 125 drumming 146, 170 dual discrimination theory 173 dulcitol 176, 188, 198 Dutch elm disease 83 EAG, see electroantennogram ecdysone 54 ecological saturation hypothesis 292 ecosystem agroecosystem 22, 338, 346, 347 natural 18, 24, 330, 336, 338, 358 ectophagy 15, 265 414 SUBJECT INDEX efficiency of conversion of digested food 107–9 of conversion of ingested food 107–9 metabolic 107, 109, 110, 127 egg load 170 elaiosome 251 electrical penetration graph (EPG) 193–4, 377 electroantennogram (EAG) 154, 155 technique 378 of sibling species 287 electrophysiology 154–7, 184–92, 378 empodia 35 endophagy 15, 42, 265 endophyte 122–3, 263 enemy hypothesis 260, 348, 349 enemy-free space 16, 261 energy budget 11, 112, 316 flow 108 entomopathogen susceptibility 121, 123–4, 247, 253 environmental genomics 379 EPG, see electrical penetration graph epicuticular wax bloom, see leaf epideictic pheromone, see pheromone epidermis and chemical resistance 64 as feeding site 11, 30, 64, 194 vacuole contents 67 epipharyngeal sensilla 183, 186, 193 essential oils 53, 59, 64, 67, 173 ethylene 80, 240, 321 euryphagy 337 evolution, see also co-evolution angiosperms 280, 324 insect taxa 281, 282–3 molecular clocks 298 nervous system 197 of plant breeding systems 85 of plant preference 297 plants 308 reciprocal 296, 298 sequential 297, 298 excretion 116, 117, 293 exotics, see also introduced species insects 267 plants 267, 355 expanding resource hypothesis 292 experience 216–27; see also learning exploitative competition 256 extrafloral nectar 13 extrafloral nectaries, see nectaries deterrents, see deterrents periods 261 rate 106, 111, 175 rhythms 71 site 215, 216 stimulants, see phagostimulants systems 215–6 fertilizer 73, 103, 112, 125 fig pollination 308, 326 fitness insect 198, 226, 252, 263, 289; plant, see plant fitness flavonoids 55, 180, 190 flavonols 55, 66 flower age 321 automimicry 320 colour 312–3 colour changes 321 constancy 311–2 diversity 326, 327 evolution of shape 326–7 handling 315, 317 odour composition 314 odour trail 314 recognition 312–4 symmetry 313, 327 texture 314 types 321 flowering time 322 food quantity 106, 112 food plant effects on entomopathogens 121, 123, 124, 247, 253 preference test 219 quality 101, 122, 123, 125–7, 152, 265 range 10–11 food web 258, 261–3 forest fertilization effects 73 insect feeding strategy 63 insects 43, 160, 292, 338 leaf toughness 36 losses to insects 18, 20, 21 pest outbreaks 125, 264, 329 pollination 325 tannins 65, 66, 79 fossils insects 279, 281, 282 plants 279–81 furanocoumarins 58, 63, 115, 118, 119, 269, 291, 298 farnesene 63 feeding activity and metabolic rate 111 GABA, see gamma-aminobutyric acid gallic acid 57 galls induced by insects 41–3, 64, 284 distribution 63, 83, 84 gamma-aminobutyric acid 188 gender (plant), see plant sex gene banks, see germplasm collections gene expression 267, 379 gene-for-gene interactions 340 gene silencing 269 generalist receptor neuron 157 generalists definition genetic changes 210 covariance 289 engineering 345 modification 339 variation 82, 269, 286, 289–91 genetics of chemoreception 197 genomic changes 78, 198 geographic mosaic theory of co-evolution, see co-evolution geographical variation of host range 210, 211, 289 geographical range of plants 265 geraniol 53 germplasm collections 339, 343 Gestalt 221 gibberellin 54 gibberellic acid 321 glabrous leaves 35 glaucolide-A 54 glaucous plant surface 146 glomeruli 154, 156, 158 glossy plant surface 33, 146 glucobrassicin 58, 176, 177, 178 glucosinolate receptor 179, 186, 192 glucosinolates 7, 51, 57, 67, 68, 173, 176, 178, 211, 342 as oviposition stimulants 194, 195 glutathione 126, 154 gossypol 54, 82, 113 grass fungal endophytes 123 gravimetric method 107 green leaf volatiles 60, 61, 239 greenhouse effects on secondary metabolites 73, 373 pollination 330 growth rate in insects; see also relative growth rate and air pollution 126 differences between species 110, 11 and energy production 110 and induced plant response 13 locusts 110 and secondary plant substances 115 and water 104 SUBJECT INDEX growth rate in plants and phenolics 65, 66 guild 44, 107, 109, 322, 357 gustation, see contact chemoreception gustatory coding 183–8 gut 115, 117, 120, 121, 124 gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) artificial diet 105 change in food preference 215 change in nutritional requirements 215, 216 food preferences 9, 11, 72 feeding rhythm 71 and Lyme disease 264 susceptibility to virus 124 habitat diversity 329, 338 habitat-heterogeneity hypothesis 338 habituation 217–8, 225, 226, 353; see also learning hairs, see trichomes haustellate mouthparts 30, 31 headspace 60, 61, 62, 160, 378, 379 Helicoverpa spp artificial diet 106 host selection behaviour 219, 288 pheromone production 240 and tannins 110 taste receptors 186, 189 hemicellulose 39, 50, 102 herbivore interactions 252 hexenal 60, 155 hexenol 60 hexenyl acetate 63 honey production 310 honeybee foraging distance 317 honeydew food for ants and predators 251, 290, 349 food for herbivores 121, 159 Hopkins host-selection principle 224 hormones, see plant; see also neuroendocrine system host alternation 148, 213 host finding 159, 224, 348, host marking 181 host-plant acceptability 136, 182–3, 212, 374 acceptance 138, 170 acceptance definition 136 effects on diapause 236, 237 effects on insecticide sensitivity 119 effects on mating 239–41 effects on morphism 234, 235 effects on reproduction 237–41 and insecticide tolerance 125 more than food plant 16 morphology 172 physical traits 170 preference definition 136 quality and natural enemies 236, 247 range 7, 9–11, 42, 209, 212 recognition definition 136 resistance 344 selection 10, 136, 176–80, 192–6, 293 specialization 6–9, 13, 22, 212 host preference age effects 135 change 215, 225–6 developmental stage 215, 216 genetic changes 210 genetic variation 209, 287–90 induction 218–21 seasonal changes 213, 214 sex differences 216 temperature effects 214 host race 210, 285 host range expansion 210 host shift 197, 214, 295, 338 hybrid incompatibility 238, 285, 286 hybrids 289 host preference 197, 287, 288 hydrogen cyanide (HCN) 58, 67, 68, 116 hygroreceptors 153 hypericin 56, 63 hyperparasitoids 123, 261 idioblast 67 imprinting, see learning indioside D 179, 221 indirect resistance definition 75 indole alkaloids 50, 51 induced preference, see learning induced resistance 74–81, 152 delayed responses 79 herbivore specific responses 77 heritability 82 and natural enemies 74, 75, 259 and plant pathogens systemic signal transmission 78–80, 252, 257 transfer to neighbours 81, 263, 300 volatiles 80, 263 induction, see detoxification; see also learning; see also resistance infochemical 152, 245, 255 definition 137 web 263, 264 inositol 175 inositol receptor 189, 191 415 insect pathogens, see pathogens of insects insect phenology 14, 233, 247 insect rarity 15 insect selection pressure on plants 85, 286, 292, 297, 313, 326 insecticide resistance 279 susceptibility 119, 120, 124, 125 insecticide treatment 19, 120 and seed production 20 insecticides 119, 278, 279, 329, 330, 349, 354 of plant origin 56, 117, 351–4 insects and plant viruses 122, 152, 352 instinct 1; see also botanical instinct interactions between species 255, 257 intercropping definition 346 introduced species insects 267, 329, 338, 357 plants 266, 285, 289, 337 plants and toxicity 216, 289 weeds 355, 356 iridoid glycoside 54, 56, 65 isoprene 51, 53, 62 isoquercitrin 180 isothiocyanates 57, 61, 237, 238 jasmonic acid 80, 81, 120, 251, 268, 293 juvenile hormone (JH) 235, 236, 241 kaempferol 55 kairomone 137, 175, 238, 240, 253 key-lock model 195–6 kineses 140 klinokinesis 140 Kranz anatomy 39 labelled line, see sensory coding lantadenes 54 latex 53, 54, 67, 71, 212 laticifer 67 latitude, see tropics/temperate zones differences leachate 121 leaf age 8, 63, 65, 247 age and diapause 236 age and feeding preference 8, 9, 103 boundary layer 17, 170 discs 183, 192, 219, 374, 376–7 shape 146, 214, 224 size 17 structure 39, 170 416 SUBJECT INDEX leaf (cont.) surface 17, 121, 125 surface chemistry 58–9, 73, 176, 179, 378 surface waxes 31–5, 148 temperature 17 toughness, see toughness washings 58 leaf-hoppers feeding site 11, 103 food-plant range 7, 234 food quantity 103 and plant diversification 349 leaf-miners demes 284 feeding site 11, 12, food-plant range learning 217–24; see also habituation; see also chemical legacy hypothesis adaptive value 225 associative 160, 217, 223, 259, 297, 313 food aversion learning 221–3, 225 conditioning 225, 331 enemy avoidance 215 flower 313 flower handling 315–6, 317 food imprinting 219 and metamorphosis 225 oviposition behaviour 146, 224, 226, 313 peripheral 217, 221 preference induction 215, 218–21, 226, 374 lectins 343 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, see Colorado potato beetle light intensity 71, 72, 108, 144 lignan 55, 115 lignin 36, 50, 55, 101 lignocellulose 50 Lyme disease 264 limonene 53, 237 limonoids 53, 54, 352 linalool 63 lipoxygenase 60 lipoxygenase gene 268, 293 locomotion compensator 150, 375 losses to insects 18, 20–2, 125, 336 to sucking insects 18, 20 lupin alkaloids 52, 70, 342 luteolin 55, 176 Lycaenidae 9, 250 change in food choice 216 Lymantria dispar, see gypsy moth maintenance costs 109, 111 mandible 29, 36, 38 morphology 38 wear 36, 38 mandibulate mouthparts 29, 30 species and food utilization 109 Manduca sexta, see tobacco hornworm manganese 36 marking pheromone, see pheromone masking, see odour masking mating and host plants 237, 239–40, 284 maxilla 29–30 maxillary taste hairs 173, 185, 186, 188–92 meal size 181, 377 mechanoreceptors 29, 30, 142, 149, 153, 170, 183 menotaxis definition 142 meristem 23, 251 mesophyll 11, 64, 67, 68, 194, 356 metabolism insect 110, 112, 117 plant primary 49, 175, 299 plant secondary 50 metabolic load hypothesis 110 metabolomic changes 78 metabolomics technology 379 metapopulations 289 methyl salicylate 75, 77 MFOs, see polysubstrate monooxygenases (PSMOs) microclimate 16, 17, 19, 103, 338, 347 microorganisms 120, 121, 123, 252–4 mixed cropping 347 mixed diet 17, 221–4 mixed-function oxydases (MFOs), see polysubstrate monooxygenases (PSMOs) mixtures of antifeedants 353 of chemical stimuli 158, 190–2 flower odour 314 of host plant species 224 plant substances 64, 65, 112, 119, 178 models key-lock 195, 197 mathematical 299 neural integration 182, 186, 187 nutritional 112 olfactory transduction process 153 plant architecture 42 modular structure of plants 23, 83 molecular clock and evolution 298 molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) 339 monoculture 83, 260, 338, 345 monophagy 6, monoterpenoids 17, 53, 61, 69, 118, 313 morphine 51 mosaic resistance 83, 84 motivation definition 195 mouthparts morphology 29–31 multiple cropping definition 347 multitrophic interaction 123, 252, 269 mustard oil glucosides 57, 67, 173 mutations, see also somatic mutation of chemoreceptors 199 and food-plant range 197, 198 and plant architecture 249 rate 286 mutualism flowers and pollinators 308–10 plant structures 40 plants and carnivores 253, 299 plants and endophytes 121, 122 muzigadial 351 mycetome 121 mycoplasms 31 mycorrhizal fungi 252, 253, 254 myristicin 115, 116 myrosinase 57, 67 myxomatosis 264 N-oximes 61 naringenin 55 natural enemies 126, 261, 294 and plant architecture 42 and secondary plant substances 247 nectar amino acid contents 310, 314, 320 automimicry 319 discovery of function 306 extrafloral 13 flow 319 guide 313 as insect food 350 and natural enemies 249 production 318, 319 production costs 319 status 320 sugar content 308, 310, 323 toxic 310 nectaries extrafloral 40, 252 extrafloral and natural enemies 250, 251 location 250, 315, 316 SUBJECT INDEX nematodes 123, 124 neo-Hopkins host-selection principle 235 neophilia 223, 324 neural capacity 9, 213, 226, 315 neuroendocrine system affected by host plant 237, 241 net primary production (NPP) 18, 23 niche 43, 267, 292, 297 food 210, 337 saturation hypothesis 292 ‘vacant’ 256, 266 nicotine 51, 63, 64, 66, 78, 117, 217, 218, 247, 293, 351 in roots 252 nitric oxide 125 nitriles 57 nitrogen 66, 73, 74, 102–4, 125 availability 66 in plant tissues 99 and season 104 non-preference definition 339 northern blotting 268, 379 novelty 223 number of arthropods below ground 13 number of insect individuals per plant 21 number of sensilla 153, 186 and developmental stage 186 in relation to diet 223 number of olfactory neurons 152, 153, 154 number of species 5, crop plants 22 herbivorous insects insect pests 22, 338 insect species per plant 14, 15 plants weeds 355 nutrients chemoreception 188 essential nutrients 101 interactions with secondary metabolites 114 on leaf surface 121 in pollen 308, 326 role in morph determination 235 role of symbionts 121, 253 nutritional feedback 111, 112, 175, 196, 215 nutritional indices 107–9 nutritional quality 17, 69, 70, 79, 100–1, 112, 223, 294 and air pollution 126 and evolution 297 and polymorphism 234 nutritional requirements 101, 110, 120 age effects 215, 227 oak (Quercus spp.) catkins herbivory 235 effects on pathogen susceptibility 253 galls 41 number of insect species 15, 31 phenology and herbivory 246 seasonal effects on chemistry 69 seed production 20, 264 tannins 64, 69, 235 volatiles 239 octadecanoid pathway 253 odorant binding protein (OBP) 153, 154 odour distance attraction 144, 145 gradient 140 masking 152, 159, 348 plume 142, 144, 149 trap 144, 239 oil cells, see idioblast olfaction central processes 140, 154–8 olfactometer 375 olfactory chemoreceptors 152–3 chemoreceptor sensitivity 154–7 coding 157 coding across-fibre patterns 158–9 coding labelled lines 158 transduction 153–4 olfactory orientation 149–52, 375–6 oligophagy 6, 7, oogenesis 216, 237–8 optimal foraging theory 263, 265, 310, 316 orchids 308 pollination 327–9 orientation 140 Colorado potato beetle 150 methods 375–6 to odour 143 to visual cues 146, 160, 224, 312–3 orthokinesis 140 overcompensation, see compensation oviposition 10–11, 194, 195, 377 cabbage root fly 147, 172 deterrents 181, 195 induced preference 224, 226 mistakes 212, 213, 263 preference and larval performance 10, 11, 289 stimulant definition 137 stimulants 57, 176, 178 417 oxalic acid 122 ozone 125 palisade parenchyma 11, 12, 64 palpation 58, 138, 170, 221 papaverine 51 Papilio oviposition 10, 178, 224, 287–8 parasitization 16, 17, 35 parasitoid effect on host preference 261 parasitoids diapause 236 and endophytes 123 in food webs 261–4 habitat effects 265 host hormones 241 and induced resistance 74, 75, 77–80, 182, 248 insecticide susceptibility 120 kairomone 175, 253 learning 259 and plant quality 246 and trichomes 35 pathogens 253 and plant architecture 42 and secondary plant substances 247, 294 parenchyma 11, 12, 30 pathogen genes 343 pathogens of insects 123, 124, 247, 253; see also plant pathogens PBAN (pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide) 240, 241 performance 10 peripheral interactions 190–2, 199 pest insects 337 number of species 22, 338 pest outbreak factors 125, 338 phagostimulant 190, 377 definition 137 phaseolin 56 phenolics 41, 55–7, 63, 64, 65 phenology 233 flowering 32 insect 14, 247 plant 58, 85, 246 pheromone(s) aggregation 160 epideictic 181 and evolution 284 and flower visitation 320–1, 328 marking 181 production 239–41 sex 149, 150, 328 pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide, see PBAN 418 SUBJECT INDEX phloem 102,194 composition 31, 70, 71, 213, 379 hydrostatic pressure 30 phloridzin 58, 121, 176, 182 phospholipids 175 photomenotaxis 142, 143, 159 photoperiodism 214, 236 photoreceptor 142, 145, 149 photosynthesis 21, 23, 39, 70, 71, 78, 108 phylogenetic tree 294–6, 298 physical defence 31–42 physiological efficiency hypothesis 110 phytochemistry 49–85 phytoecdysteroids 51, 54 piercing-sucking insects 30, 192–4, 279 Pieris spp colour vision 146 deterrent receptor 190, 191 geographical variation 211 glucosinolate preference hierarchy 195 glucosinolate receptor 173, 186 low-glucosinolate preference 82 oviposition 73, 146, 178 oviposition deterrent 182 tarsal taste hairs 184, 185 pinene 53, 118, 237 plant architecture 15, 42–3, 292 chemical profile 16, 69 chemistry 100, 173, 249, 379 competitiveness 255, 259 damage and natural enenies 74–8 disease and insect susceptibility 122 distribution and insects 251 effects on insect hormone production 233–8 effects on insect pheromone production 239–41 epicuticle 179 epicuticular wax 32–5, 58 fitness 13, 63, 65, 290, 292 height 42, 43, 66 heterogeneity 127 hormone 54, 237, 240, 321 hypersensitive response 42, 75 induced resistance 74–81 lifespan 83 morphology 29, 249, 251 pathogens 81, 103, 122, 152, 253, 267, 340, 357 pathogens and food quality 122, 253 phenology 246 responses to galling insects 41–3 sex 84 size 15, 85, 147, 265 surface 148, 170, 173 taxonomy and insects 16 texture 170, 172 virus and food quality 152 volatiles, see volatiles plant architecture and natural enemies 43 and number of insects 43 plant-carnivore mutualism 253 plasmalemma 67 pollen 311 basket 310, 326 as carnivore food 250 digestion 326 as herbivore food 257, 308 odour 314 pollination beetles 325 efficiency 308, 309, 321 energetics 316–21, 325 evolution 324–9 and patch size 265 wind 85, 325 pollution 125–6 polycultures 260, 345–9 polygodial 53, 351 polyphagy 6, polyphenism 233–5 polysubstrate monooxygenases (PSMOs) 110, 117–20 population dynamics of insects effects of defoliation 79 effects of plant architecture 42, 249 effects of plant phenology and induced responses 260 and plant mixtures 260 population dynamics of plants effects of herbivory 24, 251, 254 polyhydroxy alkaloids 52 potato odour 61, 150, 159, 348 predation risk 113, 215, 216, 261, 294 and herbivore response 259 preference, see also host plant evolution 297 and developmental stage 215, 216 induction, see learning and food quality 70 order 374 performance relationship 10, 11, 122, 289 and plant age 147 and plant sex 85 ranking 209, 210 test 219 primary host 213, 235 primary plant metabolism 49, 50 effects of sun and shade 71–2 primary plant metabolites and food selection 174–6 production costs 65 probing 138, 170, 176 production costs, see secondary plant substances proline role in drought stress 125 prosystemin gene 75 protease inhibitors 64, 75, 78, 80, 114, 291, 343 protease encoding genes 114 protein and air pollution 126 amounts in plants 102, 235 amounts in different tissues 64 digestibility 37, 114 effects of sun and shade 72 and gossypol 114 induction 74, 118 in insect cuticle 102 insect nutrition 102–4 and tannins 65, 115 protein: carbohydrate ratio 101, 104, 113–4, 126, 215 proximate factors 3, 173 prunasin 57 PSMOs, see polysubstrate monooxygenases pubescence 35 purine alkaloids 52 pyrethrins 351 pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) 52, 63, 64, 82, 176, 187, 221, 252, 290 quassinoids 352 Quercus spp., see oak quinine 51 quinolizidine alkaloids 52, 70 radius of bee foraging 316 of detection 159 of effective attraction 144 fruit 341 rainy season 237 rarity 265 reaction chains 137 receptor genetic basis of specificity 197 potential 152 sensitivity 157 sensitivity change 215, 217, 221, 223 sensitivity of hybrids 287 specificity 157, 185 SUBJECT INDEX sensilla numbers 153, 183 transduction 153–4, 198 recognition, see host plant recognition recording techniques 375 reflectance 17, 143, 144, 147, 148, regurgitant 63, 77, 80, 248 rejection 138, 181, 182, 185, 194, 222 relative consumption rate 108, 109 relative growth rate 108, 109, 111 relative humidity 17 repellents 351 definition 137 reproduction host effects on oogenesis 237–8 desert locust 237 reproductive isolation 283–5, 328 resin 54, 55, 58, 65, 67, 70, 72 resistance constitutive 75 definition 49 horizontal 340 induced 74–81; see also induced resistance mechanisms 339–40 and molecular biology 343–5 monogenic 291, 340, 343 mosaic 84 partial 340, 341 polygenic 291, 340, 341, 343 pubescence 35 quantitative factors 70 and secondary plant substances 342, 350–3 stability 340–1 to antifeedant treatment 353–4 to insect herbivory 290–2 to insect pests 339–45, 357 vertical 344 resistance breeding and biotechnology 343–5 methods 342–5 and natural enemies 342 resource availability hypothesis 70 resource concentration hypothesis 260, 348 resource partitioning 323 respiration insects 107, 111 plants 107, 108 respirometry 110 Rhagoletis pomonella, see apple maggot fly rhythm, see feeding rhythm root damage and extrafloral nectar 13, 252 root herbivory 13 attractants and stimulants 152 effects on above-ground herbivores 13, 252, 257 effects on natural enemies 252 feeding 252 induced response 81 root nodule bacteria 245 root secondary plant substances 63, 64, 78, 123 rotenone 56, 351 rutin 114, 124, 180 salannin 190, 353 salicin 70, 82, 198, 217 salicylic acid pathway 81, 120, 253 saliva 30 aphids 192–4 sambunigrin 58 sandwich test 377 saponins 57, 64 sclerenchyma 36, 41 scopolamine 51 scopoletin 55 screen test 375 search image 214, 224, 311 random 138, 140 searching 138 definition 136 mechanisms 143 patterns 141 seasonal effects on insects 70, 213, 214 secondary host 213 secondary plant substances age 65, 69 autotoxicity 53, 65 biosynthesis 78 compartmentation 67–8 concentration 63–5, 70 concentration in crop plants 342 day/night effects 68, 70–1 definition 50 different plant parts 63–4 effect of fertilizers 73 effect on natural enemies 248 effect of plant damage 248 function 173 genotypic variation 82, 252, 290 interyear variation 71 number 50 precursors 50, 51 production costs 65–7, 291 in roots 63, 64, 78, 123 seasonal variation 70 sequestration 187, 247, 294 storage 65, 67 synthesis 49 419 toxicity 116, 216, 291, 298 turnover 65, 68 seed secondary plant substances 64, 238 feeders 251, 257 production 20, 21, 24, , 291–2, 308 production in crops 308–9 quality 329 selection, see host plant self-fertilization 308 self-selection 111, 112, 215, 222 semiochemicals definition 137 senecionine 52 senescence and herbivory 103, 122 sensilla basiconica 152 sensilla styloconica, see maxillary taste hairs sensory coding 185–8, 192, 195 across-fibre patterns 158, 185, 187 deterrents 188, 190 labelled line 158, 185, 190 sequential evolution 297 sequestration of secondary plant substances 53, 248 sesquiterpenoids 54, 176, 313 sexupara 213, 235 shade 9, 71–2 shelter 40, 245, 339, 349 sibling species 211, 239 host preference 284 sign stimuli, see token stimuli silicon 38, 170 sinalbin 61, 194 single-cell-recording 154, 156 sinigrin 61, 182, 191, 221 sitosterol 54 size, see also plant body size 8, 12, 246 and feeding strategy 31 food particles 37 fruit 147, 159, 259, 341 leaf 17, 147 meal 181, 377 soil factors 73 solar radiation, see sun exposure somatic mutation 83, 84 sorbitol 49, 188 specialist receptor neuron 157 specialists 192, 260 definition specialization and body size and colonization of novel species 267 and insensitivity to toxicants 293, 298 on plant parts 11–13 420 SUBJECT INDEX speciation and allochrone life histories 284 allopatric 212, 283 insects 282, 283 rate 286 reciprocal 286, 287 sympatric 210, 283, 284 species diversification 280 species rarity 265 species richness 266 species-area relationships 265, 266 specific hunger 223 spectral reflectance 143; see also reflectance spiders 112, 215, 259 stacked genes 343 statistical methods 116, 375, 376 stemborers 13 steroids 54, 177 sterols 53, 101, 120 stomata 17, 39, 59, 179 structural formulas 85, 367–72 strychnine 51, 182 stylet pathway 193, 194 stylets 30, 192–4 styropor 377 suberin 36 suboesophageal ganglion 183, 195 sugar alcohols 188 sugars 126, 174 oviposition 176 phagostimulants 175 receptors 175, 188 sulphur dioxide (SO2) 125, 126 sun effect on herbivory exposure 72 sustainable agriculture 358 symbionts 120–1, 253, 285 sympatric speciation 210, 283, 284; see also speciation synchronization of life cycle 233–41, 246 synergism 115, 116, 191, 192, 353 synomone 137 systemic induced resistance 78, 79, 252, 257 tannic acid 114, 115 tannin/protein ratio 292 tannins 7, 8, 56, 64, 66, 235 condensed 51, 57, 65, 69, 72, 110, 126 and food utilization 56, 115 hydrolysable 57, 124 non-hydrolysable 57 target-site insensitivity 116, 117 tarsal taste hairs 184 neural responses 195 taste hairs, see maxillary taste hairs receptors, see contact chemoreceptors taxis 140 taxol 49 temperate, see tropics/temperate zones differences temperature, see also microclimate climatic change 246 effect on food preferences 214 emission of volatiles 53, 63 at leaf surface 17, 18 morph determination 235 nectar production 318 pollinator activity 317–8 pollinator body 310 variation in the field 19 variation in vegetations 17 terpenoids 52–5, 61, 65, 75, 77, 173, 284 test biting 170, 176 thermoreceptors 153 tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) antennal sensilla 153, 157 detoxification mechanisms 117 host selection behaviour 179 low-nicotine preference 63 orientation 149 taste receptors 186, 198 tocopherol 54 token stimuli 173, 176–9, 186–7, 194, 198 tolerance 340 definition 339 tomatine 124 tonoplast 67 toosendanin 190, 191, 353 toughness 36–8, 39, 69, 72, 104, 125, 170 toxicants and evolution 291 toxicity, see secondary plant substances transduction, see olfactory chemoreceptors; see also receptors transgenic plants 78, 80, 267, 343–5 trap cropping 347 transcriptome changes by insect feeding 194 trichome induction 35 trichomes 35–6, 170, 292, 342 glandular 59, 60, 171 triterpenoids 54, 352 tropane alkaloids 51 trophic levels 257, 258, 342 tropics/temperate zones differences alkaloid content 65 C4 plants distribution 39 generalists/specialists ratio leaf toughness 36 losses to herbivory 18 tannin content 65 wind pollination 325 tropotaxis 142 trypsin protease inhibitor 291 tubocurarine 51 turnover, see secondary plant substances ultimate factor 3, 214 ultraviolet 147 perception 145 reflection 321 and secondary compounds 50 umbelliferone 55 utilization 73, 106–114, 123, 226, 353 plots 107 vacuoles 55, 58, 67 vanillic acid 55 variation in host-plant preference individual 212 interpopulational 210 interspecific 287–9 intraspecific 210–2, 215 seasonal 213–4 variation in plant chemistry 64, 65, 69–74, 77, 81–5 vector of plant pathogens 340 vertebrates 264 biomass 2, 23 interactions with insects 254 nutritional requirements 101 sensivity to plant toxins 117 virus 31, 122, 124, 152 vision, see also leaf shape colour 145, 159 silhouette 146 volatiles 59–63, 75–7, 248 warburganal 54, 351 water content of leaf 69, 104–5 receptor 185 requirement 104 stress 105, 125, 194 waxes 31–5, 58 weed control 355–7 weeds and natural enemies 349 SUBJECT INDEX wind speed 17 windtunnel 150, 375 wounding effects 74–81, 267 xenobiotics 121 xylem 11, 30, 102, 103, 106 yellow attractivity 146, 148, 159, 238 yew number of insect species 15 yield losses 21 Yponomeuta host switch 199 hybrids 197, 287 421 phyletic relation with hosts 197 plant volatiles and mating 239 taste receptors 188 zigzag flight 143, 149 zinc 26 ... Effects of plants on insects 10.1.1 Plant phenology 10.1.2 Plant chemistry 10.1.3 Plant morphology 10.1.4 Alternative food Effects of herbivores on plants Above-ground and below-ground insect? ? ?plant. .. symposia on insect? ? ?plant relationships 364 364 365 B: Structural formulae of selected secondary plant compounds 367 C: Methodology 373 C.1 Choice of plants and insects C.1.1 Plants C.1.2 Insects... insects to certain plant parts only 2.4 Number of insect species per plant species The number of herbivorous insect species, even at a conservative estimate, exceeds the number of 14 INSECT? ??PLANT