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A NEW LOOK AT
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Edited by Drahomira Springer
A New Look at Hypothyroidism
Edited by Drahomira Springer
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2012 InTech
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Publishing Process Manager Igor Babic
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer InTech Design Team
First published February, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org
A New Look at Hypothyroidism, Edited by Drahomira Springer
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0020-1
Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Hypothyroidism 3
Osama M. Ahmed and R. G. Ahmed
Chapter 2 Environmental Thyroid
Disruptors and Human Endocrine Health 21
Francesco Massart, Pietro Ferrara and Giuseppe Saggese
Part 2 Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases 45
Chapter 3 Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis 47
Arvin Parvathaneni, Daniel Fischman and Pramil Cheriyath
Chapter 4 Hashimoto's Disease 69
Noura Bougacha-Elleuch, Mouna Mnif-Feki,
Nadia Charfi-Sellami, Mohamed Abid and Hammadi Ayadi
Chapter 5 Hashimoto’s Disease - Involvement of Cytokine
Network and Role of Oxidative Stress
in the Severity of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis 91
Julieta Gerenova, Irena Manolova and Veselina Gadjeva
Chapter 6 Different Faces of Chronic Autoimmune
Thyroiditis in Childhood and Adolescence 125
Ljiljana Saranac and Hristina Stamenkovic
Part 3 Pregnancy and Childhood 133
Chapter 7 Treatment of Graves’
Disease During Pregnancy 135
Teresa M. Bailey
VI Contents
Chapter 8 Universal Screening for Thyroid Disorders
in Pregnancy: Experience of the Czech Republic 147
Eliska Potlukova, Jan Jiskra, Zdenek Telicka,
Drahomira Springer and Zdenka Limanova
Chapter 9 Thyroid Function Following Treatment
of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 159
Elpis Vlachopapadopoulou, Vassilios Papadakis,
Georgia Avgerinou and Sophia Polychronopoulou
Chapter 10 Congenital Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Cancer 175
Minjing Zou and Yufei Shi
Chapter 11 Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Function
Alterations During the Neonatal Period 191
Susana Ares, José Quero, Belén Sáenz-Rico de Santiago
and Gabriela Morreale de Escobar
Chapter 12 Neonatal-Prepubertal Hypothyroidism
on Postnatal Testis Development 209
S.M.L. Chamindrani Mendis-Handagama
Chapter 13 Congenital Hypothyroidism due to
Thyroid Dysgenesis: From Epidemiology
to Molecular Mechanisms 229
Johnny Deladoey
Chapter 14 Consideration of Congenital
Hypothyroidism as the Possible Cause of Autism 243
Xiaobin Xu, Hirohiko Kanai, Masanori Ookubo,
Satoru Suzuki, Nobumasa Kato and
Miyuki Sadamatsu
Preface
This book provides both the basic and the most up-to-date information on the clinical
aspect of hypothyroidism. This first part offers general and elaborated view on the
basic diagnoses in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroid
diseases and congenital hypothyroidism.
Researchers and clinicians experts provide results of their long time experience and
results of their own scientific work. This information may be helpful for all of
physician not only endocrine specialization.
Introductory chapters summarize the basic theory of hypothyroidism; following
chapters describe Hashimoto's disease and congenital hypothyroidism - the formation,
the indication and the treatment.
This first part contains many important specifications and innovations for endocrine
practice.
I would like to thank all of authors who had helped in the preparation of this book.
We hope it would be useful as a current resource for endocrine specialists.
Drahomira Springer
Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics,
General University Hospital, Prague,
Czech Republic
[...]... normal connectivity is to be established This migration depends not only upon specialized cells such as the radial glial cells that form a scaffolding system but also on specific adhesion molecules in the extracellular matrix that are associated with the focal contacts linking migrating neurons with radial glial fibers (Mione and Parnavelas, 1994) These neurons migrate along radial glial fibers, and... androgen or thyroid hormone (TH) signaling pathways Chemicals such as dioxins, furans and organohalogens are widespread, man-made and persistent environmental pollutants, causing a variety of toxic effects These environmental pollutants tend to degrade slowly in the environment, to bioaccumulate and to bioconcentrate in the food chain having long half-lives in mammalian fatty tissues Animals fats and... that are integral to the regulation of mood and cognition (Bauer et al., 2009) In hypothyroidism, replacement therapy with T4 remains the treatment of choice and resolves most physical and psychological signs and symptoms in most patients However, some patients do not feel entirely well despite doses of T4 that are usually adequate (Saravanan et al., 2002) In T4treated patients, it was found that reduced... fetal/perinatal development (Madeira et al., 1992) Early in fetal development (rats), thyroid hormone deficiency decreases radial glial cell maturation and therefore impairs cellular migration (Rami and Rabie, 1988), which can lead to irreversible changes in the Hypothyroidism 9 neuronal population and connectivity in this region Animals with experimentally induced congenital hypothyroidism show delayed... either dams or fetus/neonates, and increases in serum TSH leading to the potential for thyroid hyperplasia (Strawson et al., 2004) Beside its pharmacological applications, perchlorate has been widely used as solid rocket propellants and ignitable sources in munitions, fireworks and matches (Strawson et al., 2004) Furthermore, perchlorates are laboratory waste by- products of perchloric acid Perchlorate also... neurological cretinism and myxedematous cretinism (Delange, 2000) Neurological cretinism is characterized by extreme mental retardation, deaf-mutism, impaired voluntary motor activity, and hypertonia (Delange, 2000) In contrast, myxedematous cretinism is characterized by less severe mental retardation and all the major clinical symptoms of persistent hypothyroidism (Delange, 2000) Iodide administration... related to its effects on metabolism Physical symptoms of hypothyroidism- related reduced metabolic rate include fatigue, slowed heart rate, intolerance to cold temperatures, inhibited sweating and muscle pain Depression is a key psychological consequence of hypothyroidism and slow metabolism as well For women, slow metabolism can cause increased menstruation and even impair fertility Weight gain and... neonatal rats; total T4 levels in plasma were decreased by both treatments (Morse et al., 1992) Uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase (UDP-GT) activity was increased in neonatal rats at postnatal day 21 (PND21) weanlings exposure to PCB congeners or TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) on the GD10 (Seo et al., 1995) The increase in UDP-GT activity was seen in the near absence of significant... have been identified by improving analytical methods Here, we focused on some historical and emerging TDs 3.1 Perchlorate Over 50 years ago, Wyngaarden and colleagues (Wyngaarden et al., 1952; Stanbury & Wyngaarden, 1952) reported the inhibitory effect of perchlorate (ClO4–) (Figure 3) upon the 26 A New Look at Hypothyroidism accumulation and retention of iodide by human thyroid gland Such observation... to both the pyramidal and the extrapyramidal systems (Porterfield, 2000) These problems include disturbances of gait, and in the more extreme forms, the individuals cannot walk or stand (Pharoah et al., 1981; Donati et al., 1992; Stanbury, 1997) If postnatal hypothyroidism is present, there is growth retardation and delayed or absent sexual maturation (Porterfield and Hendrich, 1993) Damage occurs both . A NEW LOOK AT
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Edited by Drahomira Springer
A New Look at Hypothyroidism
Edited by Drahomira Springer. Parvathaneni, Daniel Fischman and Pramil Cheriyath
Chapter 4 Hashimoto's Disease 69
Noura Bougacha-Elleuch, Mouna Mnif-Feki,
Nadia Charfi-Sellami,
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