19 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY SUPPLEMENT EWB SUP htptp 8/4/03 3:17 PM Page 1 A Z SUPPLEMENT ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 19 EWB SUP htptp 8/4/03 3:17 PM Page 3 Staff Project Editor: Jennifer Mossman Senior Editor: Terrie M. Rooney Editorial Staff: Frank V. Castronova, Leigh Ann DeRemer, Andrea Kovacs Henderson, Katherine H.Nemeh, Aaron J. Oppliger, Paul J. Podzikowski, Noah Schusterbauer Permissions Manager: Maria L. Franklin Permissions Specialist: Margaret A. Chamberlain Permissions Associate: Shalice Shah-Caldwell Production Director: Dorothy Maki Production Manager: Evi Seoud Production Associate: Wendy Blurton Product Design Manager: Cynthia Baldwin Senior Art Director: Mary Claire Krzewinski Research Manager: Victoria B. Cariappa Research Specialist: Barbara McNeil Graphic Services Supervisor: Barbara Yarrow Image Database Supervisor: Randy Bassett Imaging Specialist: Mike Logusz Manager of Technology Support Services: Theresa A. Rocklin Programmers/Analysts: Mira Bossowska and Jeffrey Muhr While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. Copyright © 2000 Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 ISBN 0-7876-3183-3 ISSN 1099-7326 Gale Group Inc., an International Thomson Publishing Company. Gale Group and Design is a trademark used herein under license. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ITP TM INTRODUCTION vii ADVISORY BOARD ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi OBITUARIES xiii TEXT 1 HOW TO USE THE INDEX 443 INDEX 445 CONTENTS The study of biography has always held an impor- tant, if not explicitly stated, place in school curricula. The absence in schools of a class specifically devoted to studying the lives of the giants of human history be- lies the focus most courses have always had on people. From ancient times to the present, the world has been shaped by the decisions, philosophies, inventions, dis- coveries, artistic creations, medical breakthroughs, and written works of its myriad personalities. Librarians, teachers, and students alike recognize that our lives are immensely enriched when we learn about those indi- viduals who have made their mark on the world we live in today. Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement , Vol- ume 19, provides biographical information on 200 in- dividuals not covered in the 17-volume second edition of Encyclopedia of World Biography (EWB) and its sup- plement, Volume 18. Like other volumes in the EWB series, this supplement represents a unique, compre- hensive source for biographical information on those people who, for their contributions to human culture and society, have reputations that stand the test of time. Each original article ends with a bibliographic section. There is also an index to names and subjects, which cu- mulates all persons appearing as main entries in the EWB second edition, the Volume 18 supplement, and this supplement—nearly 7,400 people! Articles . Arranged alphabetically following the let- ter-by-letter convention (spaces and hyphens have been ignored), articles begin with the full name of the person profiled in large, bold type. Next is a boldfaced, de- scriptive paragraph that includes birth and death years in parentheses and provides a capsule identification and a statement of the person’s significance. The essay that follows is approximately 2000 words in length and offers a substantial treatment of the person’s life. Some of the essays proceed chronologically while others con- fine biographical data to a paragraph or two and move on to a consideration and evaluation of the subject’s work. Where very few biographical facts are known, the article is necessarily devoted to an analysis of the subject’s contribution. Following the essay is a Further Reading section. Bibliographic citations contain both books and period- icals as well as Internet addresses for World Wide Web pages, where current information can be found. Portraits accompany many of the articles and pro- vide either an authentic likeness, contemporaneous with the subject, or a later representation of artistic merit. For artists, occasionally self-portraits have been included. Of the ancient figures, there are depictions from coins, engravings, and sculptures; of the moderns, there are many portrait photographs. Index . The EWB Supplement Index is a useful key to the encyclopedia. Persons, places, battles, treaties, institutions, buildings, inventions, books, works of art, ideas, philosophies, styles, movements—all are indexed for quick reference just as in a general encyclopedia. The Index entry for a person includes a brief identifica- tion with birth and death dates and is cumulative so that any person for whom an article was written who appears in volumes 1 through 18 (excluding the volume 17 index) as well as volume 19 can be located. The subject terms within the Index, however, apply only to volume 19. Every Index reference includes the title of the article to which the reader is being directed as well as the volume and page numbers. Because EWB Supplement , Volume 19, is an ency- clopedia of biography, its Index differs in important ways from the indexes to other encyclopedias. Basi- cally, this is an Index of people, and that fact has sev- eral interesting consequences. First, the information to which the Index refers the reader on a particular topic is always about people associated with that topic. Thus the entry ‘Quantum theory (physics)‘ lists articles on INTRODUCTION vii people associated with quantum theory. Each article may discuss a person’s contribution to quantum theory, but no single article or group of articles is intended to provide a comprehensive treatment of quantum theory as such. Second, the Index is rich in classified entries. All persons who are subjects of articles in the encyclo- pedia, for example, are listed in one or more classifica- tions in the index—abolitionists, astronomers, engi- neers, philosophers, zoologists, etc. The Index, together with the biographical articles, make EWB Supplement an enduring and valuable source for biographical information. As the world moves forward and school course work changes to reflect ad- vances in technology and further revelations about the universe, the life stories of the people who have risen above the ordinary and earned a place in the annals of human history will continue to fascinate students of all ages. We Welcome Your Suggestions . Mail your com- ments and suggestions for enhancing and improving the Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement to: The Editors Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement The Gale Group 27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Phone: (800) 347-4253 viii INTRODUCTION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY ix John B. Ruth Library Director Tivy High School Library Kerrville, Texas Judy Sima Media Specialist Chatterton Middle School Warren, Michigan James Jeffrey Tong Manager, History and Travel Department Detroit Public Library Detroit, Michigan Betty Waznis Librarian San Diego County Library San Diego, California ADVISORY BOARD Photographs and illustrations appearing in the Encyclo- pedia of World Biography Supplement, Volume 19, have been used with the permission of the following sources: American Stock/Archive Photos: Jimmy Dorsey, Sugar Ray Robinson, Lana Turner AP/Wide World Photos: Eddie Bauer, L.L.Bean, John Berryman, Paul Bowles, James Cain, Ernesto Cardenal, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Joan Ganz Cooney, George Cukor, Imogen Cunningham, James Dickey, J.P. Don- leavy, Michael Eisner, Jose Feliciano, Bill Ford, Lou Gerstner, Red Grange, Florence Griffith-Joyner, Jim Hen- son, Tommy Hilfiger, Whitney Houston, Ron Howard, Faisal Husseini, Mike Ilitch, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, Joseph Kennedy, William Kennedy, Norman Lear, Viola Li- uzzo, Malcolm Lowry, George Lucas, Lucky Luciano, Shannon Lucid, Sean MacBride, Stanley Marcus, Wyn- ton Marsalis, Marlee Matlin, Scott McNealy, James Michener, Glenn Miller, Robert Mondavi, Chuichi Nagumo, Patricia Neal, Paavo Nurmi, Gordon Parks, T. Boone Pickens, Ferdinand Porsche, Jr., Hal Prince, Richard Pryor, Ma Rainey, Pete Rozelle, Gerhard Schroeder, Wallis Simpson, Thomas Sowell, Wallace Stegner, George Steinbrenner, Casey Stengel, Helen Stephens, Martha Stewart, David Trimble, Matt Urban, Atal Behari Vajpayee, Jack Warner, Thomas John Wat- son, Jr., Steve Wozniak, Chien-Shiung Wu, Darryl F. Zanuck APA/Archive Photos: Connie Mack Archive Photos: Moshood Abiola, Harold Arlen, Max Beerbohm, Richard Branson, Lenny Bruce, Lepke Buchalter, Roy Campanella, Steve Case, Florence Chad- wick, Chai Ling, Joan Crawford, E.L. Doctorow, Gertrude Ederle, Eileen Ford, Lou Gehrig, George Gipp, Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, Ben Hogan, Grace Kelly, Jack Kevorkian, Ernie Kovacs, Oscar Levant, William Levitt, Louis B. Mayer, Michael Milken, Billy Mills, Stan Musial, Richard Reynolds, Maurice Sendak, Nawaz Sharif,Eunice Kennedy Shriver, W. Eugene Smith, Preston Sturges, Arthur Tedder, Gloria Vanderbilt, Vercingetorix, Gianni Versace, Helmut Werner, Helen Wills,Aldolph Zukor Archive Photos/Reuters: Helen Thomas, Alfred Eisen- staedt Jerry Baur: Ngaio Marsh, Walker Percy, Jean Rhys Les Brown Enterprises, Inc.: Les Brown Country Music Foundation, Inc.: Jimmie Rodgers Steve Dipaola 1998/Nike, Inc.: Phil Knight Fisk University Library: Elijah McCoy General Electric: Jack Welch The Granger Collection, New York: Jan Matzeliger Henry Grossman: Isaac Stern HarperCollins Publishers Inc.: Shel Silverstein Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis: Derek Jacobi, Paul Poiret, Mary Quant International Portrait Gallery: Richard Hughes The Kobal Collection: Lon Chaney, Douglas Fairbanks, Jean-Luc Godard, Mae West Library of Congress: Clarence Birdseye, Herman Hol- lerith, Belva Lockwood, Alice Paul, Mary Pickford Hugh Lofting, Literary Estate of: Hugh Lofting Macmillan Children’s Books Group: Marguerite Henry Netscape Communications: Marc Andreessen Penske Motorsports, Inc.: Roger Penske Queens Library, Long Island Division: Lewis Latimer Ken Settle: Stevie Wonder Transcendental Graphics: Ted Williams ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi UPI/Corbis-Bettmann: Robert Ballard, Rosa Bonheur, Adolphus Busch, Maureen Connolly, Alice Evans, Al- fred Fuller, Barron Hilton, Maggie Kuhn, Suzanne Lenglen, Candy Lightner, Bill Pickett, Ethel Andrus, Vin- cent Bendix, William Bernbach, Harold Courlander, Charles Dow, H.J. Heinz, Konosuke Matsushita, Conde Nast, Maurice Richard, Walter Short, Cornelia Otis Skin- ner, Carl Spaatz, Ed Sullivan, Stella Walsh, Pat Weaver, Edward Weston, Ryan White USHMM Photo Archives: Albert Speer Carl Van Vechten, the Estate of: Mahalia Jackson xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY The following people, appearing in volumes 1-18 of the Encyclopedia of World Biography, have died since the publication of the second edition and its volume 18 supplement. Each entry lists the volume where the full biography can be found. ABZUG, BELLA (born 1920), liberal lawyer and uncon- ventional politician, who worked energetically for civil and women’s rights and served three terms as a mem- ber of the U.S. Congress, died of complications follow- ing heart surgery at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Cen- ter in New York, New York, March 31, 1998 (Vol. 1). BLACKMUN, HARRY (born 1908), U.S. Supreme Court justice who became a passionate defender of the right to abortion, died of complications following hip re- placement surgery in Arlington, Virginia, March 4, 1999 (Vol. 2). BRADLEY, TOM (born 1917), first African American mayor of Los Angeles, who won election five times and served a record 20 years in office, died of a heart attack at Kaiser Permanente West Los Angeles Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, September 29, 1998 (Vol. 2). CARMICHAEL, STOKELY (born 1941), American civil rights activist who stood at the forefront of the Black Power movement of the 1960s, died of cancer in Conakry, Guinea, November 15, 1998 (Vol. 3). DIMAGGIO, JOE (born 1914), American baseball star whose 56-game hitting streak with the New York Yan- kees in 1941 made him an indelible American folk hero, died of lung cancer at his home in Hollywood, Florida, March 8, 1999 (Vol. 5). HUGHES, TED (born 1930), eminent British poet who led a resurgence of English poetic innovation and was named poet laureate in 1985, died of cancer at his home in North Tawton, England, October 28, 1998 (Vol. 8). HUSSEIN IBN TALAL (born 1935), third ruler of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, was the longest-ruling monarch of his time and one of the most skillful politi- cians of the second half of the 20th century, died of cancer in Amman, Jordan, February 7, 1999 (Vol 8). KUBRICK, STANLEY (born 1928), American film direc- tor who won acclaim for films he directed during the 1950s, but was best known for his later work including Dr. Strangelove, 2001: A Space Odyssey, and A Clock- work Orange, died at his home in Hertfordshire, Eng- land, March 7, 1999 (Vol 18). KUROSAWA, AKIRA (born 1910), Japanese film direc- tor who was noted for his visually arresting and intel- lectually adventurous evocations of Japan’s mythic past and agonized present, died of a stroke at his home in Tokyo, Japan, September 5, 1998 (Vol. 9). MARTIN, WILLIAM McCHESNEY, JR. (born 1906), American business executive and federal government official, directed major financial institutions and played a prominent role in shaping national economic policy in the 1950s and 1960s, died of respiratory failure at his home in Washington, DC, July 27, 1998 (Vol. 10). MURDOCH, IRIS (born 1919), British novelist and philosopher, whose works portrayed characters with warped and dreamlike perceptions of reality, died at a nursing home in Oxford, England, February 8, 1999 (Vol. 11). POWELL, LEWIS F., JR. (born 1907), U.S. Supreme Court justice who led the moderate center faction dur- OBITUARIES xiii [...]... Research, 199 6 Business Week, April 13, 199 8 CS Alumni News, Winter 199 4 Fortune, December 9, 199 6 Los Angeles Times, October 28, 199 6 Nation’s Business, January 199 6 People Weekly, September 11, 199 5 San Francisco Chronicle, January 26, 199 9 Time, February 19, 199 6; December 7, 199 8 USA Today October 23, 199 8 VeriSign, Digital ID Hall of Fame, 199 7 Washington Post, March 25, 199 7 E-Media August 14, 199 5... Carnes, Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement Eight, 196 6 -197 0, American Council of Learned Societies, 198 8 Fortune, April 5, 199 3, p 112 New York Times, February 7, 196 7, p 39 Newsweek, February 20, 196 7 Time, February 17, 196 7, p 90; February 20, 196 7, p 73 U.S News and World Report, March 25, 198 5, p 61 ‘‘The Story of L.L Bean,’’ Welcome to L.L Bean, http://www llbean.org (March 8, 199 9) Ⅺ turist,... changed the nature of U.S advertising Further Reading Advertising Age, October 11, 198 2, p 80; August 11, 198 6 Forbes, June 20, 198 3 Independent, June 1, 199 8 Encyclopedia Britannica Online, http://members.eb.com (February 22, 199 9) William Bernbach, http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/ϳhyeong/adman html (February 19, 199 9) Ⅺ John Berryman The life of John Berryman (191 4 197 2) is at the center of his poetry Dealing... died of leuke- ZHIVKOV, TODOR (born 191 1), the Communist ruler of Bulgaria from 195 4 until his ouster in 198 9, died of complications following a respiratory infection at a hospital in Sofia, Bulgaria, August 5, 199 8 (Vol 16) A Moshood Abiola The political turmoil endured by the citizens of Nigeria during the final decades of the twentieth century was led by a varied group of individuals One of the... Another of Beerbohm’s literary parodies was published in 194 6 and mocked the style of Henry James The Mote in the Middle Distance offers up ‘‘James’s convoluted syntax within a trivial context,’’ explained Cleary in the Dictionary of Literary Biography, as ‘‘Jamesian children lengthily consider the moral ramifications of peeking in Christmas stockings.’’ ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY in a revival of Peer... Novelists, 1890 -192 9: Traditionalists, edited by Thomas F Staley, Gale Research, 198 4 Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 100: Modern British Essayists, edited by William Blissett, Gale Research, 199 0 Spectator, October 25, 199 7 Ⅺ Vincent Bendix An Eminent Retirement The Beerbohms returned to England in 191 5 on account of World War I, but were back in Rapallo by 191 9 That same year, another book of fiction,... of the 192 0s through Hollywood’s bountiful years of the 193 0s and 194 0s His talent for scoring both movies and Broadway musicals placed him among the finest composers and arrangers of the time His works on Broadway continued even after his move to the West Coast They include Life Begins at 8:40 (193 4), Hooray for What? (193 7), Bloomer Girl (194 4), St Louis Woman (194 6), Saratoga (195 9), and House of. .. of deputy chief accountant at Lagos University Teaching Hospital from 196 5 to 196 7, and comptroller of Pfizer Products, Ltd between 196 7 and 196 9 In 196 9, he became the comptroller of International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), Nigeria, Ltd., and rapidly rose to become vice president for ITT’s Africa and Middle East branch He was also chairman and chief executive officer of ITT Nigeria, Ltd from 197 2... he died on May 20, 195 6 in Rapallo His ashes lie in an urn at London’s St Paul’s Cathedral The most recent collection of his art, Max Beerbohm’s Caricatures, was published in 199 7 Further Reading Behrman, S N Portrait of Max: An Intimate Memoir of Sir Max Beerbohm, Random House, 196 0 Cyclopedia of World Authors, edited by Frank N Magill, Salem Press, 199 7 Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 34:... January 6, 199 7, p D3 Newsday, February 5, 199 8, p A8 New York Times, December 28, 198 2 p C1; September 10, 198 5, pp A1, C3 Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN), July 31, 199 7, p 1A U.S News and World Report, September 23, 198 5, p 9 Washington Post, August 31, 198 2, p B1 ‘ Biography: Dr Robert Ballard,’’ National Geographic web site, http://www.nationageographic.com (July 12, 199 8) Ⅺ BAUER Volume 19 Bauer . 19 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY SUPPLEMENT EWB SUP htptp 8/4/03 3:17 PM Page 1 A Z SUPPLEMENT ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 19 EWB SUP. Estate of: Mahalia Jackson xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY The following people, appearing in volumes 1-18 of the Encyclopedia of World Biography, have