'i } If: -C? -tjl 'A CHUYEN DICH DAI TlT NHAN XUNG NGOI THLT HAI HAN - VIET it{ 51 NGUYEN NGOC LONG '*' T rong giao tiep ngdn ngii, cac chii the tham gia giao tiep se phai xung (tu gpi ten mmh) va hd (ggi ten ngudi khae). Cd the ndi, xung hd hay xung ggi ludn didn ra d tat ca hoat ddng giao tiep bang ngdn ngir va dugc chia theo ngdi. Thudng thi ngdi giao tiep dugc phan dinh nhu sau: Ngdi thii nha't chi ngudi ndi (Tuxung), ngdi thii hai chi ngudi nghe (Dd'i ximg) va khdng thudc ngudi ndi, ngudi nghe la ngdi thii ba (Tha xung). Trong tieng Han hien dai, ngoai each xung hd tren cdn cd nhirng tir nhSn xung khae, nhung ciing ddng vai trd quan trgng va mang lai hieu qua khdng nhd trong giao tiep xung hd. Dd la bdng xifng (phiem chi) thdng xifng (bao gom tu xung, dd'i xung hoac ca tha xung), phiic ximg (phuc chi nhting danh, dai tir da ndi d tren) 1. Cac each ximg ho trong ngdn ngiir Han: TIf xirng: 4i ' ^'fl'l ' "ii ' "S'fn mi' M Bdng ximg: ^^]A. ' A^ ' A-fe ' Thd'ng ximg: ^'^ ' XikJl Ddi xung: ^^. Tha xUng: -fe Phiic xung: i] £> ' i] ^ ' l]^;L Vi du: 'J^^^^'K ° {i!i- dd'i ximg, ^ tuxung) Em thdn yeu hdy bay ciing anh, xuyen qua nhihig cdnh rifng de ngdm nhin khe sudi nho. A !i- Hi - y^ 'J^ •€ 4 ' i^^i'k^ •^ ° {4'i tu ximg, ilk tha xung) Ta nguyen ldm con citu nho, ludn d ben cd dy. i^-^^^i^)i ^m^.{itthaxung) Anh diy nhd't dinh se tdi khu rdng Bgch Hoa ndy. flbl"^ ° (A ^ bdng xung, ^ tuxUng) Quy nii: nhd ngudi ta cd hoa deo, cha minh tien it khdng mua noi. A^^t%]An^ ° (i h dd'i xung, ^ bdng ximg ^ tu xung, Ij £> phiic xUng) Vi ngdy mai em se Id cd ddu ciia ngudi khde, anh cdn kim che long minh. '*'CN. DaihocHaNdi. 53 TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (92) - 2009 NGUYEN NGQC LONG {^'ikJL thd'ng xung) Mdi khi ai dd co thu tinh, moi ngudi ciing tranh nhau doc. 2. Cach ximg ho tieng Han va tieng Viet Tir xung hd trong tieng Han va tieng Viet vl CO ban cd diem tuang ddng, nhung cung cd nhilu net khae biet mang dac thu rieng cua hai dan tgc. Ldp tiir xung hd tieng Viet rat phong phii, chi tiet, mang sde thai bieu cam cao, sir dung vd ciing linh hoat, dem lai hieu qua nha't dinh trong giao tiep, song cting kha phiic tap. Ngugc lai, ttr xung hd tieng Han hien dai da trai qua qua trinh gian hoa, vdi ba ngdi ^ wo. Or- ni, -fe ta, mang tinh khai quat va triu tugng hon. Diiu nay mang den nhirng trd ngai khdng nhd cho nhiing hoat ddng lien ngdn ngir van hda giiia hai dan tdc, trong dd cd viec chuyen dich ldp tir xung hd Han - Viet. Day se la chieu hudng chuyen dich ttr Idi ndi trim tugng, khdng chi tiet, trung tinh sang phong each chi tiet, uy6n chuyin, tinh te va het sii'c linh hoat. Ldp ttr xung hd trong bat ky ngdn ngir nao cung chia thanh hai nhanh, mdt de xung ggi trong cac quan he than tdc, nhiing tu nay, gan nhu khdng cd bien the, dugc xae lap ttr md'i quan he huyet thd'ng rat rd rang, khi chuyin dich kha don gian nhu trong tieng Han, tieng Viet va tieng Anh: ^^: dng, grandfather; iT^-kVj: bd, grandmother; ^^: bd, father; i^i^: me, mother; -^ -^: anh trai, brother; MM: chi gdi, sister; ^ ^ : em trai, younger brother, i^i^: em gdi, younger sister; ^Jl^Ji: chii, uncle; Hii: cd, aunt; % % : cdu, uncle; ^ i^: bde uncle: ^'V-^: chdu, grandson, v.v Nhanh cdn lai la tap hgp cua ttr xung hd sir dung trong giao tie'p giii'a nhiing md'i quan he phi than tdc. Nhanh nhiing ttr xung hd nay trong tieng Han hien dai khdng chi tiet, phiic tap nhu tieng Viet. Tuy nhien, khi chuyen dich sang tieng Viet, lai gap rat nhieu trd ngai. Nhirng trd ngai trong qua trinh chuyin dich Idp tu xung hd chi cac md'i quan he phi than tgc ttr tieng Han sang tieng Viet, xua't phat chinh tu dac thti ciia hai ngdn ngtr ma cu thi la dac diem ciia he thd'ng ttr xung hd nhanh hai. Mgt ben la sir dung dai ttr nhan xung mang y nghia trung tinh khdng phan biet dia vi, tuoi tac, sang hen, tdn khinh Mgt ben la mugn he thd'ng ttr xung hd nhanh mdt, chl quan he than tdc mang sde thai bieu cam cao dl xung ggi nhiing thanh vien tham gia giao tie'p khdng hi cd quan he huyet thd'ng. Bai viet nay chi de cap den each thiirc chuyen dich Han - Viet vl dai ttr nhan xung ngdi thii hai trong hoat ddng giao tiep giira cac md'i quan he phi than tgc. Mang ten ggi la dai ttr nhan xung ngdi thii hai, song, trong cac hoat ddng giao tiep ngdn ngir, ngdi thti hai de hd ggi thudng xua't hien trudc ngdi thii nha't. Ddng thdi cung la khach the mang tinh dd'i lap tuyet dd'i va quan trgng dd'i vdi ngdi thii nha't, chu thi ciia hoat ddng giao tie'p. Viec chuyen dich nhdm dai tu nhan xung ngdi thiir hai tieng Han sang tieng Viet cung phiic tap nhat. Boi cd qua nhilu tuong duong de lira chgn khi chuyen dich, ttiy theo ttrng canh hudng giao tie'p cu thi. 54 CHUYEN DICH DAI TlT NHAN XUNG NGOI THlT HAI HAN - VIET Vi du: itil^40-ft4 ' A-^^l^tltfj o 1. Thdy hay tin d em, em se he't siic CO gang. 2. Cd hay tin d em, em se he't sire CO gang. 3. Bd hay tin d con, con se het sire CO gang. 4. Me hay tin d con, con se he't siic CO gang. 5. Thu trudng hay tin d tdi, tdi se he't siic cd gang. 6. Anh hay tin d em, em se he't siic cd gang. 7. Em hay tin 6 anh, anh se het siic cd' gang. 8. Ong hay tin d chau, chau .se he't sure cd gdng. 9. Bd hay tin d chau, chau se het sure cd gdng. 10. Bde hay tin d chau, chau se het siic cd gdng. 11. Chu hay tin d chau, chau se he't siic cd gdng. 12. Cd hay tin d chau, chau se he't sure cd gdng. 13. Bgn hay tin d tdi, tdi se he't siic cd' gang. 14. Cdu hay tin d minh, minh se he't sii'c cd gdng. 15. Mdy hay tin d tao, tao se he't siic CO gang. Dai tir -f.^ ni cua tieng Han d vi du tren cd the cd ft nha't 15 dia ttr tuong duong trong tieng Viet ttiy thudc vao hoan canh, tuoi tac, dia vi, gidi tinh cua cac vai giao tie'p. Va duong nhien, cung keo theo su thay doi ve viec xae lap cac quan he ddi lap ciia cac ttr nhan xung chi ngdi thiir nha't {tlidy - em, bd - con, anh - em, chit - chdu, mdy- tao: ) id '^. ngai th^y co bo me thu anh em ong ba bac chu ban cSu may trucmg 3. Van de chuyen djch Han - Viet Tinh phiic tap vl viec chuyin dich Han - Viet cac dai tir nhan xung ngdi thii hai khdng chi d ehd cd tdi 15 tucmg duong de lira chgn cho mdi tinh hudng ma thuc te cd tren 15 kha nang hay phien ban de xem xet. Bdi tinh chi tiet hda, bieu cam cao trong phong each xung hd tieng Viet, nd dugc thi hien d nhung cap ttr xung hd dd'i xiing. Khi dich sir dung cap ngdi - tdi, anh - tdi, em - tdi. bgn - ldi, thii trifdng - tdi, cdu - tdi, se cd sde thai bilu cam khae so vdi viec dich thanh ngdi - em, anh - em, em - anh, bgn - id (minh), thit trifdng - em, cdu - minh (id) va cang khae xa vdi each dich la mdy - tao. Ngay nay, ngudi Han dting chu yeu hai dai ttr nhan xung i^ (thdng xung), Ht- (kinh ximg) dl hd ggi trong giao tie'p. Viec sir dung dai ttr nhan xung mang nghla trung tinh trong tieng Han hien dai 55 TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (92) - 2009 NGUYEN NGQC LONG da tranh dugc phiin ha cua hien tugng trting ten hg va dac biet lam cho nhiing cau van trong giao tie'p ngdn ggn ban, tinh te han va cung hien dai hon. Ngudi Trung Qud'c cd thdi quen dung hg dl ggi nhu ?^ ^ 'if {thdy Truong), Fit l^] ^ {ban Nguyin), I-^± {Ong Vuong),^'VM. {cd Ly). Khae vdi ldi sir dung dai tu nhan xung trung tinh i^- ni, f^- nin, each hd ggi nay, ngoai cdng nang khu biet ddi tugng giao tiep, cdn mang sde thai bieu cam nha't dinh, bilu thi sir tdn trgng, lich su va ca gan giii nira. Nhung ne'u trong mdt ldp hgc cd ttr hai hgc sinh mang hg P>t Nguyen tra len thi fitJ^^ {bgn Nguyin) khdng cdn tinh chat khu biet ten ggi cho mdt ca thi niia va ddi khi ciing rdc rdi neu cac thanh vien nay cting tham gia giao tiep. Tuy nhien, ldi hd ggi Hg -I- Chiic danh hoac dia vi xa hdi lai mang lai thuan lgi cho hoat ddng chuyen dich. Ciing nhu xu the phat trien chung CLia ttr xung hd trong tieng Han la di theo hudng khai quat hda, trtru tugng hda va gian hoa, cac dai ttr nhan xung thudc ngdi thii hai trong tieng Han hien dai da * trai qua trinh phat trien, thay doi, chgn Igc tu than rat thii vi. Giai doan dau vdi ba dai ttr /k nhif, fr^ nhi, -^ lif mang y nghla trung tinh hoan toan nhu you trong tieng Anh. Dai ttr nhan xung /p; nhi, )k {-k) nhu, sau nay phat trien thanh ij: ni trong tieng Han hien dai. Vl du: 1. T^#T^3ft ' imfr^J^^MA^'^i {Kinh Thi) Nhd nguoi khdng len nui sdn bdt, tgi sao trudc ciia nhd lgi treo nhieu thit tha rimg nhu vay? 2. i^^^ij.'^, -kf-f^y^'^ ° {Kinh Thi) Mdu xanh, mdu xanh, mdu xanh ndy Id do chinh tay ndng del nen. O VI du 1. ngdi thii hai /'^ mud'n nhae tdi trong tac phdm Kinh Thi la ten chu nd vdi thdi khdng lam ma hudng, cau van mang nang y phe phan. -k nhU chi ngudi vg yeu da'u da qua ddi d vi du thii 2. Trong hai vf du tren, ^s nhi va -k: nhd dugc dich la nhd nguoi va ndng la do da xii If khi chuyen dich sang ldi xung ggi mang sde thai bieu cam ciia tieng Viet. Thuc te, d giai doan nay, hai dai ttr nhan xung ngdi thiir hai iy- va -k hoan toan mang y nghla trung tfnh. Khoang 200 nam sau, vao nhiing nam 400 - 500 TCN (thdi Khong Tu, Ludn ngii) bat ddu co sir phan cdng vl y nghia cung nhu each dung. Ngoai y nghla mang tfnh khai quat nhu ij: ni trong tieng Han hien dai, cac dai ttr trong tieng Han co ^ nhi, ijc {-k) nhif, -^ tif cdn bieu thi nhimg sde thai tinh cam yeu ghet, tdn khinh Ngudi cd dia vi tha'p hon dung ik, ^-, khi chuyen dich sang tieng Viet, thudng dich la nguoi, con hoac nhd ngifoi. Ngudi cd hgc, cd dia vi cao trong xa hdi hon dting ^, thudng dich la Tien sinh, thdy hoac dng. Vf du: 3. #t>g-#^.?i7^ti' '^%$,m ? (Ludn ngii) Ve Qudn tin nhiem, mdi thdy lo qud'c su, thdy seldm gi ddu tien? 4. m-M^^^^^^- "A^trSt .t- ? " (Ludn ngif). 56 CHUYEN DICH DAI TIT NHAN XUNG NGOI THlTHAI HAN - VI$T Nhan Uyen Quy Lip difng hdu, Khdng Tu ndi: "Sao cdc nguoi (con) khdng ndi chi hudng ciia minh ra? " {Td truyen) Nhd nguoi thi biet gi ? Ne'u chi sdng den trung tuoi thi cdi edy tren md nhd ngifoi dd du cd ngudi dm rdi ddy. De'n thdi Mac Tif, Mgnh Tif, Trang Tif, dai tir nhan xung ngdi thii hai ^ tif khdng cdn mang nghia tdn xung nhu f£ nin nua, ma chi cd y nghla trung tinh nhu ^1^- ni trong tieng Han hien dai. Cung vao giai doan nay, ]k, ^ mang sde thai bilu cam tieu cue rd ret, dugc diing vdi thai do coi thudng, khinh miet ke tiiu nhan. Tuy nhien, khi quan he giii'a hai thanh vien giao tie'p than thiet tdi mirc cue diem thi -ik, ^- lai dugc diing dl bieu cam, dugc ggi la "ff.>kSL Niii nhCf giao", y chi ldi giao tie'p than thiet de'n miic tao, mdy "sudng sd". Trong tieng Han hien dai cd ttr ,^^ S] va tieng Viet cd ttr "con did" cung cd each dung tuong tu nhu vay, dting de chi hai thai cue trai ngugc nhau: he't sire cam ghet va cue ky yeu men. Khae vdi tieng Han hien dai, dai ttr nhan xung ngdi thir hai trong tieng Han CO kha phong phii, ngoai ^k, '1^, -?" cdn cd ^ nhuge, ifv nhi, TJ ndi. Cd dieu, ba dai ttr nay chi mang y nghla trung tfnh, cd the diing thay the tuong duong nhu i^~ ni {you) va ij: 6^ ni de {your). Sd lugng dai ttr nhan xung chi ngdi thii hai trong tieng Han co kha ddng, each dting rat linh hoat, y nghla ngir dung cung ludn thay doi theo diln bien xa hdi, khi thi sir dung vdi nghia khai quat, trung tfnh, khi thi mang y nghla bilu cam yeu ghet, tdn khinh Vi vay, khi chuyin dich sang tieng Viet, can xae dinh thdi gian, khdng gian, hoan canh ciia tac gia, tac phdm ngir ngudn, cu thi la tieng Han, hay ndi khae di la trudc khi chuyen dich sang ngdn ngir dfch (tieng Viet), cac dich gia can dich trong ndi bd ngir ngudn (tieng Han). Cac dai ttr nhan xung ngdi thii hai trong ndi bd tieng Han ciing cd khae biet giira tieng Han cd va tieng Han hien dai. Sau qua trinh gian hda, dai tir. nhan xung ngdi thii hai trong tieng chi cdn lai ij; (thdng xung) va /£. (tdn xung). Dai ttr nhan xung sd ft ij: ni dugc phat triin ttr /p nhi trong tieng Han co. Su xuat hien ciia /*. nin ngdi thii hai mang y nghia kinh ximg trong tieng Han hien dai da dugc nhilu nha lich sir ngdn ngir hgc Han quan tam, nghien ciiru. Theo ^^^-frf-, (Nguyen nhdn chgn dgi tif nhdn kinh ximg Ht- nin), dang tren bao Joumal of Zhangjiakou Vocational College of Technology, sd 19 ky 4 thang 12 nam 2006, 1-E: nin la hgp am ciia j.^-fl'l ni men (dai ttr nhan xung ngdi thii hai sd nhieu). Dai ttr i^.ii] ni men dugc dge m6m la nim, sau chuyen thanh nin f£, nim-nin. Vuong Luc, nha nghien ciiru lich sir ngdn ngir Han cho rdng, dai ttr fS nin khi mdi xua't hien d thdi Tdng Nguyen khdng mang y nghla kinh ximg. Vi du: ""l];!./^. ^^ikk."" Ta Id chii re cita ede chdu. i't a day chi cac chau i^^-ii] (you). Xet ttt binh dien ngii am, dng cho rdng M nin la ndi tdt ciia ttr td i^^A^ ni lao renjia (ninlao - nil- nin). Tieng Han cd dac thti. y nghla nhieu khi bat ngudn ttr ban than van tu. Thudng nhirng chir Han cd bd 'C^' tdm §7 TAP CHi HAN NOM SO 1 (92) - 2009 NGUYEN NGQC LONG nhu: ,^- trung, 1^ niem, ^ sdu, ^,t- ddc, ^ edm, & tu diu bilu thi sac thai tinh cam. Phan tfch ttr bd cue chir j!t- nin cho ta y nghia lien tudng de'n bilu thi sir kinh trgng, tdn thd. Tren bd tdm cd chii -f.lr ni ('C^Ji^'f,^ ldm thugng hiTii nhi). Sau nay, cung vdi sir phat triin cua xa hdi, iiy. ni, i!t nin cd su khu biet vl nghla ngir dung, 'f.l^ (thdng ximg) chi ngdi thii hai sd it, mang y nghia trung tfnh cao. i!t- (kinh ximg) dung cho ca so nhilu va sd ft. Hien tugng dai ttr nhan xung sd nhieu hay kem theo nghia tdn ximg cd d nhilu ngdn ngir. Trong tieng Anh CO dai ttr thou (i^) luc ddu khdng mang y nghia kinh xifng, sau nay xuat hien you, ye (/^.), sau dd thou dan dan ft dung cho de'n the ky XVIII thi hoan toan khdng sir dung nira. Khdng cdn thou mang y nghla dd'i lap, you cung khdng cdn nghia {kinh xifng) ma dting vdi y nghla khai quat, trung tinh hoan toan. Tdm lai, Iy giai y nghia ngi bd ban than ngir ngudn (tieng Han) thuc su cd y nghia cho qua trinh chuyin dich Han - Viet. Cd dieu, qua trinh phat triin, sir bien doi cua tu than cac dai ttr nhan xung tieng Han thii vi bao nhieu thi viec tim cac tuong duong trong ngii dfch de chuyin dich lai phiic tap bay nhieu. Tam If ciing nhu chien lugc trong giao tie'p d bat ky ngdn ngii nao ciing deu phiic tap. Ldi xung hd rat chi tiet, bieu cam cua tieng Viet chuyin tai dugc dieu nay, dac biet d ngdi thii hai. Ngugc lai tieng Han hien dai vdi ldi xung hd mang tfnh khai quat, sir dung dai ttr ij:, it Tat ca cac trang thai tam If, tinh cam ciia cac thanh vien tham gia giao tie'p trong cac md'i quan he chdng chit ciia xa hdi diu gdi ggn trong hai ttr i^., it Khi chuyen djch se dugc cac dich gia ma hda, chi tiet hda dl ddc gia ngdn ngii dfch (tieng Viet) cd thi cam nhan dugc y nghla ngii dung ma ban than ngii nguon mudn chuyen tai thdng qua cac ttr xung hd. N.N.L Tai lieu tham khko chinh 1. Nguyin Tai Cdn: Mgt so vdn de ve ngdn ngii hgc Viet Nam, Nxb. Dai hpc & THCN, 1981. 2. Nguyin Hdng Cdn: Co sd ngon ngU hgc ciia nghien cdu dich thudt vd bg mon dich thudt hgc, Ngdn ngif, sd 8, 2004. 3. Nguyin Van Khang: Tieng Hdn dViel Nam vdi tu each Id mgt ngogi ngit, Tap chf Ngon nga, so 1,1999. 4. Le Dinh Khdn: Tit viflig gdc Hdn trong tieng Viet hien dgi, Nxb. Dai hpc quo'c gia Tp. Hd Chf Minh, 2002. 5. Nguyin Ngpc San: Anh hudng cUa tieng Hdn vdo tieng Viet, trong Nghien citu vd dgy hgc lieng Hdn (Ki yS'u Hpi thao khoa hpc qud'c te), 2006, U.263-281. 6. F$ia^: {^m^^^it^my, x ^#r: Ji^lr^hif #lf it ;jg.?i. 2000. 7. f,f.®i^: {^^^%itX^-} , itt^: ^hi|-#t#^*^% tb;&^i. 1984./. 58 . Viet. Thuc te, d giai doan nay, hai dai ttr nhan xung ngdi thiir hai iy- va -k hoan toan mang y nghla trung tfnh. Khoang 200 nam sau, vao nhiing nam. mang sde thai bilu cam tieu cue rd ret, dugc diing vdi thai do coi thudng, khinh miet ke tiiu nhan. Tuy nhien, khi quan he giii'a hai thanh