NATURAL HISTORY OF THE MAMMALIA OF INDIA AND CEYLON. BY ROBERT A. STERNDALE, F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., &c., AUTHOR OF "THE DENIZENS OF THE JUNGLE;" "THE AFGHAN KNIFE;" "SEONEE, OR CAMP LIFE IN THE SATPURA RANGE," ETC. WITH 170 ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR, T. W. WOOD, AND OTHERS. CALCUTTA: THACKER, SPINK, AND CO. BOMBAY: THACKER AND CO., LIMITED. LONDON: W. THACKER AND CO. 1884. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. THIS POPULAR HISTORY OF OUR INDIAN MAMMALS IS Respectfully Dedicated (BY PERMISSION) TO ONE WHO TAKES A DEEP INTEREST IN ALL THAT CONCERNS OUR EASTERN EMPIRE, THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF NORTHBROOK, G.C.S.I., LATE GOVERNOR-GENERAL AND VICEROY OF INDIA. PREFACE. This work is designed to meet an existing want, viz.: a popular manual of Indian Mammalia. At present the only work of the kind is one which treats exclusively of the Peninsula of India, and which consequently omits the more interesting types found in Assam, Burmah, and Ceylon, as well as the countries bordering the British Indian Empire on the North. The geographical limits of the present work have been extended to all territories likely to be reached by the sportsman from India, thus greatly enlarging the field of its usefulness. The stiff formality of the compiled "Natural Histories" has been discarded, and the Author has endeavoured to present, in interesting conversational and often anecdotal style, the results of experience by himself and his personal friends; at the same time freely availing himself of all the known authorities upon the subject. CONTENTS. NO. INTRODUCTION ORDER BIMANA ORDER QUADRUMANA Genus Hylobates—The Gibbons— 1. Hylobates hooluck (White-fronted Gibbon) 2. Hylobates lar (White-handed Gibbon) 3. Hylobates syndactylus (Siamang) Genus Presbytes—Cuvier's Genus Semnopithecus— 4. Semnopithecus vel Presbytes entellus (Bengal Langur) 5. Semnopithecus vel P. schistaceus (Himalayan Langur) 6. Semnopithecus vel P. priamus (Madras Langur) 7. Semnopithecus vel P. Johnii (Malabar Langur) 8. Semnopithecus vel P. jubatus (Nilgheri Langur) 9. Semnopithecus vel P. pileatus (Capped Langur) 10. Semnopithecus vel P. Barbei (Tipperah Langur) 11. Semnopithecus vel P. Phayrei (Silvery-Leaf Monkey) 12. Semnopithecus vel P. obscurus (Dusky-Leaf Monkey) 13. Semnopithecus vel P. cephalopterus (Ceylon Langur) 14. Semnopithecus vel P. ursinus (Great Wanderu) 15. Semnopithecus vel P. thersites 16. Semnopithecus vel P. albinus (White Langur) SUB-FAMILY PAPIONINÆ Genus Inuus— 17. Inuus vel Macacus silenus (Lion Monkey) 18. Inuus vel M. rhesus (Bengal Monkey) 19. Inuus vel M. pelops (Hill Monkey) 20. Inuus vel M. nemestrinus (Pig-tailed Monkey) 21. Inuus vel M. leoninus (Long-haired Pig-tailed Monkey) 22. Inuus vel M. arctoides (Brown Stump-tailed Monkey) 23. Inuus vel M. Thibetanus (Thibetan Stump-tailed Monkey) Genus Macacus— 24. Macacus radiatus (Madras Monkey) 25. Macacus pileatus (Capped Monkey) 26. Macacus cynomolgus (Crab-eating Macacque) 27. Macacus carbonarius (Black-faced Crab-eating Monkey) FAMILY LEMURIDÆ Genus Nycticebus— 28. Nycticebus tardigradus (Slow-paced Lemur) Genus Loris— 29. Loris gracilis (Slender Lemur) SUB-ORDER PLEUROPTERA—FAMILY GALÆOPITHECIDÆ Genus Galæopithecus— 30. Galæopithecus volans (Flying Lemur) ORDER CARNARIA CHEIROPTERA MEGACHIROPTERA—SUB-FAMILY PTEROPODIDÆ Genus Pteropus— 31. Pteropus Edwardsii vel medius (Common Flying Fox) 32. Pteropus Leschenaultii (Cynonycteris amplexicaudata) (Fulvous Fox-Bat) Genus Cynopterus— 33. Cynopterus marginatus (Small Fox-Bat) 34. Macroglossus (Pteropus) minimus (Tenasserim Fox-Bat) Genus Eonycteris— 35. Eonycteris spelæa MICROCHIROPTERA—SUB-FAMILY VAMPYRIDÆ Genus Megaderma— 36. Megaderma lyra (Large-eared Vampire Bat) 37. Megaderma spectrum (Cashmere Vampire) 38. Megaderma spasma RHINOLOPHINÆ Genus Rhinolophus— 39. Rhinolophus perniger vel luctus (Large Leaf-Bat) 40. Rhinolophus mitratus (Mitred Leaf-Bat) 41. Rhinolophus tragatus vel ferrum-equinum (Dark-brown Leaf-Bat) 42. Rhinolophus Pearsonii (Pearson's Leaf-Bat) 43. Rhinolophus affinis (Allied Leaf-Bat) 44. Rhinolophus rouxi (Rufous Leaf-Bat) 45. Rhinolophus macrotis (Large-eared Leaf-Bat) 46. Rhinolophus sub-badius (Bay Leaf-Bat) 47. Rhinolophus rammanika 48. Rhinolophus Andamanensis 49. Rhinolophus minor 50. Rhinolophus coelophyllus 51. Rhinolophus Garoensis 52. Rhinolophus Petersii 53. Rhinolophus trifoliatus Genus Hipposideros vel Phyllorhina— 54. Hipposideros armiger (Large Horse-shoe Bat) 55. Hipposideros speoris (Indian Horse-shoe Bat) 56. Hipposideros murinus (Little Horse-shoe Bat) 57. Hipposideros cineraceus (Ashy Horse-shoe Bat) 58. Hipposideros larvatus 59. Hipposideros vulgaris (Common Malayan Horse-shoe Bat) 60. Hipposideros Blythii 61. Phyllorhina diadema 62. Phyllorhina Masoni 63. Phyllorhina Nicobarensis 64. Phyllorhina armigera 65. Phyllorhina leptophylla 66. Phyllorhina galerita 67. Phyllorhina bicolor Genus Coelops— 68. Coelops Frithii (Frith's Tailless Bat) Genus Rhinopoma— 69. Rhinopoma Hardwickii (Hardwick's Long-tailed Leaf-Bat) SUB-FAMILY NOCTILIONIDÆ Genus Taphozous— 70. Taphozous longimanus (Long-armed Bat) 71. Taphozous melanopogon (Black-bearded Bat) 72. Taphozous saccolaimus (White-bellied Bat) 73. Taphozous Theobaldi 74. Taphozous Kachhensis Genus Nyctinomus— 75. Nyctinomus plicatus (Wrinkle-lipped Bat) 76. Nyctinomus tragatus SUB-FAMILY VESPERTILIONIDÆ Genus Plecotus— 77. Plecotus auritus vel homochrous Genus Vesperugo— 78. Vesperugo noctula 79. Vesperugo leucotis 80. Vesperugo maurus 81. Vesperugo affinis 82. Vesperugo pachyotis 83. Vesperugo atratus 84. Vesperugo Tickelli 85. Vesperugo pachypus 86. Vesperugo annectans 87. Vesperugo dormeri 88. (Vesperugo) Scotophilus serotinus (Silky Bat) 89. (Vesperugo) Scotophilus Leisleri (Hairy-armed Bat) Scotophilus pachyomus 90. (Vesperugo) Scotophilus Coromandelianus (Coromandel Bat) 91. (Vesperugo) Scotophilus lobatus (Lobe-eared Bat) Genus Scotophilus— 92. Scotophilus fuliginosus (Smoky Bat) 93. Scotophilus Temminckii 94. Scotophilus Heathii 95. Scotophilus emarginatus 96. Scotophilus ornatus 97. Scotophilus pallidus Noctulinia noctula Nycticejus Heathii (Large Yellow Bat) Nycticejus luteus (Bengal Yellow Bat) Nycticejus Temminckii (Common Yellow Bat) Nycticejus castaneus (Chestnut Bat) Nycticejus atratus (Sombre Bat) Nycticejus canus (Hoary Bat) Nycticejus ornatus (Harlequin Bat) 98. Nycticejus nivicolus (Alpine Bat) Genus Harpiocephalus— 99. Harpiocephalus harpia 100. Harpiocephalus (Murina) suillus (The Pig-Bat) 101. Harpiocephalus auratus 102. Harpiocephalus griseus 103. Harpiocephalus leucogaster 104. Harpiocephalus cyclotis Genus Kerivoula— 105. Kerivoula picta (Painted Bat) Kerivoula pallida 106. Kerivoula papillosa 107. Kerivoula Hardwickii Genus Vespertilio— 108. Myotis (Vespertilio) murinus 109. Myotis Theobaldi 110. Myotis parvipes 111. Vespertilio longipes 112. Vespertilio mystacinus 113. Vespertilio muricola 114. Vespertilio montivagus 115. Vespertilio murinoides 116. Vespertilio formosus 117. Vespertilio Nepalensis 118. Vespertilio emarginatus Genus Miniopterus— 119. Miniopterus Schreibersii Genus Barbastellus— 120. Barbastellus communis [...]... Rhinoceros) SUB-ORDER ARTIODACTYLA FAMILY SUIDÆ THE HOGS Genus Sus— 433 Sus scrofa (European Wild Boar) 434 Sus Indicus (Indian Boar) 435 Sus Andamanensis (Andaman Island Pig) 436 Sus Moupinensis Genus Porcula— 437 Porcula Salvania (Pigmy Hog of the Saul Forests) RUMINANTIA THE RUMINANTS FAMILY BOVIDÆ—HOLLOW-HORNED RUMINANTS SUB-FAMILY CAPRINÆ—GOATS AND SHEEP Genus Ovis The Sheep— 438 Ovis Polii (Marco Polo's... Skull of Tiger (side view) Felidæ Tendons of Tiger's toe Felidæ Auditory apparatus of Tiger (section) Felidæ Felis leo (Indian variety) 200 Head of Tiger 201 Tiger's skull (under part) 201 Felis panthera (From a fine specimen in the Regent's Park Gardens) 203 Felis uncia 204 Felis Diardii 205 Skull of Felis viverrina 206 Felis marmorata 207 Felis aurata 210 Felis caracal 218 Felis jubata 219 Skull of. .. Tigris Frontispiece Skull of Hylobates hooluck 1 Hylobates lar; Hylobates hooluck 2 Presbytes entellus 4 Presbytes thersites 15 Macacus silenus 17 Macacus rhesus 18 Macacus nemestrinus 20 Macacus radiatus and Macacus pileatus 24 Macacus cynomolgus 26 Loris gracilis and Nycticebus tardigradus 28 Galæopithecus volans 30 Sternum of Pteropus Cheiroptera The Flying Fox at Home 31 Head of Pteropus medius 31... HYSTRICIDÆ THE PORCUPINES SUB-FAMILY HYSTRICINÆ THE TRUE PORCUPINES Genus Atherura The Long-tailed Porcupine— 402 Atherura fasciculata (Brush-tailed Porcupine) Genus Hystrix The Porcupine— 403 Hystrix leucura (White-tailed Indian Porcupine) 404 Hystrix Bengalensis (Bengal Porcupine) 405 Hystrix (Acanthion) longicauda (Crestless Porcupine) 406 Hystrix Yunnanensis SUB-ORDER DUPLICIDENTATA—DOUBLE-TOOTHED RODENTS... Rafflesii 162 Dentition of Tiger and Indian Black Bear Carnivora Dentition of Bear Ursidæ Skull of Bear (under view) Ursidæ Ursus Isabellinus 163 Ursus Tibetanus 164 Ursus Malayanus 166 Ursus labiatus 167 Ailuropus melanoleucos 168 Ailurus fulgens 169 Arctonyx collaris 170 Mellivora Indica 174 Skull of Putorius Mustelidæ Martes abietum 178 Mustela Genus Mustela Otter's skull (side and under view) Lutridæ... Phocæna The Porpoises Genus Globicephalus The Ca'ing or Pilot Whale— 269 Globicephalus Indicus (Indian Ca'ing Whale) PHYSETERIDÆ THE CACHELOTS OR SPERM WHALES Genus Euphysetes— 270 Physeter or Euphysetes simus (Snub-nosed Cachelot) MYSTICETE—WHALEBONE OR BALEEN WHALES Genus Balæna The Right Whales Genus Balænoptera—Finback Whales or Rorquals— 271 Balænoptera Indica (Indian Rorqual) SIRENIA THE MANATEES... Rorquals— 271 Balænoptera Indica (Indian Rorqual) SIRENIA THE MANATEES Genus Halicore The Dugong— 272 Halicore dugong (Dugong) ORDER RODENTIA THE GNAWERS SUB-ORDER SIMPLICIDENTATA—SIMPLE-TOOTHED RODENTS SCIUROMORPHA SCIURIDÆ THE SQUIRRELS Genus Sciurus— 273 Sciurus Indicus (Bombay Squirrel of Pennant) 274 Sciurus maximus (Central Indian Red Squirrel) 275 Sciurus macrourus (Long-tailed Forest Squirrel) 276 Sciurus... Phyllorhina armigera (male and female) 64 Skull of Rhinopoma 69 Plecotus auritus 77 Vesperugo noctula 78 Vesperugo Leisleri 89 Scotophilus Temminckii 93 Skull of Harpiocephalus harpia 99 Vespertilio murinus 108 Vespertilio formosus 116 Synotus barbastellus Genus Barbastellus Dentition of Shrew (magnified) Genus Sorex Dentition of Hedgehog Family Erinaceidæ Hedgehog Genus Erinaceus Dentition of Tupaia 158 Tupaia... 250 Vulpes Bengalensis (Indian Fox) 251 Vulpes leucopus (Desert Fox) 252 Vulpes ferrilatus (Thibetan Grey Fox) 253 Vulpes montanus (Hill Fox) 254 Vulpes pusillus (Punjab Fox) 255 Vulpes flavescens (Persian Fox) 256 Vulpes Griffithii (Afghanistan Fox) MARINE CARNIVORA ORDER CETACEA THE WHALES Denticete The Toothed Whales FAMILY DELPHINIDÆ THE DOLPHINS OR PORPOISES Genus Platanista The River Dolphins— 257... Aonyx leptonyx (Clawless Otter) ÆLUROIDEA FELIDÆ THE CAT FAMILY Genus Felis— 200 Felis leo (Lion) 201 Felis tigris (Tiger) THE PARDS OR PANTHERS 202 Felis pardus (Pard) 203 Felis panthera (Panther) 204 Felis uncia (Ounce or Snow Panther) 205 Felis Diardii vel macrocelis (Clouded Panther) 206 Felis viverrina (Large Tiger-Cat) 207 Felis marmorata (Marbled Tiger-Cat) 208 Felis Bengalensis (Leopard-Cat) 209 . NATURAL HISTORY OF THE MAMMALIA OF INDIA AND CEYLON. BY ROBERT A. STERNDALE, F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., &c., AUTHOR OF " ;THE DENIZENS OF THE. manual of Indian Mammalia. At present the only work of the kind is one which treats exclusively of the Peninsula of India, and which consequently omits the