a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 4 ppsx
a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 4 ppsx
... of cards to the campus IBMmainframe. Among its most famous applications was as a controller forthe Tech Model Railroad Club’s layout.57Clearly the economics of mainframe computer usage, as ... RCA, GeneralElectric, and NCR. (AT&T also manufactured computers, but as a regulated monopoly its figures are not comparable here.)2With the partial exception of Control Data, all the above ... on modern personal computers, than like the archival storage style of mainframetape drives.66The physical packaging of the PDP-8, a factor that mattered less forlarge systems, played a key...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 1 docx
... stated it in a form that gave it great force. Von Neumann’sinternational reputation as a mathematician also gave the idea moreclout than it might have had coming solely from Eckert and Mauchly,neither ... that information, and by implication, information-handlingmachines, played. Information or ‘‘intelligence’’ has been a crucialpart of all warfare, but as a means to an end. In the Cold War ... store and retrieve data, managenetworks of communications, process text, generate and manipulateimages and sounds, fly air and space craft, and so on. Deep inside a computer are circuits that do...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 2 pdf
... carried Computing Comes of Age, 1956–19 64 71quality of ‘‘random access’’: that any piece of data was as accessible asany other, in contrast to the sequential retrieval of a datum from a deck of ... penetration of computing two decades later, inthe form of automatic teller machines, bar-coded products scanned atsupermarket and retail check-out stations, and massive financial andpersonal databases ... end of a word set by a variety of means. The 140 1 used an extra bit appended toeach coded character to indicate whether or not it was the last one of a word; the 702 used a a special character...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 3 doc
... the Navy ordered Grace Murray Hopper to theComputation Lab to assist Howard Aiken with programming it.Hopper had been a professor of mathematics at Vassar College andhad taken leave to attend ... in chapter 7.Sorting DataRegardless of what level of programming language they used, allcommercial and many scientific installations had to contend with anactivity that was intimately related ... same program (with a few minor changes)ran on a UNIVAC II and an RCA 501. Whether COBOL was welldesigned and capable is still a matter of debate, however.Part of COBOL’s ancestry can be traced...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 5 potx
... andeconomical way of using a computer. A key factor was the development of disk storage that offered rapidand direct access to large amounts of data. IBM had pioneered the use of disk storage with RAMAC ... played a crucial role by providing a market. The ‘‘advanced’’ Minuteman was a brand-new missile wrapped around an existing airframe. Autonetics, thedivision of North American Aviation that had ... a single printed circuit board about 15 inches square.This board was larger than what was standard at the time and made for a very compact package.In mid-1971 the company introduced an advanced...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 6 pdf
... from a company that madeoscilloscopes.By 1970 the first of a line of dramatically cheaper and smallercalculators appeared that used integrated circuits.28They were aboutthe size of a paperback ... was writing BASIC for the Altair, Gates was at Harvard. Hedid not have access to an 8080-based system, but he did have access to a PDP-10 at Harvard’s computing center (named after Howard Aiken).He ... projects hadthe impact of the Altair’s announcement. Why? One reason was that itwas designed and promoted as a capable minicomputer, as powerful asthose offered by DEC or Data General. The magazine...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 7 potx
... formal andserious than those on Usenet, although they also had a wide range. Afterabout a decade and a half of parallel operations, all three of thesestreams blended into a community of news, ... A few programs were announced at thesame time: a ‘‘paint’’ (drawing) program, based on work done at Xerox-PARC on a Data General Nova, and a word processor that came close toWYSIWYG. A year ... poor quality software thatwasted more company time than it saved. The ‘‘personal’’ in the PCmeant also that a worker’s choices of software, based on personalsatisfaction, did not always mesh...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 8 pps
... help of others at NCSA, Mosaic was rewritten to run onWindows-based machines and Macintoshes as well as workstations. As a product of a government-funded laboratory, Mosaic was made availablefree ... it took large teams of people to create in thecommercial or academic world.As important as that programming was, just as important was the legalagreement Stallman crafted to guarantee the ... widespreadadoption established a de facto standard for the C programminglanguage—that is, a standard C was defined as a language that theGNU C Compiler understood. And it was free. Ver y free.Stallman’s...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 9 pps
... qualified as ‘‘specifically: a program-mable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data.’’2. Some of the early automatic machines were called ‘‘calculators,’’ as in theHarvard ... only a chip supplier.29. National Museum of American History, calculator collections. A Bowmar waseven mentioned in the hit Broadway play ‘‘Same Time Next Year,’’ which wasabout an accountant’s ... a Space Odyssey, was ‘‘born’’ in Urbana, Illinois. That film was beingmade as the Illiac IV was being built. Arthur C. Clarke, the author of thescreenplay, later claimed that he chose Urbana...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 10 potx
... Corporation, 1 64 Amdahl, Gene, 148 , 156, 249 –250American Management Systems(AMS), 168American Totalisator Company, 26Anderson, Harlan, 127Andreessen, Marc, 303APL (A Programming Language), 233,235, ... your program.’’ (MITS Altair BASIC Reference Manual,56; National Museum of American History, Altair Curatorial File.)91. Manes and Andrews, Gates, chapters 2 and 3; for a discussion of John Norton,see ... ‘‘DataCommunications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965–1975),’’ Annals of the History of Computing 9 (1988): 221– 247 . It may have been independentlydiscovered by Paul Baran of the RAND...
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