... predicted.
Background reading
M. F. Ashby and D. R. H. Jones, Engineering Materials I, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann,
19 96.
Further reading
D. A. Porter and K. E. Easterling, Phase Transformations in Metals ... removed impurity from the left-hand end of the bar and dumped it at the right-
hand end; that is, we have zone refined the left-hand part of the bar.
Because we need...
... top and normalised by T
g
along the bottom. (The
normalisations make the diagrams more general: similar polymers should have similar
normalised diagrams.)
The diagram is divided, like the modulus ... allowing them to be formed by injection moulding,
vacuum forming, blow moulding and compression moulding. Thermosets, on the other
hand, are heated, formed and cured simultaneously, usually by c...
... one-
component systems to show how it works. The more complicated diagrams for binary,
ternary or quaternary alloys are determined by the same method.
Reminder
One-component systems independent ... transforma-
tions, is cooled (or heated) side-by-side with the test sample, and the difference ∆T
between the cooling (or heating) curves is plotted. Sometimes the difference in power
needed to ......
... Publishers, 19 73.
D. A. Porter and K. E. Easterling, Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, 2nd edition, Chapman
and Hall, 19 92.
M. C. Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw-Hill, 19 74.
10 8 Engineering ... metals. Liquid met-
als do not polymerise and it is very hard to stop them crystallising when they are
undercooled. In fact, cooling rates in excess of 10
10
°Cs...
... wear and tear. Untempered martensite is far too brittle for hammer
heads.
Having solved the immediate problem to our satisfaction we still wondered how the
manufacturer had managed to harden the ... give
Fig. 12 .7. Simpli ed phase diagram for the Fe–Cr–0.6% C system.
11 2 Engineering Materials 2
various times before being quenched again. Hardness measurements taken from
the re-quenche...
... then re-assembled and poured. When the casting has gone solid it
is removed by destroying the mould. Metal moulds are machined from the solid. They
Production, forming and joining of metals 14 3
Chapter ... 9.4 Mg m
–3
and 0.90 Nm
1
.
Answer: 49 mm.
14 .3 Aluminium sheet is to be rolled according to the following parameters: starting
thickness 1 mm, reduced thickness 0.8 mm, yield st...
... sliding, and allowing the clay to be formed
by hand or with simple machinery. When the shaped clay is dried and fired, one com-
ponent in it melts and spreads round the other components, bonding ... Publishers, 19 82.
D. W. Richardson, Modern Ceramic Engineering, Marcel Dekker, 19 82.
Problems
18 .1 In order to test the strength of a ceramic, cylindrical specimens of length 25 mm
and dia...
... fibre-reinforced polymers) and the formaldehyde-based plastics
(widely used for moulding and hard surfacing). Other formaldehyde plastics, which now
replace bakelite, are ureaformaldehyde (used for electrical ... P(DP )d( DP) is the fraction of molecules with DP values between DP and DP +
d( DP). The molecular weight is just mDP where m is the molecular weight of the
monomer.
Most polymer p...