... capacity to generate CCL2/MCP-1. Acute infil-
tration of monocytes into the brain is thus central in early
neuroinvasion in the SIV animal model of AIDS. Besides
a prominent role of migratory monocytes ... [29,40,41]. In this context, BBB crossing by HIV
Figure 1 Mechanistic model of HIV-1 neuroinvasion. (1) The physiological expression of chemokines by brain cells, a...
... induces trimethylation of lysine 9
from H3 therefore allowing the recruitment of hetero-
chromatin protein 1 (HP1), heterochromatin formation
and HIV-1 silencing (figure 2). Interestingly, by ... activity
[99]. Some factors, like IL-6, or hydroxyurea could syner-
gistically reactivate HIV-1 replication in latently
promonocytic cells by increasing the ratio of Sp1/Sp3
[100]. Se...
... revealed other
MyD88-independent signalling pathways involving the
Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor molecules
TRIF (TIR domain-containing adaptor protein-inducing-
interferon beta) ... on those mechanisms that link TLR-induced
immunity to mechanisms clearly involved in autoimmunity.
TLR ligation and autoimmunity
Autoimmunity is obviously caused by several coincident...
... hexapeptidyl chloromethylketone inhibitor
used by Anand et al. [85] in their crystallographic study of
the TGEV M
pro
was employed by Yang et al. [88] to char-
acterize the interaction of the SARS-CoV ... University and Humboldt-University, D-13353
Berlin, Germany,
2
Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany,
3
Division of Clinical Infectiolo...
... suppresses IL-1-induced glycosamino-
glycan release from cartilage by inhibiting ADAMTS,
MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression through preferentially
blocking NF-κB activity in chondrocytes. EGCG also
inhibits ... oncostatin M-induced JAK/
STAT pathway in human chondrocytes [13]. It promotes
chondrogenesis from mesenchymal stem cells by antago-
nizing proinfl ammatory cytokines [14]. Despite...
... ability to distinguish between RA
joint effusion and synovial proliferation by MRI has been
greatly improved by the introduction of paramagnetic con-
trast agents. The early post-gadolinium synovial ... space are robust, showing reproducible delineation
of synovial thickening in small joints of the hands in
patients with active RA, the analysis of such images does
not necessar...
... integral component of the enzyme core [41].
Surprisingly, the NS3 serine protease recently turned out
to influence the innate cellular host defense by inhibition
of RIG-I and TLR3 signalling ... proteolysis experiments recently allowed the
definition of three protein domains within the cytosolic
domain [59]. More recently, the three-dimensional
structure of the N-terminal domai...
... functions of heparin binding
and substrate recognition were mutagenized. Arg405 plays
an important role in heparin binding in the active dimer.
Lys413/Lys414 or Lys414 regulates heparin affinity in both
monomeric ... of the carboxyl-terminal domain
Yoko Kobayashi, Toshiaki Nakajima and Ituro Inoue
Division of Genetic Diagnosis, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tok...
... determined by X-ray crys-
tallography [34]. In this structure of the peptide–CDC4
complex, however, Pin1 is missing, whereas in the
study on cyclin E degradation, Pin1 was brought in by
the phospho-cyclin ... the
production of such proinflammatory cytokines as
granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor
[80], interleukin-2 and interferon-c [81]. The ARE-con-
taining cytokine...
... Protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases
are the key players in the regulation of protein tyrosine
phosphorylation. Among the known protein tyrosine
phosphatases, SHP-1 and SHP-2 are distinguished ... of SHP-1
expression. To confirm whether USF proteins bind to the
12 bp repeat in the (I)SHP-1 promoter, in vivo binding of
USF proteins can be assessed by formaldehyde cross-linkin...