... Water
Soil CO
2
3. 5 Acidity and Alkalinity
Background
Acidity
Alkalinity
Importance of Alkalinity
Criteria and Standards for Alkalinity
Calculating Alkalinity
Calculating Changes in Alkalinity, ... of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Weiner, Eugene R.
Applications of environmental chemistry:...
... (electronegativity of C = 2.5; electronegativity of H = 2.1) all alkanes are nonpolar
because of their bond geometry. In the straight-chain alkanes (called normal-alkanes),
as the alkane carbon chain becomes ... also affects polarizability. Elongated molecules are more polarizable than compact molecules.
Thus, a linear alkane is more polarizable than a branched alkane of the same...
... Alkalinity
Background
Acidity
Alkalinity
Importance of Alkalinity
Criteria and Standards for Alkalinity
Calculating Alkalinity
Calculating Changes in Alkalinity, Carbonate, and pH
3. 6 Hardness
Background
Calculating ... concentration of CaCO
3
.
Example 3. 3
A groundwater sample contains 30 0 mg/L of bicarbonate at pH = 10.0. Calculate the carbonate
alkalinity as CaCO
3
....
... Gravity pulls water downward.
2. Water pressure in the aquifer acts upward against gravity.
3. Capillary forces at the interface between the saturated and unsaturated zones also act
upward against ... 3- ring aromatic hydrocarbons. Using calibration standards for the water-soluble fractions
improves the accuracy of identifying water sample contaminants.
L 135 4/ch05/Frame Page 133 Tuesd...
... analysis, and
sample preparation at the laboratory. They help assure that artifacts are recognizable and are not
mistaken as real data.
Trip Blanks: For each type of container and preservative, at least ... coolers, ice packs, clean sample containers with preser-
vatives appropriate for requested analyses, container labels, and chain -of- custody forms and seals
as part of their analy...
... participants are adequate for a good and
manageable discussion. As to the number of groups, it is generally advised to have at least
two groups for each defining demographic variable. If, for ... be available.
•
Information about manufacturing procedures should establish that the product is of
suitable quality.
•
The data available should be appropriate to the phase, size and...
... trial and for verification of
data. There are two components to monitoring: data management (record keeping and
data handling) and data quality (quality assurance and quality control).
Record-keeping ...
factors: the size of the sample, and the variations of measurements in the sample indicated
by the standard deviation. For example, the standard error of a mean is calculate...
... ET. Qualitative methods: A field guide for applied
research in sexual and reproductive health. North Carolina, Family Health International,
2002.
54 A practical guide for health researchers
from ... acceptable. In addition, calculation of the statistical significance and
statistical power has to take into consideration some characteristics of the data. These
characterist...
... which a sample is drawn from a population such
that each member of the population has had an equal chance of selection. Random sampling is
not haphazard sampling.
230 A practical guide for health ... or standard deviation.
Variable Statistical term for the score in data.
Variance A measure of the dispersion or variability of a group of scores.
228 A practic...