... his-
torians of economic thought pursue their work. The result is that we have the
history of economic thought (the history of ideas), the history of economics as a dis-
cipline (the sociology of ... state of understand-
ing and interpretation of those topics. That there is a history of understanding
and interpretation for each topic is an important...
... Waterman, deal with the basic
historiographic issues that have generated and are revealed by the many research
styles found in the literature of the history of economic thought.
Research in the ... Historians have followed the ideas of
economists as they passed into and through the hands of – and were often trans-
formed by – popularizers, intellectuals-at-large, l...
... Platonic absolutism was shaken to the core.
It was partially salvaged by Eudoxus’ importation from Chaldea of a dialectical
approach to irrationals that became a mathematical image for judicial, ... into a near-mystical formulation
of ideal models. This view of a rational perfectible administration is elaborated
below in the discussion of analysis. The Platonic theor...
... translated into the Arabic
language.
In spite of the significance of the 1964 path-breaking article by Spengler, the
real challenge to the Schumpeterian Great Gap thesis came about as a result of ... Arab-Islamic inappropriate. Writing in Arabic, the
language of theology, the Prophet and the Caliphs until the Ottoman days, and the
medieval international language...
... ideas. As we have
seen, many of them were preoccupied with the importance of trade and payment
balances, defined either as a positive balance of trade theory or as a positive
balance of labor theory. ... “national economist” was the American Alexander Hamilton, the first finance
minister of the USA. At the American Congress in 1790, he presented a “Report
on Manufacture...
... that the latter could pay
all of the taxes to the king and the Church. Then farmers would no longer fear
the tax administrators and their capital would be free of any threat, as would
be the agricultural ... while also claiming to have
examined in detail the formation and the working of capital and the interest rate.
As a matter of fact, while the physiocrats...
... but this is a misleading way to categorize them. Trade
had always been taxed and regulated, and there was no established notion of free
trade to act as a benchmark. What was new in the seventeenth ... by any of the varied factors that
he thought relevant) could lead to unemployment. It was the duty of the states-
man to ensure that the people were employed.
Steua...
... turn, the
capital of the wholesale merchant replaces, together with their profits, the
capitals of the farmers and manufacturers of whom he purchases the rude and
manufactured products that he deals ... not easily attainable in an age in
which the division of labor has increased the quantity of science through special-
ization. Smith was aware of the division of l...
... classical analysis, a tax on wage goods
was generally to be passed on, implying that it increased the size of the wage
fund), and the division of a given stock of capital between fixed and variable
capital.
PROFIT
Profit, ... land, and
increments of rental value.
The classical economists approached the analysis of taxation in two different
ways. The first was taxation...
... drives the returns to the variable factors, labor and capital, down. The
secular fall in the real wage is smaller than the fall in the marginal product, so the
wage share rises and profits fall, a ... reduces the growth rate of capital
accumulation and, consequently, the growth of labor demand. As what would
later be known as the marginal product of the composit...