... in
their
children.
Sociopolitical
Organization
Social
Organization.
The
Lingayat
system
of
social
strati-
fication
is
built
largely
around
wealth,
power,
and
prestige
in
both
secular
and
religious
spheres.
Occupational
and
social
mobility
are
open
to
everyone.
Lingayats
are
therefore
in-
volved
in
all
sectors
of
the
economy.
Their
work
ethic
flows
directly
from
their
ethic
of
kayaka
(ri...
... people
from
cultures
different
from
our
own.
"We"
is
used
here
in
the
broadest
sense,
to
include
not
just
scholars
who
study
the
cul-
tures
of
the
world
and
businesspeople
and
government
offi-
cials
who
work
in
the
world
community
but
also
the
average
citizen
who
reads
or
hears
about
multicultural
events
in
the
news
every
day
and
young
people
who
are
growing
up
in
this
compl...
... that
life
continues
be-
yond
the
grave,
in
a
land
where
each
of
the
uyus
has
its
indi-
vidual
abode.
When
one
dies,
his
or
her
soul
is
taken
to
the
domain
of
the
uyu
who
was
the
cause
of
death.
An
individual
enjoys
the
same
status
and
life-style
that
he
or
she
had
while
alive.
For
this
reason
the
deceased
is
provided
with
food,
drink,
possessions,
and
other
tools
and
provisions
to
ensur...
... the
latter
still
exist
and
tend
to
be
occupationally
endogamous.
Today,
however,
Muslim
village
communities,
at
least
in
Bangladesh,
are
most
often
populated
by
ordinary
cultivators,
among
whom
well-
marked
castelike
distinctions
are
not
found
and
who
empha-
size
distinctions
in
wealth
as
the
basis
for
social
rank.
Political
Organization.
West
Bengal
is
divided
into
six-
teen
districts,
and
b...
... to
the
government.
The
Chakma
raja
traditionally
received
a
small
portion
of
tax
on
swidden
land.
Kinship
Kin
Groups
and
Descent.
The
paribar
(family)
is
the
basic
kinship
unit
in
Chakma
society.
Beyond
the
paribar
and
bari
(homestead),
multihousehold
compounds
are
the
next
widest
unit,
the
members
of
which
may
form
work
groups
and
help
each
other
in
other
activities.
Next
are
the
hamlets...
... old
culture
is
comprised
of
three
main
layers:
the
Tamil-Malayalam
substratum
with
its
many
subtle
roots;
old
Sinhala
culture
and
language,
which
is
the
dominant
element;
and
the
phase
of
Arabic
in-
fluence.
But
the
Maldives
were
touched
by
every
cultural
wind
that
passed
over
the
Indian
Ocean.
Since
independence
there
has
again
been
influence
from
Sri
Lanka,
through
its
teachers
brought...
... is
governed
by
repre-
sentatives
elected
by
universal
adult
franchise
who
constitute
a
vidhan
sabha
(legislative
assembly).
A
majority
party
forms
the
government.
The
head
of
the
state
is
the
governor,
ap-
pointed
by
the
president
of
India.
The
state
government
has
very
wide
powers
for
maintaining
law
and
order,
levying
taxes,
and
carrying
out
development
work.
It
also
shares
resources
wi...
... found
as
household
servants
and
cooks,
and
in
some
cities
in
India
they
run
public
bathhouses.
Hijras
complain
that
in
contemporary
India
their
opportunity
to
earn
a
living
by
the
respectable
means
of
performing
at
marriages
and
births
has
declined,
due
to
smaller
families,
less
elaborate
life-cycle
ceremonies,
and
a
general
decline
in
the
respect
for
traditional
ritual
specialists.
Hijras...
... Indian
priests,
and
also
brought
in
large
numbers
of
European
Jesuits
in
a
su-
pervisory
capacity.
The
year
1947
marked
a
landmark
in
Protestant
church
history,
not
just
because
this
was
the
year
of
independence
for
both
India
and
Pakistan
but
also
because
it
was
the
year
when
the
Church
of
South
India
came
into
being-the
first
unified
Protestant
church
anywhere.
It
of
course
absorb...
... of
the
village,
but
within
the
village
each
individual
head
of
household
has
discrete
rights
within
the
various
lineage
segments.
Generally,
all
landowners
in
a
village
are
descended
from
a
common
ancestor
who
founded
the
village;
his
ownership
of
all
the
village
lands
is
never
for-
gotten,
and
by
this
token
all
individuated
rights
are
successive
restrictions
of
more
general
rights,
a...