... Cappelle.
p. cm. − (The grammar of the English verb phrase ; v. 1)
(Topics in English linguistics ; 60 .1)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN -13 : 978-3 -11 - 018 589-8 (hardcover : ... paper)
ISBN -10 : 3 -11 - 018 589-X (hardcover : acid-free paper)
1. English language − Tense. 2. English language − Grammar.
I. Reed, Susan, 19 59− II. Cappelle, Be...
... verb forms 22
A. Tense 22
1.14 Introduction 22
1.15 The formation of the present tense 23
1.16 The formation of the past tense 23
1.17 The formation of the other tenses 24
1.18 The meanings of ... 25
1.19 Special uses of tenses 27
B. Aspect 28
1 .20 Introduction 28
1 .21 Perfective aspect 30
1 .22 Imperfective aspect 31
1 .23 Habitual aspect 33
1...
... speak of a
noun phrase (NP) (e. g.
all those beautiful houses built in the sixties). If the head is a verb, the phrase
is a verb phrase (VP). In the following sentence the VP is in italics and the
verb ... with the past tense and the present perfect. Chapters 13 and 14
look at the semantics of the temporal adverbs when, before and after and the
consequenc...
... having eaten). The point is that the time of orientation
to which they relate the time of their situation does not have to be the temporal
zero-point. It is criterial of tensed forms that they encode ... consisting of the initial
letters of the terms negation, inversion, code and emphasis. The reference is to
the four cases in which the English VP requires an aux...
... make the situation durative.)
One after the other, the ramblers reached the top of the hill. (The idea of repetition
is induced by the plurality of the subject NP and the duration-implying phrase ... ashes.]
The fact that the transition cannot form part of the ‘middle part of the situa-
tion referred to by the progressive form is due to the fact tha...
... Paris.]” (The
situation time is that part of the time of the speaker’s being in Rennes that coincides
with t
0
. The adverbial until six indicates the duration of the remaining part Ϫ the
part following ... hours’.)
2.31.2 There are a couple of cases in which the situation time coincides with
the time of the full situation. In these cases a pure duration adv...
... reading)
In these examples, the length of the pre-present period is to be inferred from
the pragmatics of the context. In the following, it is indicated by the bifunc-
tional adverbial for the last ... 276 5. The absolute use of the present perfect
on the irritation of being kept waiting, of standing around doing nothing (or
rather on the minimal amount of su...
... photo of a man in uniform.
Raising the lid of the well, she pointed to the green water.
The locomotive jumped the rails, narrowly missing a couple of trees near the railway.
In these examples, the ... 497
the fact that the two situations do not really overlap but concentrates on the
fact that they follow each other closely and that there is some logical relation
betw...
... T-anterior to the situation time of the matrix
clause. There is therefore no expression of the T-relation between the situation
times of the two subclauses. This means that only the that-clause ... domain, there are sometimes two
possibilities as to the choice of binding time. Compare the following, in which
the past perfect forms in the head clauses are the past...
... in clauses with temporal adverbials
[I don’t think any of the others caused the injury.] I have once before heard of this
happening to a Lionhead belonging to a friend of my son. (www)
(g) Once ... support that objective.
7. The following are www examples:
Martin Sixsmith was trying to approach it [ϭ the question] from the point of view of
the Civil Service and he, of...
... of the when-clause). The use of the past
perfect in the when-clause means that the situation time of the when-clause is
not bound by the contained orientation time of the when-clause but by the
same ... way for the situation time of the when-clause to be bound)
means that the situation time of the when-clause is bound by the contained
orientation time...
... etc.
(from the summary of a novel) At eight p.m. John is still working, [though it’s
high time for him to go home.]
(c) There is no problem either if the adverbial forms part of the description
of the ... the
existence of an interval of time between a contextually given orientation time
and the situation time of the subclause, as well as the nonactualization of...
... except the subject, in other
words, of the verb phrase and of additional optional phrases, if any.
Predicated situation: that part of the full situation (possibly all of it) about
which an assertion ... example,
They climbed the Matterhorn, which was very steep differs from They climbed
the Matterhorn, which is very steep in that by using the past tense the speaker...
... locates
the actualization of the situation of the paint being white in the present zone,
thus shifting the temporal focus from the past to the present.
Shift of temporal perspective: the selection of ... constant in the different
forms of the verb, e. g. unchain in unchains, unchained, unchaining. The stem
of a verb is homophonous with the present infini...
... activity
map of Figure 10. 1. The troughs on each side of the dotted line combine to form two
valleys of dark outlining a mountain range of light peaks which are then perceived as a
single line. This ... either connected component labeling or a clustering algorithm. A popular
variation of these classic segmenting methods in the region -of- interest or ROI. When
using R...