... distribution is broad, and an accurate control of theconcentration is difficult.Considering reports of two-step nanofluid formation,there are many accounts of Al2O3nanofluid preparation using ... the addition of such addi-tives. However, a disadvantage of the one-step methodis that preparation conditions influence the size, shape and concentration of nanoparticles, the range of particlesize ... under-estimation of the conductivity increases in nanofluid.Apart from the concentration and electric conductivity of particles and fluids, the effective electrical conductivity of nanoflui ds exhibits...