... a biosynthetic precursor of BR. Furthermore, minimal
binding domain of BRI1 was determined using binding assays and recombinant
BRI1 fragments (Kinoshita et al. 2005). In other plant species, ... and
freezing stresses. These proteins bind to ABRE and couple of other cis-acting
elements with differential affinity and improve stresstolerancein transgenic
Arabidopsis by upregulating ERF5, KIN1, ... cooperation of these genes, p lants can properly respond to auxin
signals and environmental stresses, as well as maintain natural growth and devel-
opment. The DNA-binding domains of ARFs bind to auxin...
... Examples include
dystropin, profilin, spectrin and ankyrin, fimbrin and a-actinin (see ac-
tinin), filamin, gelsolin, and the myosins. The term is sometimes ap-
plied specifically to filamin.
actin ... a-actinin, F-actin cross-linking protein, a
dimer of ∼200 kDa with an action similar to that of
actinogelin.; and
b-actinin, a dimer of ∼70 kDa, similar in action to gelsolin.
actinogelin a protein ... occurring in Actinidia
polygama.
actinin a minor protein constituent of muscle, found to be concen-
trated in both the Z line and the I band. Two components of actinin
have been identified: a-actinin,...
... development ofplants with biofarming potential in the frame of a high
demand of natural and ecologically accepted sources of renewable compounds and
materials.
4 Use of Cyanobacterial Proteins 85
References
Boyer, ... Distribution of Triterpenoids in Different Organs
of G. glabra
The contents of glycyrrhizin, soyasaponins, and betulinic acid in various organs
of G. glabra were determined by HPLC (glycyrrhizin) and ... SPS expressed inplants is inherently active, but it is inhibited in
vivo by interacting with an endogenous plant protein. The nature of this protein, as
well as the mechanism of its interaction...
... accessing hydantoinases involved screening and iso-
lating naturally occurring enzymes possessing hydan-
toin-hydrolyzing activity from microbes, and using
them to produce optically pure amino acids ... Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiologyand Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
2 Institute of Technical ... DNA of
the corresponding organisms. The PCR fragments of
the coding regions of HYDs were inserted in- frame
into pET28a, resulting in HYDs that were His-tagged
at the N-terminus. Expression of...
... Second,
the building block of the ligand having the strongest
contact with the protein shows the most intense NMR
signals, enabling mapping of the ligand’s binding epi-
tope. Finally, and most importantly ... for screening and identifying ligand binding to
protein receptors. Angewandte Chemie-International Edi-
tion 42, 864–890.
16 Mayer M & Meyer B (1999) Characterization of ligand
binding by saturation ... could indicate that the corre-
sponding hydroxyl groups are involved in protein
binding.
The results for the linebroadening measurements of
protons H1a in the alpha and beta configurations,
aHa1 and...
... containing 0.3 m
M
linoleic
acid and different amounts of protein samples. Decrease in
O
2
concentration was monitored for 3 min and the enzy-
matic activity was calculated from the initial rate of ... sequences of the
hazelnut LOX gene. The inverted repeats are in bold and their orientations are indicated by arrows. TATA and CAAT boxes and the initiating
ATG are also in bold.
4368 A. Santino et ... depletion of a potato lipoxygenase reduces
wound induction of proteinase inhibitor and increases weight gain
of insect pest. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 1146–1151.
7. Wang, C., Croft, K.P.C.,...
... microfilament bundles at the apical ends of cells in the
invaginating plate. He did find sparse bands of such filaments which
probably contained actin in these cells, but they were indistinguishable
from ... embryologist for testing ideas. The main ways
of interfering with the embryo include changing external physical or
chemical factors and examining the intrinsic potential of
the
embryo and its
constituent ... distinct
tissues come together, and
here we will
examine the generation of the neural
tube in the newt and the formation of the ducted submandibular glands of
the mouse. The latter example in...
... are indicated in green, translocation
factors in orange, and the effector protein
CagA in red. Overlapping boxes indicate
probable protein–protein interactions.
Integrin heterodimers are indicated ... that CagF binding is not a signal recogni-
tion event [48]. However, a fusion of GFP to the C-
terminal 195 amino acids of CagA (containing the
CagF-binding domain together with the C-terminal
signal ... response
in vitro andin vivo, and the translocation and subse-
quent tyrosine phosphorylation of its effector protein
CagA into various host cells is a hallmark of Cag-
T4SS activity. Despite the molecular...
... residue
involved in the coordination of type 1 copper atoms, located
10 residues downstream of the single cysteine. This residue,
which appears to have a role in determining the redox
potential of ... specific activities
for syringaldazine and 2,6-DMP were pH 5.6 and 3.4 UÆmg
protein
)1
and pH 4.6 and 2.8 UÆmg protein
)1
, respectively.
In standard assay mixtures, the velocity of ABTS oxidation
was ... a V
max
of 16.4ÆUmgprotein
)1
. Corresponding values for syring-
aldazine and 2,6-DMP under optimal conditions were
0.01 m
M
and 4.9 UÆmg protein
)1
, and 0.57 m
M
and
5.6 UÆmg protein
)1
, respectively....
... expression of cyclins which bind
CDKs and inactivate Rb. Activation of Ras also induces growth inhibitory effectors
including p16 and p15. Similar to p53, p16 and p15 induce G1 arrest by inhibiting ...
Activation of certain tyrosine kinase receptors, such as EGF receptors and HER2 (erbB-2)
results in phosphorylation of catenins and prevention of their binding to cadherins [34-36].
Regarding to ... Following to binding of growth
factors to their corresponding receptors the tyrosine kinase activity is induced and
phosphorylation of specific residue(s) in the intracellular domain of receptors...
... with
1 l
M
of HNE reporter peptide in coating buffer. After
washing and blocking, 50 lL of 400 pM BH216 in dilution
buffer, preincubated with twofold dilutions of the inhibiting
peptide of interest, ... constraint required for binding to the key
residues of the epitope.
The HNE binding motif
Residues critical for binding of mAb BH216 were deter-
mined by substitution analysis of the HNE peptide, in ... precluding
intramolecular cysteine scrambling induced sera crossreact-
ing with MV hemagglutinin protein (Fig. 8B). Whether the
above data are in conflict or represent different functional
states of...
... 366
Regulating AraC Synthesis 368
Binding Sites of the ara Regulatory Proteins 369
DNA Looping and Repression of araBAD 371
In vivo Footprinting Demonstration of Looping 373
How AraC Protein Loops and ... chain
Thymine Adenine
To chain
C
C
C
H
N
H
N
O
H
H
C
C
C
C
N
N
C
N
H
H
N
C
N
To chain
Cytosine Guanine
To chain
O
N
H
H
Figure 2.2 Hydrogen bonding between adenine-thymine and guanine-cyto-
sine ... Structure of Promoters 96
Enhancers 99
Enhancer-Binding Proteins 100
DNA Looping in Regulating Promoter Activities 102
Steps of the Initiation Process 104
Measurement of Binding and Initiation...
... consid-
ered in its entirety, including not only the binding and
hydrolysis of the substrate in the enzyme active site, but
also the diffusion and access of the substrate to the bind-
ing site of the ... Proteins, Institute of Nanobiology and Structural Biologyof GCRC, Academy of Sciences of the
Czech Republic and Faculty of Sciences of the University of South Bohemia, Nove
´
Hrady, Czech Republic
Introduction
b-N-Acetylhexosaminidases ... simulations and ligand
docking allowed us to provide a mechanistic under-
standing of the details of the kinetics of these compli-
cated enzymes. In particular, the docking of both pNP-
GlcNAc and pNP-GalNAc...
... variations and molecular
phylogeny of venom phospholipases and threefinger toxins
of eastern India Bungarus fasciatus and kinetic analyses
of its Pro31 phospholipases A
2
Inn-Ho Tsai
1
, Hsin-Yu Tsai
1
, ... all basic PLAs present in relatively high
content and retain interfacial or membrane binding
properties in spite of the low catalytic activities.
In fact, many of the inactive Lys49 PLAs from ... RKCLTKYSQDNESSKT
a
KBf3F-LT and VIIIa were co-purifed as revealed by N-terminal sequencing and mass analysis.
Fig. 3. Alignment of amino acid sequences of KBf PLAs and related venom PLAs. Single-letter codes of amino...