mankiw n g ten principles of economics 2004en pdf

Ten Principles of Economics - Part 44

... Bill Gates and AndyGrove and Jack Welch [heads of Mi-crosoft, Intel, and General Electric] work-ing long, long after they don’t need towork. You’re going to want the most ablepeople working ... inequality in living standards. To gaugethe inequality of living standards in our society, the distribution of lifetime in-comes is more relevant than the distribution of annual incomes. Unfortunately,data ... largely on its permanent in-come, which is its normal, or average, income.To gauge inequality of living standards, the distribution of permanent incomeis more relevant than the distribution of...

Ten Principles of Economics - Part 47

Danh mục: Quản lý nhà nước

... responds to the higher interest rate by con-suming less when young. In panel (b), Sam responds by consuming more whenyoung.Sam’s saving, of course, is his income when young minus the amount ... price of these two goods.Figure 21-15 shows Sam’s budget constraint. If he saves nothing, he consumes$100,000 when young and nothing when old. If he saves everything, he consumesnothing when young ... stop working as a single person who inheritsless than $25,000. This finding would not have surprised the nineteenth-centuryindustrialist Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie warned that “the parent who leaveshis...

Ten Principles of Economics - Part 49

Danh mục: Quản lý nhà nước

... hous-ing. (By convention, expenditure on new housing is the one form of householdspending categorized as investment rather than consumption.) Government pur-chases include spending on goods and services ... equipment,inventories, and structures,including household purchases of new housinggovernment purchasesspending on goods and services bylocal, state, and federal governmentsnet exportsspending ... distress: risingunemployment, falling profits, increased bankruptcies, and so on.Much of macroeconomics is aimed at explaining the long-run growthand short-run fluctuations in real GDP. As we...

Ten Principles of Economics - Part 50

Danh mục: Quản lý nhà nước

... of purchases of new housing. Investment includesspending on new equipment and structures, includinghouseholds’ purchases of new housing. Governmentpurchases include spending on goods and services ... among four components of expenditure:consumption, investment, government purchases, andnet exports. Consumption includes spending on goodsand services by households, with the exception of purchases ... GDP?b. Now imagine a measure of well-being that includestime spent working in the home and taking leisure.How would the change in this measure of well-being compare to the change in GDP?c. Can...

10
1,050
0

Ten Principles of Economics - Part 1

Danh mục: Quản lý nhà nước

... term marginal changes to describe small incre-mental adjustments to an existing plan of action. Keep in mind that “margin”means “edge,” so marginal changes are adjustments around the edges of what ... profits byopportunity costwhatever must be given up to obtainsome itemmarginal changessmall incremental adjustments to aplan of action CHAPTER 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS 7thinking ... listening to lectures,reading textbooks, and writing papers, you cannot spend that time working at ajob. For most students, the wages given up to attend school are the largest singlecost of...

Ten Principles of Economics - Part 2

Danh mục: Quản lý nhà nước

... persistent inflation, theculprit turns out to be the same—growth in the quantity of money. When a gov-ernment creates large quantities of the nation’s money, the value of the moneyfalls. In Germany ... for understand-ing many developments in the economy. In particular, policymakers can exploitthis tradeoff using various policy instruments. By changing the amount that thegovernment spends, ... debate in the United States centeredon the government’s budget deficit—the excess of government spending over gov-ernment revenue. As we will see, concern over the budget deficit was basedlargely...

Ten Principles of Economics - Part 3

Danh mục: Quản lý nhà nước

... helping the mostneedy members of society. Nonetheless, many city governments choose to ignorethe advice of economists and place ceilings on the rents that landlords may chargetheir tenants.The ... marketsmacroeconomicsthe study of economy-widephenomena, including inflation,unemployment, and economicgrowth CHAPTER 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST 23are not actual human bodies, and no one would mistake the ... amount of disagreement. In many cases, economists do offer a unitedview.Table 2-2 contains ten propositions about economic policy. In a survey of economists in business, government, and academia,...

Ten Principles of Economics - Part 51

Danh mục: Quản lý nhà nước

... EIGHT THE DATA OF MACROECONOMICS4. Beginning in 1994, environmental regulations haverequired that gasoline contain a new additive to reduceair pollution. This requirement raised the cost of gasoline. ... subtracting inflation—the percentage change in the consumerprice index—from this nominal interest rate.You can see that real and nominal interest rates do not always move together.For example, in ... “is understatingthe true rate of inflation for the elderly,”said Dean Baker, an economist at theEconomic Policy Institute, an indepen-dent research organization in Washing-ton, and the disparity...

Ten Principles of Economics - Part 52

Danh mục: Quản lý nhà nước

... how government policiesinfluence the amount of saving and investment that takes place. At this point it isimportant to note that encouraging saving and investment is one way that a gov-ernment ... than it was a century ago, and manypeople are enjoying a much higher standard of living. A perennial debate con-cerns whether this growth in population and living standards can continue inthe ... real GDP is agood gauge of economic prosperity, and the growth of real GDP is a good gauge of economic progress. Here we focus on the long-run determinants of the level andgrowth of real GDP....

Ten Principles of Economics - Part 53

Danh mục: Quản lý nhà nước

... byincreasing awareness of birth control techniques.The final way in which a country can influence population growth is to applyone of the Ten Principles of Economics: People respond to incentives. ... national defense, italso has a role in encouraging the research and development of new technologies.The U.S. government has long played a role in the creation and dissemination of technological ... the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health and with tax breaks for firms engaging in research and development.Yet another way in which government policy encourages...

Tài liệu Ten Principles of Economics - Part 5 ppt

Danh mục: Quản lý nhà nước

... interdependence. One of the Ten Principles of Economics highlighted in Chapter 1 is that trade can makeeveryone better off. This principle explains why people trade with their neighborsand why nations ... televisionmade in Japan. You get dressed in clothes made of cotton grown in Georgia andsewn in factories in Thailand. You drive to class in a car made of parts manufac-tured in more than a dozen countries ... one another. Those people whoprovide you with goods and services are not acting out of generosity or concern foryour welfare. Nor is some government agency directing them to make what youINTERDEPENDENCE...

Tài liệu Ten Principles of Economics - Part 6 pdf

Danh mục: Quản lý nhà nước

... absolute advantage and comparativeadvantage differ.2. Give an example in which one person has an absoluteadvantage in doing something but another person has acomparative advantage.3. Is absolute ... grain? Put Problems and Applications 60 PART ONE INTRODUCTIONthis information in a table analogous to Table 3-3.d. Which country has an absolute advantage inproducing cars? In producing ... opportunity cost of producing thatgood. Because the opportunity cost of a car is 2 tons of food in the United Statesbut only 1 ton of food in Japan, Japan has a comparative advantage in producingcars....

Tài liệu Ten Principles of Economics - Part 7 pptx

Danh mục: Quản lý nhà nước

... agood when its price varies, holding constant all other determinants of quantity demanded.When one of these other determinants changes, the demand curve shifts.Table 4-3THEDETERMINANTS OF QUANTITYDEMANDED. ... amount of smoking does not represent a shift in the de-mand curve. Instead, it represents a movement along the same demand curveto a point with a higher price and lower quantity, as in panel ... (b) of Figure 4-4.How much does the amount of smoking respond to changes in the price of cigarettes? Economists have attempted to answer this question by studyingwhat happens when the tax on...