... Classical Method. It is now more commonly known in Foreign Language Teaching circles as the GrammarTranslation Method. It is hard to decide which is more surprising - the fact that this method ... Teaching (1986:13) provides expanded descriptions of some common/typical techniques closely associated with the GrammarTranslation Method. The listing here is in summary form only.(1) Translation ... specialized skills on the part of teachers. Tests ofgrammar rules and of translations are easy to construct and can be objectively scored. Many standardized tests of foreign languages still do...
... let n be the length of the concatena- tion of articles; let m be the number of unique tokens (after lemmatization and removal of words on the stop list); let B be a list of boundaries, initialized ... about an automatic methodof finding discourse boundaries based on the repetition of lexi- cal items. Halliday and Hasan (1976) and others have claimed that the repetition of lexical items, ... implic- itly in several of the techniques described above, but the method presented here depends exclusively on it. Methodology Church (1993) describes a graphical method, called doL- plotting,...
... attitudes. Translating the law of a nation requires the translationof cultural items. The translation may be for the benefi t and use of other nations, or in the case of multi-cultural nations such ... years of China’s liberalisation, sometimes adapted from English texts. 16 Translation as a processtexts often deliberately hold the reader in a state of suspense and necessitate a degree of ... The speed at which translation is done may also affect accuracy, and in the professional world translation has to be done rapidly. The very existence oftranslation memory software has forced...
... diameter of 78 nm. The E DSline s can profiles show the uniform atomic distribution of Bi and Te elements through the whole nanowire, asdisplayed in Figure 3b. More importantly, the atomicratios of ... d).Because our method for Bi2Te3nanowires synthesisuses heterogeneous nanowire structures consisting of OFF-ON-grown Bi core and post-deposited Bi2Te3shell,the homogeneity of final nanowires ... 6:277http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/6/1/277Page 3 of 4 nanowire growth, a B i thin film is first deposited onto aSiO2/Sisubstrateatarateof32.7Å/sbyradiofre-quency (RF) sputtering under a base pressure of 10-7Torr. Then,...
... ArticleApproximation of Solutions for Second-Orderm-Point Nonlocal Boundary Value Problems viathe Methodof Generalized QuasilinearizationAhmed AlsaediDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, ... solutionsconverging quadratically, we use the methodof quasilinearization 10. This method has beendeveloped for a variety of problems 11–20. In view of its diverse applications, this approachis ... paper, we develop the methodof generalized quasilinearization to obtain asequence of approximate solutions converging monotonically and quadratically to a uniquesolution of the following second-order...
... DataDeclerck, Renaat.The grammarof the English tense system : a comprehensiveanalysis / by Renaat Declerck in cooperation with Susan Reedand Bert Cappelle.p. cm. − (The grammarof the English verb phrase ... draft of one or more chapters. In alphabetical order they are: GrietBeheydt, Ilse Depraetere, Raphael Salkie, Elizabeth Traugott, Naoaki Wada,and Christopher Williams. The Grammar of the English ... Table of contentsAcknowledgements VTable of contents VIIChapter 1. Introduction 1Chapter 2. Towards a theory of tense and time 91Chapter 3. The absolute use of the present tense...
... cutThe list of strong verbs is to be found in most standard grammars and diction-aries.61.17 The formation of the other tenses1.17.1 Many people hold that there are only two tenses in English, ... forms.Such tense forms have the form of absolute tenses but the function of relativetenses.1.19 Special uses of tenses1.19.1 In modal sentences, some of the indicative tenses (viz. the past, ... relate the time of John’s being thirsty directly to the time of speech. In (2), the same verb formsrelate the time of John’s being thirsty to a future orientation time (the time of will say),...
... of the tunnel. The interpretation is bounded or nonbounded accordingly.24. This boundedness implicature of the past tense is due to the Gricean Maxim of Relation(better known as the Maxim of ... structure of a particu-lar situation is grammatically represented, but rather with a distinction be-tween two possible ways of representing or interpreting a particular instance of actualization of ... drink five glasses of champagne! (bounded: the action will terminatewhen the fifth glass is empty)Tonight I will drink a lot of glasses of champagne! (nonbounded: since the number of glasses is...
... ready to be sent off.)These examples show that tense forms can reflect a choice, not only of tempo-ral location of a situation relative to another time, but also of point of view(temporal ... future actualization of a situation toa present state.(c) The prototypical realization of the future tense is by means of will / shall.A secondary, less prototypical realization of the future tense ... future tense is by means of be going to. The latter can also be used as part of a futurish form.2.10 Does English have a present perfect tense?Some authors consider that the English present perfect...
... any point of one full situation coincides in time withany point of another full situation: strict coincidence of the times of the entiresituations is not necessary.2.55 Special uses of tenses2.55.1 ... distinguish between ‘pure future’ uses of will, ‘prediction’ uses of will, and ‘predictability’ uses of will, according to the degree of subjectivityinvolved in the use of the form. (Predictability will ... between the time of the full situation and the time of the predicated situa-tion (the situation time). The former contains the latter either in terms of inclusion or in terms of coincidence....
... sum, for a temporal understanding of a clause in the past tense theminimal requirement is that the hearer be aware of the existence of a specific II. Uses of the absolute past tense 205[“Someone ... justwants to inform the hearer of the fact that the situation actualized, withoutrepresenting it as part of the structure of the world at t0:A doctor friend of mine told me that you don’t ... one of the aspects of the bygone situation, such as why, where, how, etc.the situation actualized, or who was involved in it. This idea of past actualiza-tion focusincludes the concept of focus...
... the strength of our argument. Aspointed out at the beginning of 8.24.1, all that is necessary to prove the exis-tence of the relative preterite in English is to adduce examples of preterites ... in favour of a theory which as-sumes the existence of a relative past tense (next to an absolute one), which expressesT-simultaneity in a past domain, irrespective of the W-location of the binding ... semantics) of the two kinds of past tense are quite different from each other: the semantics of the absolutepreterite is ‘The situation time establishes a past domain’, while that of therelative...