... 1932-
Longman Englishgrammar practice (Intermediate level)
1.
English language. Grammar
I. Title
428.2
Library of Congress Cata lo ging
-
in
-
Pu bl ica tion Data
Alexander, L. G.
Longman English ...
6
7
To
the
student
Why do we learn grammar?
There
is
no
point
in
learning
grammar
for
the
sake
of
learning
grammar.
Grammar
is
the
support
system
of
...
is
based
on
the
Longman
English
Grammar
and
the
grammatical
information
in
it
is
all
drawn
from
this
work.
Longman
English
Grammar
Practice
has
been
...
... people looking for work.
I
need a
myself.
5
I'm looking for accommodation. I'd like a
for the night.
2.48 Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information' ...
uncountable in English. This means we cannot:
-
use a/an in front of them: I'd like
some information,
please. (Not 'an information')
-
give them a plural: I'd like
some information, ... subject after
for. For
is more usual in the written language and we
cannot use it to begin a sentence [compare
>
1.9AI:
We rarely stay at hotels,
for we
can't afford it.
Write...
... areas which form the basis of
English grammar. This book is based on the
Longman EnglishGrammar
and the grammatical
information in it is all drawn from this work.
Longman EnglishGrammar Practice ... humanburger
For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
To the student
Why do we learn grammar?
There is no point in learning grammarfor the sake of learning grammar. Grammar ... street.
For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
LONGMAN
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
PRACTICE
for intermediate students
L.
G.
Alexander
For more material and information,...
... 11:15:482/9/09 11:15:48
KET HANDBOOK FORTEACHERS | CONTENTS
1
Preface
This handbook is for anyone who is preparing candidates for the Cambridge ESOL Key English Test (KET). The introduction ... Special circumstances
5 Course materials 5 Seminars forteachers
KET SUPPORT
5 Past papers and examination reports 5 Administrative information
5 Online support 6 Further information
6 Reading 6 ... examinations in
English for speakers of other languages since 1913. Cambridge
ESOL offers an extensive range of examinations, certi cates
and diplomas for learners and teachers of English. Over...
... identical items
E.g.: He felt more and more bored.
They talked on and on and on.
There are teachers and teachers.
8/1
Phrasal Coordination
1.2
Coordination
Coordination
Phrasal
Phrasal
Clausal
Clausal
ã
...
1.2
Coordination
Coordination
Phrasal
Phrasal
Clausal
Clausal
ã
Order in phrasal coordination:
+ a tendency for the shorter word to come first
E.g.: big and ugly
cup and saucer
+ in virtually irreversible ... their help, but she had to accept it.
+ coordinated subordinate clauses
E.g.: I want to know for whom it was ordered and by
whom (it was ordered)
She desired to know where he had gone but...
... between two circumstances
E.g.
As he grew older, (so) his enthusiasm for the cause decreased.
The more he went deeper into the forest, the more scared he felt.
Subordination
Subordination
1
1/1
Subordination
Subordination
-
... Preference
- are more factual than putative may contain an ordinary verb form
without a modal auxiliary
- introduced by so that/so (informal)
E.g. We planted many shrubs, so (that) the garden looked ... cause
Circumstance
Purpose
Result
Manner & Comparison
Proportion & Preference
- after, before, until, since, when + finite clause
- after, before, since, until, when(ever), while + V-ing
- once, until, when(ever),...
... Concord
4. Negation
5. Questions, Commands, Exclamations
Issues
Issues
E _English GrammarCourse
E _English GrammarCourse
Chapter VII
The Simple Sentence
Let's check
Let's check
1
1. ... Optional
Obligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types
7 Clause types
Clause types transformed
Clause types transformed
Passive transformation
Many critics disliked the play.
(SVOd)
The play was disliked by ... Optional
Obligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types
7 Clause types
Clause types transformed
Clause types transformed
Passive transformation
Mom considered him a genius.
(SVOC)
He was considered a genius...
... bus can hold forty people
(Forty people can sit
in the bus
)
Syntactic features of clause
elements
ã
A SUBJECT
Is normally a NP or a clause with nominal function
–
Occurs before the VP in ... clauses have
the same semantic role?
Lets look at the
examples
ã
His English has been improved.
Transitive
ã
His English has improved.
Intransitive
Affected subject
"',-
ã
Exercise ... co-referential relation with S or O
–
Follows the S, VP, and O
–
Does NOT become S through the passive transformation
ã
An ADVERBIAL
Is and Adv phrase, adverbial clause, NP, or prepositional phrase
–
Is...
... verbs
2
Subjunctive mood
Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Mandative
Formulaic
Formulaic
Subjunctive
were
Subjunctive
were
ã
Found in clause in certain set expressions
ã
Form: the base
E.g.: May god bless you.
Long ... verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs
See more in 3.3 - 3.22
Classifications of English verbs
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
Verbs
13/1
according to
classified
Complementation
Complementation
Extensive ... pattern: SVOd
E.g.: I kissed her.
He caught the ball.
Classifications of English verbs
Classifications of English verbs
1
Verbs
Verbs
12/1
according to
classified
Complementation
Complementation
Extensive...
... secretary of his.
Prepositional verbs
ã
Form: verb + preposition + prepositional
object
Eg. He's applied for a new job.
Who will be running for president next year?
ã
The preposition ... put up with?
ã
Allow passivization
Bad temper can't be put up with for long.
ã
Do not allow adverb insertion before the
object, but only between the particles
–
*He puts up with willingly ... year?
ã
The preposition must precede the complement
Eg. *He's applied a new job for.
*He's applied it for.
ã
An adverb or a relative pronoun can be
inserted between verb & preposition
Eg....
... E _English GrammarCourse
E _English GrammarCourse
Unit 3
NOUN PHRASE (cont.)
Homework checking
Homework checking
4.6. ... quantifiers
Close-system quantifiers
Open-class quantifiers
Open-class quantifiers
ã
before count Ns: many, (a)
few, several
ã
before non-count Ns: much,
(a) little
E.g.: a few words
much stress
Pre-determiners
Determiners
Determiners
Pre-determiners
Pre-determiners
multipliers
multipliers
+ ... the 29. this/the
30. their
Determiners
Determiners
Determiners
= words of close-system used before a N to
“determine” the precise meaning of the N
Pre-determiners
Pre-determiners
Central determiners
Central...