... Nature of difference Hypothesis of cause
Introduction
At the turn ofthe twentieth century, the best known of all
dream investigators would be Sigmund Freud, who set out to
base his theory ofthe ... developed and strengthened over the past
SO years. In the process, the book offers the reader a unique
opportunity to reconsider his or her own dream theory and, into
the bargain, to learn about the ... activated
during sleep, it is difficult to have recall unless an awakening
occurs to restore the availability of these chemicals tothe brain.
account for the bizarreness and the loss of logical...
... Earth,
the velocity ofthe Earth round the Sun and the Solar System around the centre
of the Galaxy, in addition to any velocity ofthe star. The rotational velocity of
the Galaxy makes the largest ... systematically tothe red or tothe blue by an
amount that depends on the velocity ofthe observed star relative tothe Earth.
The overall relative velocity is the sum ofthe rotational velocity ofthe ... programme
of cosmology is the same as that of any other branch of physics: to explore the
known laws of physics to their limits.
2.8 The evolving Universe
The most surprising aspect ofthe night...
... concep-
tion ofthe whole of reality, we cannot hope to render compat-
ible the theories and observations ofthe various different
sciences: and providing that conception is not the task of any
one of ... partisan, in the sense of espousing an
exclusive approach to questions about the mind in general –
An introductiontothe philosophy of mind34
is debatable whether, whenever one event causes another,
there ... identical with the lump of bronze, because the statue may
well have come into existence later than the lump did and
An introductiontothe philosophy of mind6
would be a complete abdication of philosophical...
... whole of reality, we cannot hope to render compat-
ible the theories and observations ofthe various different
sciences: and providing that conception is not the task of any
one of those sciences, ... just such a conception is one ofthe principal
tasks of metaphysics.
3
The point of these remarks is to emphasise there cannot
be progress either in the philosophy of mind or in empirical
psychology ... broad
sense to embrace any kind of sensation, perception or
thought. This agreed, we can say that the philosophy of mind
is the philosophical study of subjects of experience – what
they are, how they can...
... whether
An introductiontothe philosophy of mind82
content of John’s belief that snow is white. It would be wrong
for us – and wrong for John – to say that the inhabitants of
the distant planet ... causes
the monkey to make the call: and yet we want to say that
what the call represents is only one of these causes – the
presence ofan eagle. A teleological theory of representation
can explain ... some
strange coincidence, the inhabitants of this planet speak a
language which sounds just like English and that they use
the word ‘snow’ for the stuff descending from their skies. An
inhabitant of...
... friends of functionalism
may want to respond to this argument, other than by
resorting toan outright denial ofthe existence of ‘qualia’
altogether.
8
Some may contend that the hypothesis of spec-
trum ... strings of
meaningless marks or sounds. If that is so, then to abandon
the category of belief is implicitly to abandon also the very
notions of truth and falsehood and therewith, it seems, the
very ... want to deny the very existence of many of
the types of mental state talked about by functionalists, such
as beliefs, desires and intentions. Rather, their hope is that
with the advance of science...
... relative to one another – things such as the colour
and shape ofthe tree and ofthe house, the intervening
ground between them, the sky behind them, and other
objects in their vicinity (together ... neither of
them assigns any significant role in perception tothe qualit-
ative or phenomenal characteristics of perceptual experience.
Indeed, neither of them really has any use for the notion of
perceptual ... properly belongs to a philosophical analysis of the
concept of perception and what properly belongs toan empir-
ical theory of perception ofthe sort that is more appropri-
ately advanced and evaluated...
...
THE GERMAN INVASIONS AND THE BREAK-UP OFTHE ROMAN
EMPIRE
The Huns force the Goths into the Empire. Battle of Adrianople, 378.
9. Previous tothe year 375 the attempts ofthe Germans to penetrate ... Europe than any ofthe other German races.
Besides the kingdoms ofthe East Goths and the Franks, the West Goths had their
kingdom in Spain, the Burgundians had established themselves on the Rhone, ... volume of
the chief changes in western Europe since the German barbarians overcame the armies
of the Roman Empire and set up states of their own, out of which the present countries
of France,...
... on
performance. We must be cognizant of such effects to be sure the results of
analysis are useful. On the other hand, in some cases, analysis ofan algo-
rithm can help identify ways for it to take ... accurate to within O N
−3
or indeed to within O N
−k
for
any constant k. Such approximations, called asymptotic expansions, are at the
heart ofthe analysis of algorithms, and are the subject of Chapter ... implementation. Indeed, when the results of analytic and
empirical studies agree, we become strongly convinced ofthe validity of the
algorithm as well as ofthe correctness ofthe process of analysis.
Some...
... their hope of enjoying some ofthe advantages of their civilized neighbors, or the
need of new lands for their increasing numbers. And the Romans, by means of their armies, their walls, and
their ... than any ofthe other German
races. Besides the kingdoms ofthe East Goths and the Franks, the West Goths had their kingdom in Spain, the
Burgundians had established themselves on the Rhone, and ... years, the explanation of how the Roman Empire ofthe West and
the wild and unknown districts inhabited by the German races have become the Europe of Gladstone and
Bismarck, of Darwin and Pasteur.
In...
... con-
sists of guesses, of hypotheses, rather than of final
and certain truths; and that criticism and critical
discussion are our only means of getting nearer to
the truth. It thus leads tothe tradition ... tends to separate them. When the mixture of
elements and forces is just right, parts of animals and
humans form and combine into almost all possible
arrangements. Only a limited number ofthe random
arrangements ... that the gods are born, and have
clothes and speech and shape like their own. . . .
But if cows and horses or lions had hands [and]
could draw with their hands and make the things
men can make, then...
... into an alliance, momentous for the history of Europe. In order to
understand this we must glance at the motives which led the popes to throw off their allegiance to their
ancient sovereigns, the ... interest ofthe treaty of Verdun lies in the tolerably definite appearance of a western and an
eastern Frankish kingdom, one of which was to become France and the other Germany. In the kingdom of
Charles ... Germans to penetrate into the Empire appear to have been due
to their love of adventure, their hope of enjoying some ofthe advantages of their civilized neighbors, or the
need of new lands for their...
... Since the left hand side ofthe inequality of (1) is trivial the
method suggested above yields a proof of (1).
Brauer’s idea is to build up a large stock of numbers first and use it when
the occasion ... composition a number called the weight,which
is the product ofthe summands. We shall determine the sum w(n)ofthe
weights ofthe compositions of n. The generating function of w(n)is
∞
n=1
w(n)x
n
=
∞
m=1
(x ... 2 exactly to the
second power. If we assume the second of these possibilities then (11) can be
put in the form
m +1
2p
+1≡ 0 (mod p). (12)
We multiply together all the congruences ofthe type...