... Fidelity Audio 359
Companding 362
Speech Synthesis and Recognition 364
Nonlinear Audio Processing 368
Chapter 23. Image Formation and Display 373
Digital Image Structure 373
Cameras and Eyes 376
Television ... 11
Mean and Standard Deviation 13
Signal vs. Underlying Process 17
The Histogram, Pmf andPdf 19
The Normal Distribution 26
Digital Noise Generation 29
Precision and Accuracy 32
Chapter 3. ADC and ... increased by a factor of nearly one-thousand. By all accounts, it will
increase by another factor of one-thousand in the next 15 years. This tremendous
power has changed the way science and engineering...
... xix
1
Introduction 15
1.1 What Is DigitalImage Processing? 15
1.2 The Origins of DigitalImageProcessing 17
1.3 Examples of Fields that Use DigitalImageProcessing 21
1.3.1 Gamma-Ray Imaging ... Used 34
1.4 Fundamental Steps in DigitalImageProcessing 39
1.5 Components of an ImageProcessing System 42
Summary 44
References and Further Reading 45
2
Digital Image Fundamentals 34
2.1 Elements ... Sampling and Quantization 52
2.4.2 Representing Digital Images 54
2.4.3 Spatial and Gray-Level Resolution 57
2.4.4 Aliasing and Moiré Patterns 62
2.4.5 Zooming and Shrinking Digital Images 64
vii
GONZFM-i-xxii....
... the
p
r
(r
j
) are đnite, and the limit of summation is đnite, it follows that T (r
k
) is of ®nite
DigitalImage Processing
Second Edition
Instructorzs Manual
Rafael C. Gonzalez
Richard E. Woods
Prentice ... produce an image
of the 6th bit plane outputs a 0 for byte values in the range [0, 63], a 1 for byte values in
the range [64, 127], a 0 for byte values in the range [128, 191], and a 1 for byte values
in ... K,
g(K) =
1
K
K
X
i=1
g
i
and ắ
2
g(K)
=
1
K
ắ
2
:
Problem 3.17 29
position. Let f(x; y) and h(x; y) denote the imageand the đlter function, respectively.
Assuming square images of size N £N for...
... by Segmentation
in the Spectral Plane 466
21.4 Optical Compression of Color Images by Using JPEG and JPEG2000
Standards 470
21.4.1 Optical JPEG Implementation Results 472
21.4.2 Optical andDigital ... Equations and the Wave Equation 9
1.5 Wave Optics and Diffraction 11
1.6 Fourier Optics and Applications 14
1.6.1 Ideal Thin Lens as Optical Fourier Transformer 14
1.6.2 Imaging and Optical ImageProcessing ... communication, and security and
especially enjoys cross-disciplinary research. He has published over 200 papers in
journals and conference proceedings, and standardization contributions, and he
holds...
... Publishing, NY.
Baxes, G.A. [1994]. DigitalImage Processing: Principles and Applications, John Wiley &
Sons, NY.
Gonzalez, R. C. and Woods, R. E. [1992]. DigitalImage Processing, Addison-Wesley,
Reading, ... image
processing is intimately tied to the development of the digital computer. In fact,
digital images require so much storage and computational power that progress
in the field of digitalimage ... B. G. and Netravali,A. N. [1997]. Digital Pictures: Representation, Compression,
and Standards, Perseus Publishing, NY.
Jahne, B. [1997]. DigitalImage Processing: Concepts, Algorithms, and Scientific...
... a zero-mean random
variable. Show that if the mean of the random variable x is m
x
, the power of x is given by
P
x
m
2
x
s
2
x
.
8. An exponential random variable is defined by the probability ... they can be stored in the memory. The filter
coefficients, b
l
and a
m
, of the digital filter defined by (3.2.18) are determined by a filter
design package such as MATLAB for given specifications. ... at by AR1. Another key
word, R (or r), when used with the operation code, also performs rounding operation on
the operands. The following is an example that rounds the product of AC0 and AC1
and...
... if (
˜
isempty (cmap) )
disp ( ′ This image has a colormap ′ );
end
[ImageHeight ImageWidth NumColorPlanes] = size (ImageMat);
image (ImageMat);
colormap (cmap);
set ( gca , ′ ... becomes
the command or function name, and must have a .m extension (fi le name suffi x).
Assistance for commands may be obtained by typing help on the command
line, followed by the specifi c ...
processed, the concepts of vectors and matrices are essential. To avoid confusion
between scalar values and vectors, vectors and matrices, and constants and variables,
the conventions used...
... DigitalImageProcessing – Part II
54
Morphological Image Processing
(a)
(c)
(d)
(b)
DigitalImageProcessing – Part II
87
Image Segmentation
(a) (b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
DigitalImage ... DigitalImageProcessing – Part II
13
Colour Image Processing
(b)
Figure 5 Illustration of intensity slicing and colour assignment.
DigitalImageProcessing – Part II
10
Colour Image ... opening/closing by
reconstruction, top-hat by reconstruction, detecting holes and clearing objects connected to the image border.
(a)
(c)
(d)
(b)
DigitalImageProcessing – Part II
89
Image Segmentation
...
... =0, 1, 2andF
0
.Allothercoefficients
are the same as in Eqs.(1) and (2). We have,
B
00
=1,B
01
= B
02
=0,F
0
= −
2
π
2
(6)
and the parameters c
i
,i =1, 2, 3 are the same as in Eq. (3), and c
0
is ... jπx − cos πx, and
∂R
∂c
i
= −(iπ)
2
cos iπx (8)
Clearly, weighted-integral statements for the Galerkin and least-squares methods
differ by a multiplicativ e constant (−(iπ)
2
), and h ence give ... Q
b
w
2
(x
b
)(1b)
where c(x) is a known function, w
1
and w
2
are weight func tions, u and v are dependent
variables (primary variables), and P
a
,P
b
,Q
a
,andQ
b
are the secondary variables of
the formulation....
... the following discussion and in subsequent chapters we sometimes refer to DigitalImage Processing
byGonzalezandWoods as “the Gonzalez- Woods book,” and to the ImageProcessing Toolbox as “IPT”
or ... discussed and illustrated. Geometric corrections and
image registration also are covered.
Chapter 6: Color Image Processing. This chapter deals with pseudocolor and
full-color image processing. ... state-of-the-art imageprocessing software tools.The theoretical underpin-
nings of the material in the following chapters are mainly from the leading text-
book in the field: DigitalImage Processing, by Gonzalez...