combined heat and power generation wiki
Optimal placement of horizontal - and vertical - axis wind turbines in a wind farm for maximum power generation using a genetic algorithm
... and larger wind farms. In addition, a comparative cost and power study should be performed to determine the relative economics of HAWT and VAWT wind farms. International Journal of Energy and ... that a uniform grid arrangement is also best in the case of a VAWT for optimal power generation. 2. Wake, power and cost modeling of a HAWT 2.1 Jensen's wake modeling of a HAWT All the ... simple wake model of Jensen [4] and use a genetic algorithm for optimization of an objective function based on power output or a combination of power output and cost [1-3]. In Jensen’s model,...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (2)
... maintenance and cost advantages found with power fuses.Protection and control devices, circuit breakers, and station batteries are required. The overcurrentrelays are a small part of the total cost and ... load currents during peak and emergency conditions, performing coordination studies that include source and low side protectionequipment, and expected transformer size and winding configuration ... underestimate the heating effect. Bear inmind that ‘‘true-rms’’ is only as good as the pass-band of the antialiasing filters and sampling rate, fornumerical relays.A second effect is heating due...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (3)
... If above, the reverse power gets as low as 0.2 to 2% of the rated power and a sensitive reverse power relay is then needed. With steam turbines operating at full vacuum and zero steam input, ... 95TP102, 1995.IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems,ANSI=IEEE 242–1986.Ilar, M. and Wittwer, M., Numerical generator protection offers ... a smallset-value SET_4 and the negative and zero sequencecurrents I2 and I2 do not exceed a small set-valueSET_3,then a fuse failure condition will pick up to one and remainin that state...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (4)
... location. As the power systems become more complex and the fault current varies withchanges in generation and system configuration, directional overcurrent relays become difficult to apply and to set ... amultiphase fault between phases x and y,Ex À EyIx À Iy¼ Z1(3:1)where x and y can be a, b, or c and Z1is the positive sequence impedance between the relay location and the fault. For ground distance ... theyprovide both phase and ground protection. A basic complement of relays would be two phase and oneground relay. This arrangement will protect theline for all combinations of phase and groundfaults...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (5)
... in time, the process of power systemcascading may start, leading to power system separation. When a power system separates, islands withan imbalance between generation and load are formed. One ... operatingconditions such as voltage profile and generation dispatch, coordinating relays and controls, and loadshedding. Most utilities rely on planning and operation studies to guard against voltage ... voltagecollapseAn operating pointActive power marginReactive power marginFIGURE 4.2 Relationship between voltages, active and reactive powers of the load and voltage collapse.ß 2006 by Taylor...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (6)
... state x, and recursively updates theestimate of state. The initial assumption about the state is that it is a random vector independent of theprocesses wk and vk and with a known mean and covariance ... time and Eq. (5.44)represents the measurements. The terms wk and vkare discrete time random processes representing statenoise, i.e., random inputs in the evolution of the parameters, and ... 1972.Girgis, A.A. and Brown, R.G., Application of Kalman filtering in computer relaying, IEEE Trans. on Power Appar. and Syst., 100, 3387, July 1981.Harder, E.L. and Marter, W.E., Principles and practices...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (7)
... ‘‘off’’ initially and cut ‘‘on’’ shortly after fault initiation. It stayed ‘‘on’’ for a few cycles after the fault cleared and stayed‘‘off’’ all during the reclose ‘‘dead’’ time and after restoration ... This restrike cannot be extinguished and will last until the oil becomes badly carbonized and a subsequent fault occurs between the bus breaker terminal and the breaker tank (ground). InFig. ... reclosure, and delayed breaker failureresponse for permanent faults upon reclosure, and a ‘‘stuck’’ breaker. In Fig. 6.3 two waveforms areshown that depict adequate carrier response for internal and...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (8)
... Design and OperationFor reliable service, a power system must remain intact and be capable of withstanding a wide variety ofdisturbances. Owing to economic and technical limitations, no power ... G.K., Gao, B., and Kundur, P., Voltage stability analysis using static and dynamic approaches,IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, 8, 3, 1159, 1993.Morison, G.K., Wang, L., and Kundur, P., Power System ... faults, loss of generation, or circuit contingencies.This ability is determined by the system-load characteristics and the interactions of bothcontinuous and discrete controls and protections....
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (9)
... relationship and describes thetransmitted power as a function of rotor angle. It is clear from Eq. (8.9) that the maximum power is afunction of the voltages of the generator and infinite bus, and more ... maximum power. Figure 8.3 shows that for a given input power to the generator Pm1, the electrical output power is Pe(equal to Pm) and the corresponding rotor angle is da. As the mechanical power ... LLC.balanced generation and load. Some load shedding or generation tripping may also be required inselected islands. In the event of a disturbance, instability can be prevented from propagating and affecting...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (10)
... Alvarez, O., and Wu, C., Eigenvalue and frequency domain analysis of theintermountain power project and the WSCC network, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, 238–244,February 1991.Pourbeik, P. and Gibbard, ... of thesystem and therefore cannot be eliminated.However, their damping and frequency canbe modified..As power systems evolve, the frequency and damping of existing modes change and newmodes ... of a power system and so must take its place in line along with economy, reliability, security,operational robustness, environmental effects, public acceptance, voltage and power quality, and...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (11)
... VanCutsem, T., and Vittal, V., Definition and classification of power system stability, IEEE Transac-tions on Power Systems, 19, 1387–1401, 2004.Lof, P A., Smed, T., Andersson, G., and Hill, D.J., ... these Jacobians, and theirsensitivities with respect to various system parameters..Bus voltage profiles and their sensitivity to variations in active and reactive power of the load and generators, ... reactive power sources..Availability of reactive power supplied by generators, synchronous condensers, and static-varcompensators and its sensitivity to variations in load bus active and= or...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (12)
... Electr. Power and Energy Syst., 11, 1,47–56, Jan. 1989.Padiyar, K.R., and Sastry, H.S.Y., Topological energy function analysis of stability of power systems, Int.J. of Electr. Power and Energy ... equilibrium and stability in power systems,IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst., PAS-72, 1127–1130, May=June.Tavora, Carlos J., and Smith, O.J. M., Equilibrium analysis of power systems, IEEE Trans. Power ... scale electric power systems—a survey, Automatica, 21, 1, 1–21, 1985.Sauer, P.W., and M.A. Pai, Power System Dynamics and Stability, Prentice Hall, New York, 1998.Tavora, Carlos J., and Smith,...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (13)
... 330-MW units and two 700-MW units. The microprocessor-basedcontroller measures rotor speed and generator power and computes acceleration and angle. Trippingof 16–100% of plant generation is ... C.W., Nassief, F.R., and Cresap, R.L., Northwest power pool transient stability and loadshedding controls for generation load imbalances, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-100(7), ... electric power and torque to be zero, withaccelerating torque equal to Tm. (Although generator current is very high for the short circuit, the power factor, and active current and active power...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (14)
... for Power) , 105(1), October 1983, 865–869.Standard load models for power flow and dynamic performance simulation, IEEE Transactions, PWRS-10, August 1995,Static Var compensator models for power ... thisequivalent circuit, ra and Llrepresent the resistance and leakage inductance of the generator stator, Lad and Laqrepresent the mutual inductance between stator and rotor, and the remaining elements ... (OEL)Voltage sensing and compensationUnderexcitationlimiter (UEL)Generator flux(Volts/Hertz)limiter Power, frequency,orother signals Power systemstabilizerRotor speedTacho-meter Power transformerTerminalvoltageand...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (15)
... the data And, expanding upon Rule #2, for any large power system we haveRule #4. Procedures and toolsets for analysis of the WAMS database must permit integrated analysis of– Measured power system ... mandates issued byNERC and at various levels of government [23]. It is likely that an infrastructure for developing and exchanging dynamic information wi ll be found necessar y for assuring power ... thousand derived signals thatare v iewed in real time, or during off-line analysis of power system performance. Data sources are ofmany kinds, and they may be located anywhere in the power...
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