... his most recent paper on junk bonds, Altman (1989) used a mortality rate concept to measure default ratesconditional on the age of the bond Altman found that the cumulative bond mortality increases ... Firm's CharacteristicsOn Junk-Bond Default55ENDNOTES1. Our definition of debt represents obligations due more than one year from the company's balance sheet date. Itincludes bonds, mortgages ... originallyissued, the realized returns on older bonds may be less than those on newly issued ones. Consequently, in a marketJournal Of Financial And Strategic Decisions50a firm is likely to finance...
... ABSTRACTMechanical Engineering is one of the most basic engineering sciences and technical translation makes much contribution to its development. Technical term translation is part of technical translation, ... technical translation especially translation in mechanical engineering, dictionaries editing, English language teaching as well as for the standardization of Vietnamese mechanical engineering terminology. ... terms. The thesis aims to draw out common translation strategies which can be applied in the English-Vietnamese translation of terms in materials for mechanical engineering. Hopefully, the result...
... particular research. One survey questionnaire with 9 questions were designed for EEE students to identify their opinions on reading lessons and to find out their expectation to achieve better ... improve their reading. 5. Organization of the study This study consists of 3 parts: Introduction, development and conclusion The first part concludes the rationale for choosing the topic of the ... of the students consider that reading English for EEE necessary for their future job (98.7%). Only one student disagrees in this question. Question 3 Number of responses % Strongly agree 59...
... Society)23• Connotation of frequency: common, uncommon• Connotation of register: normal usage, technical, medical…• Connotation of evaluation: positively evaluative, ironic, pejorative • Connotation ... English-Vietnamese translation of mechanical engineering terms.Part C: ConclusionThe conclusion summarizes a number of common translation strategies and makessome comments on them.In addition, Part C gives ... someone named in the terms. The second group include terms consisting of prepositions such as of, in, with, and so on. For example: connection in parallel, acceleration of gravity, piston with...
... of D-glucose oxidation on PS-1 catalyst On the other hand, the reaction on Pt/SBA-15 catalysts with pH control not only showed a high conversion, but also high D-gluconic acid selectivity. ... oxidation of glucose. When the reaction was performed without pH control on PS-1 catalyst, the conversion decreased significantly. The pH at the end of the reaction was about 2.7. This condition ... adsorption-desorption methods and the products of the oxidation reaction were determined to estimate the effect of Pt contents, pH and catalysts’ nature on the reaction conversion and gluconic acid...
... drasticallydifferent conformations. In addition, pVIPR is boundin a canonical single conformation by B*2709, but in anexceptional dual conformation by the AS-associatedB*2705 subtype. One of the conformations ... establishedthat protonation of ionizable groups in folded proteinsmay contribute to their conformational stability [14].Among the HLA-B27 subtypes, HLA-B*2705 (inshort, B*2705) is strongly associated ... environment on HLA-B27 H. Fabian et al.1720 FEBS Journal 278 (2011) 1713–1727 ª 2011 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2011 FEBSpLys3 in the canonical conformation or with pArg5 inthe noncanonical...
... stimulate endochondral ossification, with all other conditions corresponding to areas of connective fibrous tissue or fibrocartilage. Their theory was based on observations that bone formation occurs ... evaluation Table 2-1: Summary of computational models of tissue differentiation. vii Contents Contents vii Summary ix List of original publications xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Bone fracture ... respectively. Primary bone formation requires a stable, low-strain mechanical environment and endochondral bone formation will proceed only after the soft tissues have stabilized the environment sufficiently...
... effect ofoxalacetate concentration on the decarboxylation reactionat a fixed concentration of oxamate is shown in Fig. 6B. Inthis case, substrate inhibition at high concentration ofoxalacetate ... and monomer, respectively,and the elution profile was not dependent on the protein concentra-tion. (C) and (D) The elution profile of PC-(BC) was markedlydependent on the protein concentration: ... true concen-tration of free Mg2+calculated based on the dissociationconstant for MgATP of 0.0143 mM[19] was only 1%different from the approximate value. At high ATP concen-trations, substrate...
... Electronconcentration is thus believed to be mainly determined bythe concentration of oxygen vacancies like any other metaloxide semiconductors. The rather fast increase of electronconcentration ... IntroductionThe semiconductor gas sensing devices are based on theconductivity change of the semiconductor material due toits interaction with gas. When gas molecules are adsorbed on the surface ... electrons from the semiconductor. In the oppositecase, the semiconductor accepts electrons from the adsor-bates. This electron transfer continues until the Fermi levelof the gas-adsorbed semiconductor...
... and“where.”TheDo-specialistreplacesthepredicateDO(fromtheverb“do”)withamorespecificverbchosenfromthoseacquiredforadomain.Although“do”doesnotappearasthemainverbveryofteninthedatabasequerytask,thetranslatorsdeduceitsimpliedpresenceinsomequeries—forinstanceinsuchcomparativequestionsas“WhatcountriescovermoreareathanPeruLdoes~?”.Thecomparativespecialistexaminesthetwoargumentsofacomparisontodeterminewhetherthecomparisontobemadeisbetweentwoattributevalues(e.g.,Jack’sheightandsevenfeet)orbetweenanentityandsomevalue(e.g.,Jackandsevenfeet).Inthelattercase,TEAMtriestoidentifytheappropriateattributeoftheentity(e.g.,Jack’sheight).2.3.4DatabaseSchemaThetranslationfromlogicalformtoSODAqueryrequiresknowingtheexactstructureofthetargetdatabaseandthemannerinwhichthepredicatesappearinginthelogicalformareassociatedwiththerelationsinthedatabase.Thisinformationisprovidedbythedatabaseschema,whichincludesthefollowinginformation8:•Definitionofsortsintermsofdatabaserelations(subject)orfields(andfieldvalueforsortsderivedfromfeaturefields).8Theschematranslatoralsousescertaininformationintheconceptualschema,includingtaxonomicinformationinthesorthierarchyanddelineationinformationassociatedwithnonsortpredicates.—18—Figure5:AcquiringtheVirtualRelationsPKCONTandHEMICwindowforquestionsandanswers.WhentheDBEusesthemousetoselectoneoftheitemsfromthethreemenus,asetofquestionsappearsinthequestion-answeringareaatthebottomofthedisplay,towhichhecanthenrespond.Oneofthegeneralprinciplesofacquisitionisevidentfromthisdisplay,namely,thattheacquisitioniscenteredupontherelationsandfieldsinthedatabase,becausethisistheinformationmostfamiliartotheDBE.Theanswerstoeachquestioncanaffectthelexicon,theconceptualschema,andthedatabaseschema.TheDBEneednotbeawareofexactlywhyTEAMposesthequestionsitdoes—allhehastodoisanswerthemcorrectly.Eventheentriesdisplayedinthewordmenuowetheirpresencetoquestionsaboutthedatabase.TheDBEvolunteersentriestothismenuonlyinthecaseofverbacquisition,tosupplyanadjectivecorrespondingtosomenounalreadyinTEAM’slexicon,ortoenterasynonymforsomelexicon-residentword.TheDBEisassumednottohaveanyknowledgeofformallinguisticsorofnatural-languageprocessingmethods.Heisassumed,however,toknowsomegeneralfactsaboutEnglish—forexample,whatpropernouns,verbs,plurals,andtenseare,butnothingmoredetailedthanthat.Ifmoresophisticatedlinguisticinformationisrequired,asinthecaseofverbacquisition,TEAMproceedsbyaskingquestionsaboutsamplesentences,allowingtheDBEtorely on hisintuitionasanativespeaker,andextractingtheinformationitneedsfromhisresponses.Virtualrelationsarespecifiediconically.TheleftsideofFigure5showstheacquisitionofavirtualrelationthatidentifiesthecontinent(PKCONT-CONTINENT,derivedfromWORLDC-CONTINENT)ofapeak(PKCONT-NAME,fromPEAK-NAME)byperformingadatabasejoin on thePEAK-COUNTRYandWORLDC-CONTINENTfields.Similarly,therightsideofFigure5showstheacquisitionofthevirtualrelationthatencodesthehemisphere(HEMIC-HEMI)ofacountry(HEMIC.NAME)byjoining on theWORLDC-CONTINENTandCONT-NAMEfields.Ifhewishes,theDBEcanchangepreviousanswers.IncrementalupdatesarepossiblebecausemostofthemethodsforupdatingthevariousTEAMstructures(lexicon,schemata)weredevisedtoundotheeffectsofpreviousanswersbeforetheeffectsofnewanswerscouldbeasserted.HelpinformationisalwaysavailabletoassisttheDBEwhenheisunsurehowtoansweraquestion.SelectingthequestiontextwiththemouseproducesamoreelaboratedescriptionoftheinformationTEAMistryingtoelicit,usuallyaccompaniedbypertinentexamples.Finally,theacquisitioncomponentkeepstrackofwhatinformationremainstobesuppliedbeforeTEAMhastheminimumitneedstohandlequeries.TheDBEdoesnothavetodeterminehimselfhowmuchinformationissufficient;allhehastodoistoperceivethatnoacquisitionwindowindicatesremainingunansweredquestions.Ofcourse,theDBEcanalwaysprovideinformationbeyondtheminimum—forexample,bysupplyingadditionalverbs,derivedadjectives,orsynonyms.—20—