algorithms for packet forwarding

ALGORITHMS FOR LINEAR OPTIMIZATION

... MODELLINGTechnical University of DenmarkDK-2800 Lyngby – DenmarkJ. No. ALO1.2.1999HBN/ms ALGORITHMS FOR LINEAR OPTIMIZATIONAn IntroductionHans Bruun Nielsen2nd EditionIMM ✁✂✄☎✆✂✝✞✟✠✟✡☛☞✟✠✌✟✍✟✌✍✎☞☞✟✡✏☛✍☞✞✟✠☞✑✒✟✡☞✠✎✡☞✞✟✓☛✑✍✠✟✔✕✕✖✗✘✙✚✛✜✛✢✣✚✛✤✥✣✥✦✧✣✚✣★✛✚✚✛✥✩✗✪☞☞✞✟✝✟✓✞✡✎✓✪✫✬✡✎✭✟✍✠✎☞✮☛✏✯✟✡✰✪✍✱✳✲✴☛✵✟✏✑✫✫✮✷✶☞✞✟✮✓✪✡✪✫✠☛✸✟✑✠✟✏✑✫☞☛☛☞✞✟✍✠✲✹✑✺✺✟✠☞✎☛✡✠✏☛✍✎✰✵✍☛✭✟✰✟✡☞✪✍✟✭✟✍✮✌✟✫✓☛✰✟✲✻✮✡✺✸✮✷✶✯✟✓✟✰✸✟✍✼✽✽✾✴✪✡✠✿✍✑✑✡❀✎✟✫✠✟✡✟✰✪✎✫❁❂❃❄❅❆❇❇❈❉❊❋❈❉●✑✍✫❁❂❊❊❍■❏❏▲❑❑❑❈❆❇❇❈❉❊❋❈❉●❏◆▼❂❃❄❖✪✰✺✍✪☞✟✏✑✫☞☛✵✍☛✏✟✠✠☛✍✲◗☛☛✠✏☛✍✵☛✎✡☞✎✡✺☛✑☞✠☛✰✟✟✍✍☛✍✠✶✌✞✎✓✞✞✪✭✟✸✟✟✡✓☛✍✍✟✓☞✟✒✎✡☞✞✎✠✭✟✍✠✎☛✡✷✲✻✮✡✺✸✮✷✶❘✟✸✍✑✪✍✮✼✽✽❙✲✴✪✡✠✿✍✑✑✡❀✎✟✫✠✟✡❚☛✍✟✟✍✍☛✍✠✞✪✭✟✸✟✟✡✏☛✑✡✒✪✡✒✓☛✍✍✟✓☞✟✒✎✡☞✞✎✠✠✟✓☛✡✒✟✒✎☞✎☛✡✷✲✻✮✡✺✸✮✷✶❯✪✡✑✪✍✮✼✽✽✽✲✴✪✡✠✿✍✑✑✡❀✎✟✫✠✟✡✛✼✔✕✖✝✎✖✞✠✒✟✗✘✟✒✙✚✎✝✑✡✏✿✮✸✫☛✓✱✟✫✎✰✎✡✪☞✎☛✡✌✟✠✟✟☞✞✪☞❅✰✑✠☞✠✪☞✎✠✏✮❙❙✵❅✞❙✩☛✎✓✲✓✾✸✏✝✞✟✪✠✠✑✰✵☞✎☛✡✍✪✡✱✎❙✏✞✖✎✰✵✫✎✟✠☞✞✪☞☞✞✟✖✗✖✰✪☞✍✎✷❙❙✵✎✠✡☛✡✓✠✎✡✺✑✫✪✍✶✎✳✲✟✲✎❙❙✵✏❀✛✟✷✎✠☞✠✶✪✡✒✌✟☛✡✒①✡✩✕✞ ✂✁✩✢✌✞✟✍✟ ✂✁✞❯✒❙✵✎❙❙✵✏❀✛❙✎✓✲✓✾✓✏✎✠☞✞✟✠☛✓✪✫✫✟✒✙✱✤☞✵✭✚✛✤✥✜✣✚✱✛✲✌✎☞✞✍✟✠✵✟✓☞☞☛❙✲✮✰☛✡✺✪✫✫✭✟✓☞☛✍✠✝✎✡✞✎❙✏✶☞✞✟✭✟✓☞☛✍✩✕✞ ✂✁✩✎✠☞✞✟☛✡✟☞✞✪☞✰✎✡✎✰✎✳✟✠☞✞✟✒✎✠☞✪✡✓✟▼✩✒✝▼❂✲✝✞✎✠✎✰✵✫✎✟✠☞✞✪☞☞✞✟✪✡✺✫✟✸✟☞✌✟✟✡✩✪✡✒✩✕✎✠✎✡☞✞✟✍✪✡✺✟✪✥✢✄❂✬✶✠☛☞✞✪☞✩✵✩✕✟✥✲❖✡☞✞✟✡✟✷☞✠✟✓☞✎☛✡✌✟✪✍✟✺✎✭✟✡✪✺✍✪✒✎✟✡☞✜✴☛☞✑✪✡✒✓☛✡✠✎✒✟✍☞✞✟✵✍☛✸✫✟✰☛✏☛✡✒✎✡✺❂✠✑✓✞☞✞✪☞✜✵❂❃✥✪✡✒❙❂✞✸☛✎✓✲✓❙✏✝✞✟✭✟✓☞☛✍✎✡☞✞✟✡✑✫✫✠✵✪✓✟☛✏❙✌✞✎✓✞✎✠✓✫☛✠✟✠☞☞☛☞✞✟✠☞✟✟✵✟✠☞✒✟✠✓✟✡☞✒✎✍✟✓☞✎☛✡✒✜✎✠✏☛✑✡✒✸✮✵✍☛✤✟✓☞✎✡✺☞✞✎✠✭✟✓☞☛✍☛✡☞☛✞✎❙✏✶❂✞✒ ✂✁✜☛✎✓✲✓✽✏❘✍☛✰☞✞✟✪✸☛✭✟☛✸✠✟✍✭✪☞✎☛✡✌✟✠✟✟☞✞✪☞✜✵❂✞✒✜✵ ✂✁✜❄✥☛❖✏☞✞✎✠✎✠✠☞✍✎✓☞✫✮✡✟✺✪☞✎✭✟✶☞✞✟✡✎✓✲✓✽✏✎✠✪✠☛✫✑☞✎☛✡☞☛✎✓✲✓❙✏✲✵☞✞✟✍✌✎✠✟✶✜✎✠☛✍☞✞☛✺☛✡✪✫☞☛✞✎❙✏✶✌✞✎✓✞✰✟✪✡✠☞✞✪☞✎☞✸✟✫☛✡✺✠☞☛✠✎❙✏✪✡✒✓✪✡✸✟✟✷✵✍✟✠✠✟✒✪✠✜✞❙✵❅✲❀☛☞✟✶☞✞✪☞☞✞✎✠✒✎✠✓✑✠✠✎☛✡✓✪✡✸✟✠✟✟✡✪✠✪✡✪✫☞✟✍✡✪☞✎✭✟✵✍☛☛✏☛✏✪✠✟✜✎✡❘✪✍✱✪✠✶✻✟✰✰✪✶✵✷✲✓✽✲①✡❉✘✚✛✳✚✕✣✚✤✽✖✼✛✜✴✾✥☎❀☎✆✴✪✖✗✚✕✛✤✧★✝✞✠✟✝✡☛★✩✧✝✝✫✤☛✞✥✫✦☞✤✚✘✚✕✛✘✼✛✸✢✛✚✛✸✶✖✜✛✢✗✾✗✚✛✶✘✙✛✦✵✣✚✖✘✜✗✣⑧✤✌✣✳✣✜✢✣✍✖✗✚✕✛✻✘✸✸✛✗✹✘✜✢✖✜✽✸✛✗✖✢✵✣✷✳✎✥☞✤✪✤✣✏✣⑧☞✤❀✔✕✛✶✣✚✸✖✚✖✜✥☎❀☎✆✣✪✖✗✣✗✘✻✣✷✷✛✢★☛✬✭✧✦✞✧✑✭★✞✩✥✒✓✣✜✢✥☎❀☎✆✴✪✖✗✚✕✛✦✫✩✭★✤✧✡☛★✞✥✫✦✝✳✗✛✛✫✔✕✳☛✛✻✚✖✘✜✦❀✩❀✩✬✘✸✫✩☎✳☛✛✻✚✖✘✜✖❀☎❀✔✬❀✗✶✘✸✛✣✻✻✵✸✣✚✛✗✘✷✵✚✖✘✜✻✣✜✴✛✙✘✵✜✢✴✾✫✩✞✘✫✬✫✦★✤✞✩★✦✝✙✫✩✭★✞✥✫✦✳✫✔✕✳☛✛✻✚✖✘✜✦❀✩❀✕✬✳✫✩☎✳☛✛✻✚✖✘✜✖❀✩✬❀✗✷✗✘✚✕✛✹✸✘✚✛✻✚✖✘✜✻✣✜✴✛✙✘✵✜✢✼✖✣✘✸✚✕✘✽✘✜✣✷✚✸✣✜✗✙✘✸✶✣✚✖✘✜✳✴✵✚✖✚✖✗✘✵✚✗✖✢✛✚✕✛✗✻✘✹✛✘✙✚✕✖✗✖✜✚✸✘✢✵✻✚✖✘✜✚✘✽✘✖✜✚✘✚✕✖✗❀✗❆✛❆✞✤✩✣✱✛✚✳✜✛✭✛✣✱✱✛✵✱★✯✥✭✚✛✤✥✛✓☞✍✌✜✌✢✑✣✗✓✚✙✚✔✚✑✤✗✓✓✚✝✓✏✕✛✑✙✚✑✛✂✟✓☛✡✠✎✒✟✍✪✡✻✵✵✍☛✸✫✟✰✎✡✠☞✪✡✒✪✍✒✏☛✍✰✌✎☞✞✒✭✪✍✎✪✸✫✟✠✎r✏✰✎✡❞✎✵✩❁❙✩✞✏✢✩✟✸❡✪✡✒☞✞✟✪✠✠☛✓✎✪☞✟✒✵✍☛✸✫✟✰✎r ✏✰✎✡❞❦ ✎✩✏❁❙✩✞✏✢✩✓✸❡✢✎✓✲✛✥✪✏✌✞✟✍✟❦✁ ✎✠☞✞✟✮✤✩✣✱✛✚✳✜✛✭✠✣✱✱✛✵✱✌✯✥✭✚✛✤✥✥✡❦✁ ✎✩✏✞✎✵✩✒✂✑✝❚❝✛✫☛✺☎❚✢✎✓✲✛✥✸✏✌✎☞✞☞✞✟✠✣✱✱✛✵✱✙✣✱✣✜✵✚✵✱✂✓✥✲✮✫✪✍✺✟✭✪✫✑✟☛✏✂✟✰✵✞✪✠✎✳✟✠☞✞✟✸✪✍✍✎✟✍☞✟✍✰✪✡✒✱✟✟✵✠✙☎❚✥✪✌✪✮✏✍☛✰✳✟✍☛✲✮✠✰✪✫✫✟✍✭✪✫✑✟☛✏✂✟✰✵✞✪✠✎✳✟✠☞✞✟☛✸✤✟✓☞✎✭✟✭✪✫✑✟✟✠✎✩✏✞✎✵✩✲❖✡☞✑✎☞✎✭✟✫✮✷✶✪✰✎✡✎✰✎✳✟✍✩✎✂✏☛✏✎r ✏✠✞☛✑✫✒✓☛✡✭✟✍✺✟☞☛✪✡☛✵☞✎✰✪✫✠☛✫✑☞✎☛✡☛✏✎r✏✎✏✂☛✥✲✝✞✟✏✟✪✠✎✸✫✟✒☛✰✪✎✡☛✏✎r ✏✶q ✞✙✩✴☛☞✑✿❙✩✞✏✢✩✓✸✥✶✎✠✟✬✑✪✫☞☛q✌✶☞✞✟✛✥✚✵✱✛✤✱☛✏☞✞✟✏✟✪✠✎✸✫✟✒☛✰✪✎✡☛✏✎r✏✲✂✟✪✠✠✑✰✟☞✞✪☞☞✞✎✠✠✟☞✎✠✡☛☞✟✰✵☞✮✷✶✪✡✒☞✞✪☞✌✟✱✡☛✌✪✵☛✎✡☞✩✴q✌✲✂✟✠✟✟✱✪✦✡✟✌✧✵☛✎✡☞✩❈❄❂✠☛☞✞✪☞❄✓✥✢✩❈❄❂✴q✌✪✡✒❦✁ ✎✩❈❄❂✏❃❦ ✎✩✏☛✎✓✲✛✼✏✝✞✎✠✰✟✪✡✠☞✞✪☞❂✠✞☛✑✫✒✸✟✪✦✵✶✭✵✥✚✦✛✱✵✭✚✛✤✥✶✠✪☞✎✠✏✮✎✡✺❂✵✷✐❳❥❦✁ ✎✩✏✹❃✥✢✎✓✲✛✓✪✏✌✞✟✍✟✐❳❥❦ ✎✠☞✞✟✺✍✪✒✎✟✡☞✇✡✐❳❥❦✁ ✎✩✏✞✎✒✂✩❀✛☛✎✓✲✛✓✸✏✝✞✟✴✟✠✠✎✪✡☛✏❦✁ ✎✩✏✎✠♥❦✁ ✎✩✏✞✂❱❀❂✢✎✓✲✛✛✏✥✡✔✕✖✗✢✛✔✜✖✚✖✘✜✖✗✛✦✵✖✼✣✷✛✜✚✛✖✚✕✚✕✛✢✛✔✜✖✚✖✘✜✥✔❀✖✪✙✘✸✥★✪✖✜✻✣✜✘✜✖✻✣✷✙✘✸✶❀❉✘✛✳✣✣✜✢✣✖✜✻✷✵✢✛✗✷✣✻✩✼✣✸✖✣✴✷✛✗✥✻✙❀✪✚✣✶✹✷✛☎❀✔✪✳✖✜✗✚✛✣✢✘✙✚✕✛✗✵✸✹✷✵✗✼✛✻✚✘✸✵✗✛✢✖✜✥✔❀✩✪❀✇✡✣❋❵✖✗✚✕✛✼✛✻✚✘✸✛✖✚✕✮✚✕✻✘✶✹✘✜✛✜✚❊❋❵✚❀✫✤✢✖✣✽✥✣✪✳✻✙❀✌✍✎✏✎✑✍✒❀✦✽✔✕✖✯✠✰✱✗✖✲★✖✞✕✝✏♥❚◗②❚▲❖②◗✖✫✇☞❪✐❜✌✈✗✫✇☞❢✐➑✌◆♣❙❖◆➎◗◆❙❚◗②▲▼❖❙❖▲▼◆▲♦❨➑✉❪❬❞✙❖◆▼▲▼◆❖▼st❲♣❘♣▼✆✔✫✕✚✇✎❢❤❢❢❥✑❋❵✎❢❪✑✇✎❪❢✑❡✆❧♥❚❖◆②▲❘❘◗◆❯▲▼◆❙▲✆✫✇ ❥❪❢❥✄⑧✉♥❚◗❲♣◆❙❙q▲②▲❳❯▲▼◗▼❙◆♣❘◗◆❲♣②✕◆✈◆▲✆✫②▲❘❘◗◆❯▲▼◆❙▲❙❚◗❯▲❖▼❙❨❥✐❪❬❖▼r❖st❘◗➑✉❪✉✠▲q✈q◗◆❙♣❘❙❙❚◗❖❙◗❘♣❙❖▲▼❞ ✇✎❪❥✑❤✎❢✏❪❤❪✏❜❥❢✑✎❢❢❤❢❥✑❋❵✎❜❥✑✇✎❪❥✑❤✎❤❪❜✑✇✎➑❤❜✑❧✙✇❪✈♣▼✟✇✎❢❤❢❢❥✑❋❵✎❥❢✑✇✎❢❢✑✐✁❵✇❪❢✇❪✐✁❝✇❢❢✇❢✐✆✇❢❧☎◗◆◗◗❙❚♣❙✝✇❪✈✖❵✇☞❪✐➑✌✈✗❵✇☞❢✐❜✌♣▼✭✇✎❪❢✑❤❢✎✎❢❢✑✇✎❢❥✑✐✆✔❵✕✚✇✎❢❢✑❧✠▲q♦▲❘❙❚◗▼◗➍❙❖❙◗❘♣❙❖▲▼❞ ✇✎❪❥✑❤✎❢✏❪❤❪✏❜❤❢❥✑✎❢❢❥❢✑❋❵✎❜❥✑✇✎❢✏❪❜✑❧✄▲❙❚②▲❳❯▲▼◗▼❙◆▲♦ ♣❘◗❯▲◆❖❙❖④◗✈◆▲❙❚♣❙✆❵✇ ❥❢❥❢✄⑧❖◆▲❯❙❖❳♣❲✉♥❚❖◆②▲❘❘◗◆❯▲▼◆❙▲❙❚◗❯▲❖▼❙❨❥✐❢❬❖▼❖▼r❖st❘◗➑✉❪✉❆❇❈❉❊❋●✓■✍■r▲❘❙❚◗❯❘▲❱❲◗❳▲♦❙❚◗❯❘◗④❖▲t◆◗➍♣❳❯❲◗q◗②❚♣▼s◗❙❚◗▲❱✡◗②❙❖④◗④◗②❙▲❘❙▲⑤✇ ❢❪❥❥✄⑧✉♥❚◗▼❙❚◗❲♣◆❙◗➍❯❘◗◆◆❖▲▼♦▲❘ ❖◆②❚♣▼s◗❙▲ ✇✎❢❥✑❤✎❢✏❪❤❪✏❜❤❢❥✑✎❢❢❥❢✑❋❵✎❪❥✑✇✎❥❜✑❧☎◗◆❙❖❲❲❚♣④◗ ❡✆◆▲❙❚♣❙✆❵❖◆▲❯❙❖❳♣❲✉✆▲q◗④◗❘✈❙❚◗♦♣②❙❙❚♣❙✂❵✇❥◆❚▲q◆❙❚♣❙❖♦q◗❳▲④◗❖▼❙❚◗❖❘◗②❙❖▲▼s❖④◗▼❱③✙✇❢✈✟✇✎❢❥❢❢✑❋❵✎❢✏❪❤❪✏❜✑✇✎❢✏❪❤✂✏ ✑✐✕❆✗❆✧✵✩✵✥✵✱✣✭✞✾✥❙❚◗▼❙❚◗▲❱✡◗②❙❖④◗④♣❲t◗❖◆t▼②❚♣▼s◗✉♥❚❖◆❖◆❖▼♣s❘◗◗❳◗▼❙q❖❙❚✎➍♣❳❯❲◗❢✉❪❞➌❙②▲❘❘◗◆❯▲▼◆❙▲✆✇ ✟❢❤✄❝❥❢❛✷✄☎✄⑧✐q❚❖②❚❖◆♦◗♣◆❖❱❲◗♦▲❘❥✒✟✒❪✈♣▼❙❚◗➎❘◆❙❙q▲◗❲◗❳◗▼❙◆s❖④◗❙❚◗❲❖▼◗◆◗s❳◗▼❙❱◗❙q◗◗▼❙❚◗❯▲❖▼❙◆❨❥✐❢❬♣▼❨❪✐❥❬❖▼r❖st❘◗➑✉❪✉✓❘▲❱❲◗❳❨✭❬♦❘▲❳✎➍♣❳❯❲◗❢✉❪❖◆▲❱❙♣❖▼◗❱③②❚♣▼s❖▼s⑤❙▲❤⑤◆▲❙❚♣❙❙❚◗➎❘◆❙ ❖▼✎➍♣❳❯❲◗➑✉❢❖◆②❚♣▼s◗❙▲ ✇ ❤➑❜✄⑧✉✠▲q✈✙✇❢✈♣▼✟✇✎❢❤❢❢❥✑❋❵✎❢✏❪❤❪✏❜✑✇✎❤❪✏❜❤✂✏ ✑❧♥❚t◆✈✟✕✆✈❖▼❖②♣❙❖▼s❨♣◆❖❙◆❚▲t❲❬❙❚♣❙❙❚◗❯❘▲❱❲◗❳❖◆t▼❱▲t▼◗✉✮✠✠✑✰✟✶☞✞✪☞✩☎✾✡✁✓✸✎✡✟✭✟✍✮✎☞✟✍✪☞✎☛✡✠☞✟✵✷✲✝✞✟✡✘✓✥✎✡✟✪✓✞✠☞✟✵✶✪✡✒☞✞✟☛✸✤✟✓☞✎✭✟✒✟✓✍✟✪✠✟✠✲✝✞✎✠✎✰✵✫✎✟✠☞✞✪☞✌✟✓✪✡✡☛☞✍✟☞✑✍✡☞☛✪✭✟✍☞✟✷✪✫✍✟✪✒✮☞✍✎✟✒✶✪✡✒✠✎✡✓✟☞✞✟✡✑✰✸✟✍☛✏✭✟✍☞✎✓✟✠✎✠☛✡✎☞✟✶☞✞✟✹✎✰✵✫✟✷✪✫✺☛✍✎☞✞✰✞✪✠☛✡✎☞✟☞✟✍✰✎✡✪☞✎☛✡✷✲❆❇●✕✖✗✘●✓■✌■♥❚◗❳♣❙❘❖➍✙✇✍✚✆❚♣◆♦t❲❲❘♣▼✕✉➐❚▲q✈❙❚♣❙♣❲◆▲✍✚✆✝✼▲❱❙♣❖▼◗❱③◆q♣❯❯❖▼s✖❨✝❬♣▼✗❨✙❬❚♣◆♦t❲❲❘♣▼✕✉✆❖▼❙❞✎➍❯❲▲❖❙✈❙❚♣❙✝❖◆②❚▲◆◗▼◆▲❙❚♣❙❙❚◗✝❙❚②▲❳❯▲▼◗▼❙❖▼✟✇✙❋❵✥✍★✠❖◆▼▲▼➏◗❘▲✉✝✞✟✓☛✰✵✑☞✪☞✎☛✡✪✫✌☛✍✱✎✠✒☛✰✎✡✪☞✟✒✸✮☞✞✟✠☛✫✑☞✎☛✡☛✏☞✞✟☞✌☛✠✮✠✓☞✟✰✠❤✵✜✞✎✁✪✡✒❤❂✞✂❲❩❨✑✎✡✟✪✓✞✎☞✟✍✪☞✎☛✡✠☞✟✵✷✲✝✞✎✠✎✠✒✎✠✓✑✠✠✟✒✎✡✹✟✓☞✎☛✡✜✲✢✲✿✟✏☛✍✟☞✞✪☞✶✞☛✌✓✟✭✟✍✶✌✟✫☛☛✱✪☞☞✞✟✠✟✫✟✓☞✎☛✡☛✏✎✡✓☛✰✎✡✺✪✡✒☛✑☞✺☛✎✡✺✸✪✠✎✠✭✪✍✎✪✸✫✟✠✪✡✒☞✞✟✓✞☛✎✓✟☛✏✠☞✪✍☞✎✡✺✵☛✎✡☞✲✗✌☞✍✌✝✝✣✝✛✝✓✗✑✞✮✭✟✍☞✟✷✎✠✠✪✎✒☞☛✸✟✦✵✩✵✥✵✱✣✚✵✎✏☛✡✟☛✍✰☛✍✟✓☛✰✵☛✡✟✡☞✠✎✡✩☎✾✡✁✎✠✳✟✍☛✲✝✞✎✠✞✪✵✵✟✡✠✎✏✰☛✍✟☞✞✪✡✒✒✖✞✮✵✟✍✵✫✪✡✟✠✰✟✟☞✪☞☞✞✟✭✟✍☞✟✷✶✪✠✎✫✫✑✠☞✍✪☞✟✒✸✟✫☛✌✷✲✛✾✍✡✞✖✎✠✝✎✧✝✠✡✞★✖✞✕✝✏✩❙✎✩❈❂❥✏✞✏✢❙✵✎❅❈❂✚✙✏❈❈❈❂✑✞✎✢✎✩❈❂❥✏❋✎❈❈❂✑✏✞✂✶☛✎✛✲✓✏✂✟✠✑✸☞✍✪✓☞❙✩✞✏✶❙✵❅❈❈✞✎✪✡✒✡✟✺✫✟✓☞☞✞✟✬✑✪✒✍✪☞✎✓☞✟✍✰❂❥❋❂✑✎✡☞✞✟✫✪✠☞✟✬✑✪☞✎☛✡✷✲✝✞✎✠✒✟☛✡✟✠☞✞✟❀✟✌☞☛✡✠☞✟✵❂✞✎❂❥✢❂✙✢❂✑✏❁❙❂❥✞✸✢❙✵❂✙❈❂✑✞✸✢ ❂❥❈❱❂✑✞✂✶✒✩❋❈☛✎✛✲✛✏✝✞✎✠✫✎✡✟✪✍✠✮✠☞✟✰✶✓✒❈✖✟✬✑✪☞✎☛✡✠✌✎☞✞✓✒❈✖✑✡✱✡☛✌✡✠✶✎✠✒✎✠✓✑✠✠✟✒✎✡✹✟✓☞✎☛✡✛✲✢✲✴✟✍✟✶✌✟☛✡✫✮✰✟✡☞✎☛✡☞✞✪☞☞✞✟✠✮✠☞✟✰✎✠✡☛✡✠✎✡✺✑✫✪✍✶✠☛☞✞✪☞❂✎✠✑✡✎✬✑✟✲✝✞✟❀✟✌☞☛✡✠☞✟✵✎✠✠✪✎✒☞☛✸✟✏✟✪✠✎✸✫✟✛✡✎✏✩❈❂❥✓✸✪✡✒❈❈❂✑✓✸✲❖✡☛✍✒✟✍☞☛✓✫✪✍✎✏✮☞✞✎✠✵✍☛✸✫✟✰✪✡✒✪✫✠☛☞☛✺✟☞✪✺☛☛✒✰✟✪✠✑✍✟☛✏✶✞☛✌✓✫☛✠✟✩✪✡✒✎❅✢❈✏✪✍✟☞☛☞✞✟✓✟✡☞✍✪✫✵✪☞✞✠☛✏✎r✏✪✡✒✎✡✏✶✌✟✎✡☞✍☛✒✑✓✟✪✶✭✣✮✛✥✩☛✏☞✞✟✭✪✍✎✪✸✫✟✠✶✩✞❃✂✁✂✢❈✞❃✂✁❀✛✂✢❂❥✞❃✂✁✄❥✢❂✑✞❃✂✁❀✛✄✑✢❂✚✙✞❃✂✄✙✢✎✛✲✜✪✏✌✞✟✍✟✂✞☎✼✂✩❋❈✢✁✞✒✎✪✺✎◗✩❋❈❀✛✏☛✎✛✲✜✸✏✝✞✟✠✮✠☞✟✰✎✛✲✓✏✓✞✪✡✺✟✠☞☛❙✁✄❥✞✸✎❙✁✏✵✄✙❈✄✑✞✸✄❥❈✄✑✞✂❀✛✒✂☛✎✛✲✢✏❖✏✎✩✢❅✢❈✏✞✎✩✎✂✏✢❅✎✂✏✢❈✎✂✏✏✶☞✞✟✡✩❋❈✞✂✶✶✠☛☞✞✪☞✂✞✶✪✡✒✂❀✛✒✂✞✸✶✎✰✵✫✮✎✡✺✄❥✞✄✙✞✄✑✞✸✲✵☞✞✟✍✌✎✠✟✶✄❥✪✡✒✄✑✪✍✟✡☛✡✳✟✍☛✶✪✡✒☞✞✟☛✍✠☞☞✌☛✟✬✑✪☞✎☛✡✠✎✡✎✛✲✢✏▲✠✞☛✌☞✞✪☞✄❥✴✞✎❙✁✏✪✡✒✄✑✴✠✎❙✁✏✲❘✍☛✰☞✞✟✒✎✠✓✑✠✠✎☛✡✎✡✹✟✓☞✎☛✡✓✲✢✌✟✠✟✟☞✞✪☞✄❥✪✡✒✄✑✪✍✟☛✍☞✞☛✺☛✡✪✫✶✪✡✒✏✍☛✰☞✞✟✫✪✠☞✟✬✑✪☞✎☛✡✎✡✎✛✲✢✏✎☞✡☛✌✏☛✫✫☛✌✠☞✞✪☞✛✡☞☛✚✸✖✻✚✷✾✙✛✣✗✖✴✷✛✓✛✘✵✷✢✴✛✶✘✸✛✣✹✹✸✘✹✸✖✣✚✛❀❇❆✖❆❘✵✔✚✤✥❁✚✵✱✣✚✛✤✥❆❁✛❙▼✄❥▼❂❂❈▼✄✑▼❂❂✞▼✂❀✛✒✂▼❂❂☛✎✛✲✦✏✝✞✎✠✰☛☞✎✭✪☞✟✠☞✞✟✏☛✫✫☛✌✎✡✺✰✟✪✠✑✍✟✏☛✍☞✞✟✵✍☛✷✎✰✎☞✮☛✏✎✩✢❅✢❈✏☞☛✎✩✎✂✏✢❅✎✂✏✢❈✎✂✏✏✶❂✡✢✎✩✢❈✆✂✏✣✼✓▼✂❀✛✒✂▼❂✞✼✓▼☎✂✩❋❈✒☎✩❋❈✂▼❂☛✎✛✲✾✏✂✎☞✞☛✑☞✏✑✍☞✞✟✍✪✒☛✌✟✡☛✌✠✑✰✰✪✍✎✳✟✪✡✑✰✸✟✍☛✏✵✍☛✵✟✍☞✎✟✠☛✏☞✞✟❀✟✌☞☛✡✠☞✟✵✷✲✜✢☛✒☞☛✡✒✍✌☞✍✌✝✞✟❀✟✌☞☛✡✠☞✟✵✠✪☞✎✠☛✟✠✼✤✝✞✟✭✟✓☞☛✍✠❂❥✪✡✒❂✑✪✍✟☛✍☞✞☛✺☛✡✪✫✶❂✵❥❂✑✞✥✶✪✡✒✪✫✠☛✄✵❥✄✑✞✥✲✓✤✝✞✟✠☞✟✵✎✠✏✟✪✠✎✸✫✟✎✏✪✡✒☛✡✫✮✎✏✂✶❈❂❥❋❂✑✓✸✲✛✤✎✩❈❂❥✏✵✎❈❈❂✑✏✞✒✂✲✜✤✻✟☞✢✣✢✎✩✢❈✆✂✏✲✝✞✟✡▼❂❥❋❂✑▼❖❄✂✢❂✪✡✒▼❂❥❋❂✑▼❂❄❃✓✂✢❂☛✢✤❖✏✢✣✢✎✩✢❈✆✂✏❃✼✶☞✞✟✡☞✞✟✠☞✟✵✎✠✏✟✪✠✎✸✫✟✶✪✡✒✢✎✩❈❂❥✢❈❈❂✑✆✂✏❄✢❂◗✓✎✼✒✢✥✏☛✑☞✒✒✓✔✹✟✟✮✵✵✟✡✒✎✷✮✳✲✛✲✿✮✓☛✰✵✪✍✎✡✺✎✓✲✛✦✏✪✡✒✵☛✎✡☞✛✤✎✡☞✞✟☞✞✟☛✍✟✰✌✟✠✟✟☞✞✪☞✪✏☞✟✍✪✏✟✪✠✎✸✫✟✠☞✟✵☞✞✟✒✑✪✫✎☞✮✺✪✵♥✎✩❈❂❥✢❅❈❂✚✙✏✎✠✟✬✑✪✫☞☛♥✎✩✎✂✏✢❅✎✂✏✏✲❖☞✎✠✪✫✠☛✎✰✵☛✍☞✪✡☞☞☛✡☛☞✟☞✞✪☞❀✟✌☞☛✡✶✠✰✟☞✞☛✒✎✠✬✑✪✒✍✪☞✎✓✪✫✫✮✓☛✡✭✟✍✺✟✡☞✎✡☞✞✟✒☛✰✪✎✡✬✎✩✢❅✏✴q✗ ✿✢✎✩✢❈✆✂✏❄✝❃✥☛✢✞✥☛❙✜✥✽✯☛✎✛✲❙✏✴✟✍✟✶✵☛✎✡☞✢✤✠✞☛✌✠☞✞✪☞✢✎✩❈❂❥✢❈❈❂✑✆✂✏❄✢❂✲✂✞✟✡✠✑✓✞✪✺☛☛✒✪✵✵✍☛✷✎✰✪☞✎☛✡✞✪✠✸✟✟✡✏☛✑✡✒✶✎☞✎✠☞✎✰✟☞☛✍✟✒✑✓✟☞✞✟✸✪✍✍✎✟✍✵✪✍✪✰✟☞✟✍✎✡✮✫✺☛✍✎☞✞✰❁✙✠✶✵✷✲✛✦✲✝☛✠✟✟✶✞☛✌✰✑✓✞✂✓✪✡✸✟✍✟✒✑✓✟✒✶✌✟✡✟✟✒❂✡✔✕✛✙✣✻✚✘✸❵❝✖✗✖✜✚✸✘✢✵✻✛✢✙✘✸✻✘✜✼✛✜✖✛✜✻✛❀ ✁✂✄✂✂✄☎✆✝✞✟✞✠✝✡☞☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✌✼✲✍✡✞✎✝✏✑✒✞✠✝✡☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✾✓✲✔✕✖✝✎✖✞✠✒✟✗✘✟✒✙✚✎✝✑✡✏☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✼✛✓✲✼✲❘☛✍✰✑✫✪☞✎☛✡☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✼✛✓✲✓✲✯✑✪✫✎☞✮☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✼✾✓✲✛✲☛✰✵✫✟✰✟✡☞✪✍✎☞✮☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✓✼✓✲✜✲❘✑✡✒✪✰✟✡☞✪✫✝✞✟☛✍✟✰✠☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✓✜✓✲✢✲✣✍☛✤✟✓☞✎☛✡☛✡☞☛❀✑✫✫✹✵✪✓✟☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✛✥✓✲✦✲✻☛✺✪✍✎☞✞✰✎✓✿✪✍✍✎✟✍❘✑✡✓☞✎☛✡☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✛✓✓✲✾✲✝✞✟✟✡☞✍✪✫✣✪☞✞☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✛✜✛✲✍✡✞✖✎✠✝✎✧✝✠✡✞★✖✞✕✝✏✩☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✛✢✛✲✼✲❀✟✌☞☛✡❖☞✟✍✪☞✎☛✡✷✲❖☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✛✦✛✲✓✲❘✑✫✫❀✟✌☞☛✡✹☞✟✵☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✛✽✛✲✛✲❀✟✌☞☛✡❖☞✟✍✪☞✎☛✡✷✲❖❖☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✜✓✛✲✜✲❖✡✏✟✪✠✎✸✫✟✣✍✟✒✎✓☞☛✍✪☛✍✍✟✓☞☛✍❚✟☞✞☛✒☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✜✾✛✲✢✲✹☛✫✭✎✡✺☞✞✟❀✟✌☞☛✡✫✬✑✪☞✎☛✡✠☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✢✓✛✲✦✲✭✪✍✰✪✍✱✪✍✠✮✫✺☛✍✎☞✞✰☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✦✥✜✲✔✕✖✯✠✰✱✗✖✲★✖✞✕✝✏☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✦✢✜✲✼✲✝✞✟✮✫✺☛✍✎☞✞✰☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✦✦✜✲✓✲✯✟✺✟✡✟✍✪✓✮☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✾✥✜✲✛✲✣✍✎✓✎✡✺✪✡✒✣✎✭☛☞✎✡✺☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✾✓✜✲✜✲❖✡✎☞✎✪✫✎✳✪☞✎☛✡☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✾✛✴✤✥✚✵✥✚✶✜✜✲✢✲✿✪✠✎✠❘✪✓☞☛✍✎✳✪☞✎☛✡☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✾✾✜✲✦✲✯✑✪✫✹✎✰✵✫✟✷☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛❙✓✢✲✸✝✡✞✠✡✑✟✞✠✝✡★✖✞✕✝✏✩☞☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛❙✦✢✲✼✲❘☛✍✰✑✫✪☞✎☛✡☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛❙✦✢✲✓✲☛✰✵✑☞✟❚✪✷✎✰✎✳✟✍☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✽✼✢✲✛✲✬✵✒✪☞✟✝✞✍✟✠✞☛✫✒☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✽✜✢✲✜✲❖✰✵✫✟✰✟✡☞✪☞✎☛✡✮✠✵✟✓☞✠☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✽✦✢✲✢✲✮✴✮✸✍✎✒❚✟☞✞☛✒☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✼✥✼✹✱✱✖✡✏✠✲✹✻✺✯✖✗✖✒✞✖✏✧✎✝✝✼✩☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✽✾✿✹✱✱✖✡✏✠✲✘✺✹✡✩❀✖✎✩✞✝❁✲✖✎✒✠✩✖✩☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✽✽✌❂✖✼✖✎✖✡✒✖✩☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✽✽❃✍✡✏✖✲☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛✽❄✾✜✽✍✡✞✖✎✠✝✎✧✝✠✡✞★✖✞✕✝✏✩❀☛✌✶✌✟✓✪✡✠✑✰✰✪✍✎✳✟☞✞✟✪✫✺☛✍✎☞✞✰✪✠✏☛✫✫☛✌✠✶✚✮✩✤✱✛✚✳✜❁✙✠❇✩❁✞✩✜✆❅❁✞❅✜✆❈❁✞❈✜✆✂❁✞✩✵❈❅✒✆✖❁✞✥✡☛☞☛✌✍✑ ✎✛✲✼✾✓✏✁✡✎✛✲✼✾✒✏✎✠✠✪☞✎✠☛✟✒✍✂☛✏✯✞✝✱✑ ✎✛✲✼✾✪✏✌✏✄✎✛✲✼✾✸✏✪✍✟✠✪☞✎✠☛✟✒✍✂☛✏✯✞✝✱✖❁✞✖❈✼☛✰✵✑☞✟❂✟✸✮✎✛✲✼✛✏☞✩❁✞✩❈✙✎✩✢❂✟❥✢✼✏❂✟❥✆☞❈❁✞❈❈✙✎❈✢❂✟✑✢✼✏❂✟✑✆☛✰✵✑☞✟✂✸✮✎✛✲✼✢✏☛✰✵✑☞✟❂✍✸✮✎✛✲✼✦✏❂❁✞❂✟❈❂✍✆✘✠❁✞✙✎✩✢❂❥✢✚✏✆✘☛✞✙✎❈✢❂✑✢✚✏✩❁✞✩❈✘✠❂❥✆❅❁✞❅❈✘☛❂✚✙✆❈❁✞❈❈✘☛❂✑☛✏✄❖✡☞✞✟✟✷✪✰✵✫✟✠✌✟✑✠✟☞✞✟✎☞✟✍✪☞✎☛✡✵✪✍✪✰✟☞✟✍✠t✛✞t❂✞t①✞✼✥❀☎✶✖✑✏✒✓✞✰✪✷✙✓✥✢✒✥✪✡✒✚✞✥☛✽✽✽✽✢✲❆❇❈❉❊❋●✌■ ■☎◗❚♣④◗t◆◗✟❲s▲❘❖❙❚❳✢✡☛✆▲▼❙❚◗❯❘▲❱❲◗❳♦❘▲❳✎➍♣❳❯❲◗❜✉❪✉☎❖❙❚❙❚◗❖▼♦◗♣◆❖❱❲◗◆❙♣❘❙❖▼s④◗②❙▲❘✆✫✇✮✫✇✌✐☛✫✇✆❨❜✉❢✶❬q◗s◗❙❙❚◗❘◗◆t❲❙◆◆❚▲q▼❱◗❲▲q✉1...

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Tài liệu 26 Algorithms for Computed Tomography pptx

Danh mục: Cơ khí - Chế tạo máy

... Performance of Algorithms We have discussed four very different-looking algorithms and the literature is full of many others,only some of which are surveyed in books such as [1]. Many of the algorithms ... and give detailed descriptions of two algorithms from each category.26.3 Transform MethodsThe Radon transform has an inverse, R−1, deﬁned as follows. For a function p of  and θ,R−1p(r, ... reconstruction algorithms imposes a need to evaluate the relative per-formance of these algorithms and to understand the relationship between their attributes (free pa-rameters) and their performance....

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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "Tabular Algorithms for TAG Parsing" potx

Danh mục: Báo cáo khoa học

... several tabular algorithms for Tree Adjoining Grammar parsing, creating a continuum from simple pure bottom-up algorithms to complex pre- dictive algorithms and showing what transformations must ... development of parsing algorithms for TAG. An interesting project for the future will be to translate the algorithms presented here to several proposed automata models for TAG which have an ... have also shown how to transform one algorithm into the next using simple transformations.Other algorithms could also has been included in the continuum, but for reasons of space we have...

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Báo cáo khoa học: "Generalized Algorithms for Constructing Statistical Language Models" pdf

Danh mục: Báo cáo khoa học

... finding all for a given is . Therefore,the total cost is . For all non-empty , we create a new state and for all we set . We create a transition, and for all such that ,we set . For all such ... tech-nique for creating an exact representation of -gram lan-guage models by WFAs whose size is practical for offlineuse even in tasks with a vocabulary size of about 500,000words and for .Class-based ... (ii)and ., for all . Then,. The history-less state has no incoming non- paths,therefore, by recursion, .We now define transition sets (originally empty)following this procedure: for all states...

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Routing and Packet ForwardingRouting Protocols and Concepts quangkien@gmail.com.Topicsl Inside the Router Ÿ Routers are computers Ÿ Router CPU and Memory Ÿ Internetwork Operating System Ÿ Router Bootup Process Ÿ Router Ports doc

Danh mục: Quản trị mạng

... the best pathŸ Forwarding packets toward their destinationChapter 1Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding Routing Protocols and Conceptsquangkien@gmail.com37Path Forwarding l Path ... entire IOS for that router. Ÿ Router model Ÿ IOS featuresl Example IPv6 or a routing protocol such as Intermediate System–to–Intermediate System (IS-IS).34Path Forwarding l Packet forwarding ... determines which path to use when forwarding a packet. l To determine the best path, the router searches its routing table for a network address that matches the packet s destination IP address.l...

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Epidemic Algorithms for Replicated Database Maintenance pdf

Danh mục: Cơ sở dữ liệu

... sensitive to which ResolveDifference procedure is used. For push, the exact formula is log2(n) + In(n) + 0(1) for large n [Pi]. It is comforting to know that even if mail fails to spread ... Hill Road Palo Alto, California 94304 EPIDEMIC ALGORITHMS FOR REPLICATED DATABASE MAINTENANCE 9 The function i(s) is zero when This is an implicit equation for s, but the dominant ... to be more effective for both XEROX PARC, CSL-89-1,· JANUARY 1989 EPIDEMIC ALGORITHMS FOR REPLICATED DATABASE MAINTENANCE 3 0.2 Related Work The algorithms in this paper...

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Báo cáo khoa học: "Local and Global Algorithms for Disambiguation to Wikipedia" pot

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... be informative for many documents. The intuition for also includingthe maximum relatedness is that for longer docu-ments that may cover many different subtopics, themaximum may be more informative ... butstill enforces some degree of coherence among thedisambiguations.3 Related WorkWikipedia was ﬁrst explored as an informationsource for named entity disambiguation and in-formation retrieval ... Wikiﬁca-tion. We use GLOW as a test bed for evaluating localand global approaches for D2W. GLOW combinesa powerful local model φ with an novel method for choosing an accurate disambiguation...

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Báo cáo khoa học: "Ranking Algorithms for Named–Entity Extraction: Boosting and the Voted Perceptron" pdf

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... input candidate: for is the ’th tag in the taggedsequence. for is the ’th word. for is if begins with a lower-case letter,otherwise. for is a transformation of ,where the transformation is applied ... parameters For If ThenElseOutput: Parameter vectors for Figure 3: The perceptron training algorithm for ranking problems.Deﬁne: .Input: A set of candidates for ,A sequence of parameter vectors for Initialization: ... tagger with the highest score for .4 Ranking Algorithms 4.1 NotationThis section introduces notation for the rerankingtask. The framework is derived by the transforma-tion from ranking problems...

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Báo cáo khoa học: "Prediction in Chart Parsing Algorithms for Categorial Unification Grammar" pdf

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... left-corner table. 6 Some Results The performance of the parsing algorithms discussed in the preceding sections (a bottom-up parser for UG (BU), a top-down parser for UG (of Shieber, 1985) (TD), a ... wholly on the syntactic information en- coded in the syntactic rules. For CUG, this is an akward situation, as most syntactic information which could be relevant for top-down prediction is ... derivation, but a bottom-up parser has to consider 11 possible analyses for the word junge, 6 for the phrase junge Frau, 4 for die and 2 for die junge Frau. This example shows that even irk a pure categorial...

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Algorithms For Interviews docx

Danh mục: Kỹ thuật lập trình

... for computing缸loptimumorder for processing the queries.3.12SCHEDULINGTUTORS￥'ouare responsible for schedulingtutors for thedayatatutoringcom-卢町 For 二achday,youhavereceived anumberofr叩臼ts for ... ofsupport,exciteme时/andjoy for allmylifeandespeciallyduringthe process of writing this book.ADNANAZIZad丑臼l@a工gorithmsforinterviews.comAMITPRAKASHamit@algorithmsforinterviews.comProblemSolvingTechniquesIt'snot ... to thewebsite for details.Ver咀on1.0.0 (September I, 2010)L叩ebsite:http://algorithmsforinterviews.comISBN:1453792996EAN-13:9781453792995Tomyfather!IshratAziz! for givingmemyl~作longloveoflearningAdnanAzizTomyparents!ManjuShreeandArunPrakash!themostlovingparentsIcanimagineAmit...

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Genetic Algorithms for Project Management doc

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... isNum_EmployeeNum_TaskorNum_TaskNum_EmployeePartially compensated for by improved memory ac-cess speed and diversity.2. Genetic algorithms 2.1. The concept of genetic algorithms Genetic algorithms mimic natural evolution, ... probabilities.Figure 4. One-point crossover operator for 2D array genome (from [Wall 1996]).Figure 5. Three types of mutation operators for array genome.GENETIC ALGORITHMS FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT 139Chang, C.K. ... 0.75 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.50.50.25 1 0Figure 14. The loading history for employees having different loading limits.GENETIC ALGORITHMS FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT 111Figure 1. A simpliﬁed GA example.lection...

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Báo cáo khoa học: " New Ranking Algorithms for Parsing and Tagging: Kernels over Discrete Structures, and the Voted Perceptron" docx

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... N. (2001). Convolution Kernels for Nat-ural Language. In Proceedings of Neural Information Pro-cessing Systems (NIPS 14).Collins, M. (2002a). Ranking Algorithms for Named–EntityExtraction: ... dual parameters For ForIf Then If ThenOutput on test sentence : Output on test sentence :.Figure 1: a) The perceptron algorithm for ranking problems. b) The algorithm in dual form.this translates ... that and. As before, some simplealgebra shows thatwhere we define .Next, for any given state defineto be the state to the right of in the structure. An analogous definition holds for .Then can...

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Báo cáo khoa học: "ALGORITHMS FOR GENERATION THEOREM PROVING IN LAMBEK" docx

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... Netherlands E-maih vdlindenOkub.nl ABSTRACT We discuss algorithms for generation within the Lambek Theorem Proving Framework. Efficient algorithms for generation in this framework take a semantics-driven ... gorithm for the Theorem Prover. The latter pos- sibility enables processing of a bidirectional cal- culus. Therefore Lambek Theorem Proving is a natural candidate for a 'uniform' ... can be used for generation. The answer to this question will emerge throughout this paper. Lexical information As in any categorial grammar, linguistic information in LTP is for the larger...

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SEARCH ALGORITHMS FOR ENGINEERING OPTIMIZATION potx

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... idealperformance will consist of ARR values equal to 1 for all values of recall. A high ARR valuerepresents a good performance for retrieval rate, and a low ANMRR value indicates a goodperformance ... code.Search Algorithms for Engineering Optimization84ContentsPreface VIISection 1 Image Reconstruction 1Chapter 1 Search Algorithm for Image Recognition Based on LearningAlgorithm for Multivariate ... Comparisons of ARR performance with different iterations by our proposed integrated region-basedrelevance feedback approach.Search Algorithms for Engineering Optimization72 For better understanding...