BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ENGLISH GRAMMAR Second Edition Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. Librsry of Congrcecl Cataloging-ln-Public Data Azar, Betty Scrampfer, 1941- Basic English grammar I Betty Schrampfer Azar. 2nd ed. D. cm. 1ncludes indexes. ISBN 0-13-368317-6 ISBN 0-13-368424-5 (v. 1). ISBN 0-13-368358-3 (v. 2) 1. English language Textbooks for foreign speakers. 2. English language Grammar Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title. PE1128.A96 1995 428.2'4 dc20 92-2571 1 CIP Publisher: Tina B. Carver Director of Production and Manufacnuing: Aliza Gremblan Editorial Production/Design Manager: Domini& Mosco Editorial/Production Supervision: Janet Johnston Editorial Assistant: ShUey Hartle Production Coordinator: Ray Keating Cover Coordinator: Merle Krumper Cover Production: Molly Piks Riccardi Cover Design: Joel Mirnick Design Interior Design: Ros Hmon F~eese Illustrations: Don Martinetti 01996 by Betty Schrampfer Azar A Psarson Education Company pearson Bducation 10 Bank Stren White Plains, NY 10606 All rights re9e~e.d. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 15 ISBN 0-33-3b8337-b ISBN 0-33-3b8b29-5 (Val. A) ISBN 0-33-3b8358-3 (Val. 0) Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. Contents PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS x 51 f . Chapter 1 USING BEAND HAVE . . : U fl - NOUN + IS + NOUN: SINGULAR 2 NOUN +ARE + NOUN: PLURAL 4 PRONOUN + BE + NOUN 6 CONTRACTIONS WITH BE 7 NEGATIVE WITH BE 8 BE + ADJECTIVE 10 BE + A LOCATION 16 SUMMARY: SENTENCE PATTERNS WITH BE 20 YESNO QUESTIONS WITH BE 21 QUESTIONS WITH BE: USING WHERE 24 USING HAVE AND HAS 26 USING MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, OUR, THEIR 27 USING THIS AND THAT 30 USING THESE AND THOSE 31 ASKING QUESTIONS WITH WHATAND WHO +BE 32 .I?' Chapter 2 EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART I) '17'1 . L FORM AND BASIC MEANING OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 44 USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS: ALWAYS. USUALLY. OFTEN. SOMETIMES. SEL.DOM. R.4REL.Y. NEW 46 USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS WITH BE 47 PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S: /Z/ AND /S/ 49 SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -ES 51 ADDING FINAL -S/-ES TO WORDS THAT END IN -Y 1 IRREGULAR SINGULAR VERBS: HAS, DOES, GOES 52 SUMMARY: SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF -SAND -ES 54 THE SIMPLE PRESENT . NEGATIVE 57 CONTENTS . //I Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. 2-10 THE SIMPLE PRESENT: YESNO QUESTIONS 6 I 2-1 1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH WHERE 64 2-12 THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH WHEN AND WHAT TIME 66 2-13 SUMMARY: INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH BE AND DO 67 2-14 USING lTTO TALK ABOUT TIME 72 2-1 5 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME 73 2-16 USING ITTO TALK ABOUT THE WEATHER 74 Chapter 3 EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART 2) " . . BE + JNG: THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE 84 SPELLING OF -ZNG 87 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE . QUESTIONS 89 THE SIMPLE PRESENT vs . THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 92 NONACTION VERBS NOT USED IN THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 95 SEE, LOOKAT, WATCH, HEAR, AND LISTEN TO 97 NEED AND WANT + A NOUN OR AN 98 WOULD LIKE 100 . WOULDLIKEvs LJKE 101 THINK ABOUT AND THINK THAT 102 THERE + BE 106 THERE + BE YESNO QUESTIONS i 107 THERE + BE ASKING QUESTIONS WITH HOWMANY 109 PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION 11 Chapter 4 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS NOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS 127 ADJECTIVE + NOUN 129 SUBJECT PRONOUNS AND OBJECT PRONOUNS 131 NOUNS: SINGULAR AND PLURAL 134 NOUNS: IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS 139 NOUNS: COUNT AND NONCOUNT 141 . USINGANvs A 143 . USING A/AN vs SOME 144 MEASUREMENTS WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS 150 USING THE 156 USING 0 (NO ARTICLE) TO MAKE GENERALIZATIONS 160 USING SOME AND ANY 161 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: SOMETHING, SOMEONE, ANYTHING, ANYONE 163 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: NOTHING AND NO ONE 164 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. Chapter 5 EXPRESSING PAST TIME v . Chapter 6 USING BE: PAST TIME 171 PAST OF BE: NEGATIVE 172 PAST OF BE: QUESTIONS 173 THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: USING -ED 177 PAST TIME WORDS: YESTERDAY, LAST, AND AGO 178 PRONUNCIATION OF -ED: It/, Id/, AND ladl 180 SPELLING OF -ED VERBS 183 SPELLING OF -ED AND -ING: TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS 186 THE SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS 190 THE SIMPLE PAST: NEGATIVE 192 THE SIMPLE PAST: YES/NO QUESTIONS 9 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 198 THE SIMPLE PAST: USING WHERE, WHEN, WHAT TIME, AND WHY 203 QUESTIONS WITH WHAT 206 QUESTIONS WITH WHO 209 ASKING ABOUT THE MEANING OF A WORD 212 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 213 BEFORE AND AFTER IN TIME CLAUSES 216 WHEN IN TIME CLAUSES 219 . . -8 EXPRESSING FUTURE TlME FUTURE TIME: USING BE GOING TO : :.L L 231 WORDS USED FOR PAST TIME AND FUTURE TIME 235 USING A COUPLE OF OR A FEW WITH AGO (PAST) AND LV (EUTURE) 238 USING TODAY, TONIGHT, AND THIS + MORNING, AFTERNOON, EVENING, WEEK, MONTH, YEAR 239 FUTURE TIME: USING WILL 242 ASKING QUESTIONS WITH WIU 243 VERB SUMMARY: PRESENT, PAST, AND FUTURE 245 VERB SUMMARY: FORMS OF BE 246 USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO 251 MAYIMIGHTvs . WILL 253 MAYBE (ONE WORD) vs . MAYBE (TWO WORDS) 255 FUTURE TIME CLAUSES WITH BEFORE, AFTER, AND WHEN 258 CLAUSES WITH IF 260 EXPRESSING HABITUAL PRESENT WITH TIME CLAUSES AND IF-CLAUSES 263 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 266 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 270 CONTENTS V Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. Chapter 7 EXPRESSING ABILITY USING CAN 281 USING CAN: QUESTIONS 282 USING KNOWHOW TO 284 USING COULD: PAST OF CAN 285 USING VERY AND TOO + ADJECTIVE 287 USING TOO MANY AND TOO MUCH + NOUN 290 USING TOO + ADJECTIVE + INKNITIW 293 USING TOO + ADJECTIVE + FOR (SOMEONE) + INFINITIVE 294 USING ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH 295 USING ENOUGH + NOUN AND MORE + NOUN 297 USING ENOUGH + INFINITIVE 299 USING BERBLB TO 301 POLITE QUESTIONS: MAYI. COULD I. AND CANI 302 POLITE QUESTIONS: COULD YOU AND WOULD YOU ,304 IMPERATIVE SENTENCES 307 USING TWO. TOO. AND TO 310 MORE ABOUT PREPOSITIONS: AT AND IN FOR LOCATIONS 311 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 321 Chapter 8 NOUNS . ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS . . > ., I- 1 MODIFYING NOUNS WITH ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS 325 WORD ORDER OF ADJECTIVES 329 EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: ALL OF. MOST OF. SOME OF 334 EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 336 EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTJ3Y ONE OF. NONE OF 337 USING EVERY 341 POSSESSIVE NOUNS 343 POSSESSIVE: IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS 345 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS: MINE, YOURS. HIS. HERS, OURS, THEIRS 347 QUESTIONS WITH WHOS6 351 SUMMARY: USES OF THE APOSTROPHE 352 SUMMARY: USES OF NOUNS 355 CONNECTED NOUNS: NOUN +AND/OR + NOUN 357 SUMMARY: USES OF ADJECTIVES 360 SUMMARY PERSONAL PRONOUNS 363 INDIRECT OBJECTS 364 INDIRECT OBJECTS: USING FOR 367 INDIRECT OBJECTS Wm BUY, GET, MAKE 369 INDIRECT OBJECTS WITH EXFLAlN AND INTRODUCE 370 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 375 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. Chapter 9 MAKING COMPARISONS COMPARISONS: USING THE SAME (AS). SIMILAR (TO). AND DIFFERENT (PROM) 379 COMPARISONS: USING LIKE AND ALIKE 382 THE COMPARATIVE: USING -ER AND MORE 383 USING AS AS; USING LESS 389 USING BUT 393 USING VERBS AFTER BUT 395 THE SUPERLATNE: USING -ESTAND MOST 398 USING ONE OF + SUPERLATIVE + PLURAL NOUN 405 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 411 MAKING COMPARISONS WITH ADVERBS 414 USING AS AS WITH ADVERBS 416 Chapter 10 EXPRESSING IDEAS WITH VERBS USING SHOULD 420 USING LET'S 423 USING HAVE + INFINITIVE (HAS TOIHAVE TO) 424 USING MUST 427 MODAL AUXILIARIES 430 SUMMARY CHART: MODAL AUXILIARIES AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS 431 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE 434 USING WHILE WITH THE PAST PROGRESSIVE 438 WHILE vs . WHEN IN PAST TIME CLAUSES 438 SIMPLE PAST vs . PAST PROGRESSIVE 40 USING HAVE BEEN (THE PRESENT PERFECT) 44 USING SINCE-CLAUSES 446 FORM OF THE PRESENT PERFECT 448 USING NEVBR WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT 449 PRESENT PERFECT: QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVES 450 USING EVBR WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT 451 THE PRESENT PERFECT: QUESTIONS WITH HOW LONG 453 PAST PARTICIPLES OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS 455 Appendix 1 THE ENGUSH ALPHABET AI Appendix 2 NUMBERS ~2 Appendlx 3 DAYS OF THE WEEK AND MONTHS OF THE YEAR A3 Appendlx 4 WAYS OF SAYING ME TIME A4 Appendix 5 IRREGULAR VERBS AS INDEX INDEX 1 CONTENTS W v// Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. This Page Intentionally Left Blank Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. 1 Basic English Grammar remains a developmental skills text for students of English as a second or foreign language. Serving as both a reference and a workbook, it inaoduces students to the form, meaning, and usage of basic structures in English. It provides ample opportunities for practice through extensive and varied exercises leading to communicative activities. Although it focuses on grammar, it promotes the development of all language skills. This second edition has a greatly expanded range of contents to provide a solid core I I of basic English grammar for lower-level or beginning students. It includes numerous new exercises with, at the end of each chapter, cumulative review exercises that include additional communicative and interactive student-centered tasks. Also available are an Answer Key, with answers only, and a Teacher's Guide, with teaching suggestions as well as the answers to the exercises. PREFACE . i~ Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. [...]... NOUN + ARE + NOUN: PLURAL 1 .- + "Plural" means "two, three, or more." Cats = a plural noun are = a plural verb animals = a plural noun ARE - -LR*I ( a ) Caw a animals (b) SINGULAR:cat, an animal a PLURAL: u14animab Plural nouns end in -8 A and an are used only with singular nouns '! t n r r Some singular nouns that end in -y have a special plural form: They omit the -y and add -ies.* ( C ) SINGULAR: a... , EXERCISE 4-ORAL: Complete the sentences with your own words T h i i of more than one possible completion 1 is a language English is a language -* Spanish is a language -* Arabic is a language + Etc 3 is a city 4 is a continent 5 .is an animal 6 .is an insect + is a country USING B Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark E A N D HAVE W 3 1-2 NOUN + ARE... sentence T h e n write the grammar structure that follows be 1: : BE 1 + L 1 We're students A 2 Anna is in Rome i s+ A + 3 I'm hungry I L, , COMPLETTON LOC fa locatron) ADI (an cujpctlve) 4 Dogs are animals 5 Jack is at home -+ 6 He's sick -P 7 They're artists -+ 8 I'm in class 9 Gina is upstairs 10 My pockets are empty -P i , ,' ,, , < , CHAPTER 1 Please 20 purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com... Apples \ expensive Air \ free Cars\free A pen \ heavy A pen \ light Flowers \ugly A rose \ beautiful A turtle \ fast W EXERCISE 21-ORAL describe 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3 1 32 A turtle \ slow Airplanes \ slow Airplanes \ fast English grammar \ difficult English grammar \ easy This exercise \hard The weather \ hot today The weather \ cold today Lemons \ sweet Ice cream and candy \ sour... and Chelsea Azar My gratitude goes also to the many wonderful teachers and publishers I met in Korea, Japan, and Taiwan on my trip to Asia in 1994 X H ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark CHAPTER - EXERCISE 1: Learn the names of your classmates and teacher Write their names in the spaces below USING BEAND HAVE Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on... fa and are: CONTRACTION: f a + not = h ' t CONTRACTION:+ not = aren't an teachers I (c) I am not a teacher - - Am and not are not contracted Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark EXERCISE 12: Complete the sentences with the correct information , A ' 1 Korea - , 2 Horses 't a city It ' , I r v ,,*, st ,i insects They 3 Asia a country It 4 Bees and ants animals... are at the zoo today.) CHAPTER 1 Please24 purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark EXERCISE 31-ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Ask a classmate a question Use where your pen Example: STUDENT Where is your pen? A: STUDENT B: (free response) 1 your grammar book 2 your dictionary 3 your money 4 your books 5 ( ) EXERCISE 32-ORAL: Example: 6 7 8 9, ( ) and ( ) your sunglasses your...Writing English grammar texts is a pleasure for me In this pursuit, I am helped by many wonderful people: dedicated teachers who give presentations at conferences and write articles for regional newsletters or international journals; researchers who explore the hows and whys of second language acquisition; grammarians who present their observa%ions clearly... beginning of a sentence is called a "subject." See Chart 4-1 EXERCISE 13: Complete the drawings -? q STUDENT A: Make the faces happy, sad, and angry *T Show your drawings to Student B STUDENTB: Identify the emotions that Student A showed in the drawings For a example: She is angry He is sad They are happy CHAPTER 1 Please10 purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark 4 EXERCISE... Airplanes aren't slow They 9 Grammar isn't difficult It 10 My sister isn't short She 11 My grandparents aren't young They 12 The dormitory isn't quiet It 13 The door isn't closed It 14 Guns aren't safe They 15 Lemons aren't sweet They o+@+g$= LEMON SUGAR WATER 1 LEMONADE USINGBEAND HAVE Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark 71 EXERCISE 15-ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Use . I Betty Schrampfer Azar. 2nd ed. D. cm. 1ncludes indexes. ISBN 0-1 3-3 6831 7-6 ISBN 0-1 3-3 6842 4-5 (v. 1). ISBN 0-1 3-3 6835 8-3 (v. 2) 1. English. States of America 15 ISBN 0-3 3-3 b8337-b ISBN 0-3 3-3 b8b2 9-5 (Val. A) ISBN 0-3 3-3 b835 8-3 (Val. 0) Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com