– ADDING FOOTNOTES, ENDNOTES, AND PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS– 92 You should also use this format if you are citing a source that you have already used, and the citations are not consecutive. The word “Ibid” should only be used when you are refer- ring to the same source twice in a row. Citing Electronic Sources In this age of readily available computer infor- mation, it is very likely that you have done a great deal of your research on your computer. Since this phenomenon is relatively new in terms of style procedures and precedents, you might be wondering how to cite electronic material. Electronic information usually falls into several broad categories: 1. articles posted and written for the Web by specific authors 2. online journals and magazines 3. material gathered from general and spe- cific databases and search engines 4. informal or anonymous listings posted on the Internet in chat rooms or bulletin boards. To cite an electronic document when there is no author provided, simply begin with the title. If there is more than one such docu- ment, alphabetize each piece according to its title. Similarly, if you have consulted a specific website or several websites, list them alphabet- ically, but be sure to include their precise and complete addresses. When writing your bibli- ography and/or footnotes, use the following format: 1. the author’s name (followed by a period) 2. the name of the article in quotation marks, followed by a period 3. the name of the web site (underline the site name—followed by a period) 4. the date of its posting 5. the official web address (be sure to include all backslashes, brackets etc.) Example A: 1 Sue Miller. “Kennedy’s Top Advisors.” Go vernment Issues. March 20, 2000. www .go vernmentissues.com Similarly, to cite an article from an online journal or magazine, simply provide: 1. the author of the article (first name fol- lowed by last name) 2. the title of the article in quotation marks 3. the title of the journal (underline the title) 4. the volume or issue number 5. the specific page or paragraph number 6. the date of posting and electronic publi- cation 7. the electronic address The format is identical to the example that is listed above and luckily, many online publications provide paragraph numbers as well as page numbers, so be sure to include them whenever available. Remember the more specific that you can be, the better. Finally, if you are citing an online posting that comes from an informal source such as a chat room or bulletin board, simply write the name of the person to whom you can attribute a statement, list the name of the site, and include the date. A citation would look like this: Example B: 2 Tim Arnold. “My Thoughts on Kennedy.” K ennedy Communicatio ns Bulletin Board. January 2, 2001. Lastly, if you consulted an article from a reference database on CD-ROM, simply: 1. state the article name (use quotation marks followed by a period) 2. state the name of the journal (underline the name-followed by a period) 3. list the format: CD-ROM (followed by a period) 4. list the place of origin (followed by a colon) 5. list the software company (followed by a comma) 6. list the date the software was manufac- tured or licensed (followed by a period) In other words, a CD-ROM listing would look like this: EXAMPLE C: 3 “Kennedy’s Years In The White House.” Go vernment Perspectives. Seattle: Microsoft, 2000. Later, if you have consulted different material from several CD-ROM’s, simply list the CD-ROM’s in alphabetical order for your bibliography.  Summary As you first learn the proper format for cita- tions, it may seem complex and hard to follow. It is really not difficult if you take your time and if you have a thorough guide or an exam- ple on hand to use as a model. Once you write a few citations, the process becomes simpler— almost second nature. When selecting a guide or style manual, remember to check with your instructor first to find out what type of guide he or she prefers, as well as what kind of doc- umentation procedure is required. What is more important, however, is that you under- stand what types of statements need citations and why you must provide them. Again, while citing your sources may seem unnecessary and tedious, it is an important process that pro- tects you from any charges of plagiarism. In addition, it gives credibility to your work and analysis and demonstrates to your reader the careful and meticulous job that you have done! – ADDING FOOTNOTES, ENDNOTES, AND PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS– 93 . were researching and writing your paper. This list includes all printed matter and any other sources from which you derived your information. A standard. articles posted and written for the Web by specific authors 2. online journals and magazines 3. material gathered from general and spe- cific databases and search