EE141 1 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction Digital Integrated Digital Integrated Circuits Circuits A Design Perspective A Design Perspective Introduction Introduction Jan M. Rabaey Anantha Chandrakasan Borivoje Nikolic July 30, 2002 EE141 2 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction What is this book all about? What is this book all about?  Introduction to digital integrated circuits.  CMOS devices and manufacturing technology. CMOS inverters and gates. Propagation delay, noise margins, and power dissipation. Sequential circuits. Arithmetic, interconnect, and memories. Programmable logic arrays. Design methodologies.  What will you learn?  Understanding, designing, and optimizing digital circuits with respect to different quality metrics: cost, speed, power dissipation, and reliability EE141 3 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction Digital Integrated Circuits Digital Integrated Circuits  Introduction: Issues in digital design  The CMOS inverter  Combinational logic structures  Sequential logic gates  Design methodologies  Interconnect: R, L and C  Timing  Arithmetic building blocks  Memories and array structures EE141 4 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction Introduction Introduction  Why is designing digital ICs different today than it was before?  Will it change in future? EE141 5 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction The First Computer The First Computer The Babbage Difference Engine (1832) 25,000 parts cost: £17,470 EE141 6 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946) ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946) EE141 7 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction The Transistor Revolution The Transistor Revolution First transistor Bell Labs, 1948 EE141 8 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction The First Integrated Circuits The First Integrated Circuits Bipolar logic 1960’s ECL 3-input Gate Motorola 1966 EE141 9 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction Intel 4004 Micro-Processor Intel 4004 Micro-Processor 1971 1000 transistors 1 MHz operation EE141 10 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction Intel Pentium (IV) microprocessor Intel Pentium (IV) microprocessor [...]... chips per wafer Y= ×100% Total number of chips per wafer Wafer cost Die cost = Dies per wafer × Die yield π × ( wafer diameter/2) 2 π × wafer diameter Dies per wafer = − die area 2 × die area EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd 31 Introduction Defects  defects per unit area × die area  die yield = 1 +  α   −α α is approximately 3 die cost = f (die area)4 EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd... efficient design methods  Exploit different levels of abstraction EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd 24 Introduction Design Abstraction Levels SYSTEM MODULE + GATE CIRCUIT DEVICE G D S n+ EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd n+ 25 Introduction Design Metrics  How to evaluate performance of a digital circuit (gate, block, …)?       Cost Reliability Scalability Speed (delay, operating frequency)... Phone Small Signal RF Digital Cellular Market (Phones Shipped) Power RF Power Management 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Units 48M 86M 162M 260M 435M Analog Baseband Digital Baseband (DSP + MCU) (data from Texas Instruments) EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd 21 Introduction Challenges in Digital Design ∝ DSM ∝ 1/DSM “Macroscopic Issues” “Microscopic Problems” • Time-to-Market • Millions of Gates • High-Level... frequency) Power dissipation Energy to perform a function EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd 26 Introduction Cost of Integrated Circuits  NRE (non-recurrent engineering) costs  design time and effort, mask generation  one-time cost factor  Recurrent costs  silicon processing, packaging, test  proportional to volume  proportional to chip area EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd 27 Introduction... Cost is Increasing EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd 28 Introduction Die Cost Single die Wafer Going up to 12” (30cm) From http://www.amd.com EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd 29 Introduction Cost per Transistor cost: ¢-per-transistor 1 0.1 Fabrication capital cost per transistor (Moore’s law) 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001 0.000001 0.0000001 1982 1985 EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd 1988... EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd 33 Introduction Reliability― Noise in Digital Integrated Circuits V DD v(t) i(t) Inductive coupling EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd Capacitive coupling Power and ground noise 34 Introduction DC Operation Voltage Transfer Characteristic V(y) V VOH = f(VOL) VOL = f(VOH) VM = f(VM) f OH V(y)=V(x) VM Switching Threshold V OL V OL V OH V(x) Nominal Voltage Levels... Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd Courtesy, ITRS Roadmap 23 Introduction Why Scaling? Technology shrinks by 0.7/generation  With every generation can integrate 2x more functions per chip; chip cost does not increase significantly  Cost of a function decreases by 2x  But …   How to design chips with more and more functions?  Design engineering population does not double every two years…  Hence, a need... • High-Level Abstractions • Reuse & IP: Portability • Predictability • etc • Ultra-high speed design • Interconnect • Noise, Crosstalk • Reliability, Manufacturability • Power Dissipation • Clock distribution Everything Looks a Little Different ? EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd …and There’s a Lot of Them! 22 Introduction 10,000 10,000,000 100,000 100,000,000 Logic Tr./Chip Tr./Staff Month 1,000...Moore’s Law In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd 11 Introduction LOG OF THE NUMBER OF 2 COMPONENTS PER INTEGRATED FUNCTION 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd... 2004 2008 Year Power delivery and dissipation will be prohibitive EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd Courtesy, Intel 19 Introduction Power density Power Density (W/cm2) 10000 1000 100 Rocket Nozzle Nuclear Reactor 8086 10 4004 Hot Plate P6 8008 8085 Pentium® proc 386 286 486 8080 1 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Power density too high to keep junctions at low temp EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2 nd . EE141 1 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction Digital Integrated Digital Integrated Circuits Circuits A Design Perspective A Design Perspective Introduction. Introduction Jan M. Rabaey Anantha Chandrakasan Borivoje Nikolic July 30, 2002 EE141 2 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction What is this book all about?